Middle East Year Review

AMDG

World History 1

Mr. Maguire

Sumerian City-States (4000-23oo BCE)1st advanced civilization of area, independent, constant war

Akkadian Empire (2330-21oo BCE)Sargon creates 1st empire, unites city-states thru conquest

Babylonian Empire (1800-1500 BCE)Hammurabi (6th king), Babylon important trade center

Assyrian Empire (1100-612 BCE)Organized government and terror, leveled cities/enslaved

Chaldean Empire (612-539 BCE)AKA Babylonia, King Nebuchadnezzar, enslaved Israelites

Persian Empire (550-333 BCE)Cyrus the Great, tolerant rulers, provinces, road system

1792 BC, Hammurabi 6th king of Ammorite dynasty, king of Babylon

Ruled for 43 years N./S. MesopotamiaCode of Hammurabi- 282 laws, 8 ft. stelaeReceived laws from Shamash (Sun-God)Property rights, trade, family, professional Commit act = corresponding punishmentLocal judges assigned to towns throughout

Babylonian Empire

Litigants appear before judges, state case, call witnesses

Assembly- 1st jury of ancient worldLaws reflect values of Babylonian society“Eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth”Different punishments for same crime (class,

gender)Individuals second to good of the state

Small nomadic tribe settled in CanaanIsraelites AKA HebrewsFounders of Judaism (monotheism)Believed their God to be all powerfulHebrew Bible AKA Old TestamentTorah- 1st five books of the Hebrew BibleFact or Fiction? Little proof exists, but some

exists, EX: Ramses II of Egypt

The Bible, fact or fiction?Foundation of Christianity/IslamAbolitionist, anti-war, prison-reform, labor,

civil rights, antiapartheid, free-speech, and democracy

Individuals w/ a personal relationshipProcessive worldview- beginning and end,

NOT cyclical

Jahilyyah- “Time of Ignorance” darkness of idolatry before Muhammad brings the light

Allah- “The God”Early influence by Jews, shared beliefs,

practices, and society (jobs, fashion, art)Arabs considered themselves descendents of

AbrahamIshmael/Hajra banished from Abram’s tribeNomadic, polytheistic, tribal organization

Tribal ethic- everyone has a function, strong as its weakest member

Shaykh- figurehead of the tribe “1st am. =‘s”Muruwah- code of tribal conductHakam- arbiter, settled disputesLaw of Retribution- “eye for an eye”

Ka’ba- roofless edifice, housed 360 idolsMecca- important religious centerPilgrim season- Last 2, 1st months of yearQuraysh- Arabic clan “Keeper of the Keys”Protect idols, caravans, trade for $$$Monopoly on buy/sell of goods to pilgrimsSocial inequalities exist, personal wealth

Muhammad born the “Year of the Elephant” 570 CE to family Hashim of the Quraysh tribe

Father dies when M was born, mother @ 6, grandfather at 8

Uncle Abu Talib, adopts MuhammadWorks for uncle’s caravans, meets KhadijaMarries Khadija at 25 (she was 40)4 kids, 3 boys (pass) and Fatima

“Recite- in the name of thy Lord! Who created man from blood coagulated Recite! Thy Lord is wondrous kind Who by the pen has taught mankind Things they knew not (being blind).

Ammer Ali, The Spirit of Islam, 52.

Muhammad terrified, wants to kill himself Khadija consols, Ali, Zayd, Abu Bakr join,

form the CompanionsAttacks the demise of tribal ethic in MeccaThere is no god but God, and Muhammad is

God’s Messenger. Verbally attacks Quraysh and Ka’baQuraysh boycotts Muhammad’s entire clan

Deaths of Abu Talib and KhadijaQuraysh offered HUGE bounty Muhammad and Abu Bakr creep out in the

middle of the nightYathrib a loose group of villages, far from

trading city of MeccaHijrah- Companions’ migration Mecca to

Medina

Muhammad’s home- 1st mosque622 CE = Year 1 AH in Islamic CalendarMedina- model of Islamic perfectionEvery member is equalMedina = anti-MeccaBestows rights/privileges to womenFundamentalists reform AFTER, Hadith

Jihad “a struggle” or an exertion against oppression and tyranny

The Quraysh are coming to end threatCompanion followers raid caravansBattle of Badr 624 CE M-1 Q-0Battle of Uhud 625 CE M-1 Q-1Battle of the Trench 627 M-2 Q-1628 CE Muhammad announced his journey to

Mecca to perform a pilgrimage

+1K followers, unarmed, dressed as pilgrimsTreaty of Hudaybiyyah 628 CE

Immediate withdrawl, stop caravan raids Muhammad allowed to return following season

Muhammad accepts, shows non-threatReturns w/ 10K men, city surrendersDestroys idols in the Ka’ba

Koran- compiled revelations of God to Muhammad

Sunna- personal words of Muhammad5 Pillars of Faith

Profession of faithDaily worship (5X daily)Almsgiving Fasting during RamadanPilgrimage to Mecca

Muhammad dies 2 yrs. after Abu Bakr- caliph, Companion, 2 problems

(false prophets/tax refusal), expands Islam to Byzantine and Persian Empires

Umar- expands Islam, Arabia, Iraq, Syria, Palestine, Africa, Jihad, tax system

Uthman- merchant, terrible caliph, compiled Koran, assassinated

Ali- Companion, 1st Civil War, Mu’awiya vs. Ali, Umayyad vs. Hashim clan

Muslim leadership passes to caliphs elected from Muslim families

Support rule of 1st 3 caliphs

Individual has direct relationship w/ Allah

Supporters of Mu’awiya and Yezid

Muslim leadership is limited to descendants of Muhammad

Reject rule of 1st 3 caliphs

Only Islamic leaders can interpret Koran

Supporters of Ali and Hussain (martyr, Muhammad’s g.s.)