3. Middle+East+History+Review

8/22/2019 3. Middle+East+History+Review

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Middle East History Review

European Partitioning in the Middle East

Iraq

Iran

Afghanistan


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The Ottoman Empire

(Click the map for animation)
http://www.maps101.com/Application/WarMaps/ImperialHistory.aspx


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European Partitioning


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European Partitioning


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An Excellent NPR Report on

Partitioning of the Middle East

(Click the Graphic Below)
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1244627


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History of the Middle East since the

20th Century

(Click graphic for animation)
http://www.the-map-as-history.com/demos/tome02/index.php


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History of Iraq

This region was part

of the Ottoman

Empire in the 1500s.

During WWI, Great

Britain set up the

Kingdom of Iraq and

put a Pro-British ruler

into power.


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History of Iraq

In the 1950s this

government was

overthrown.

After a series of other

governmental

changes the Baath

Party too power in

1968.


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Iraq: Saddam Hussein

A Baath leader namedSaddam Hussein becamethe president.

Saddam Hussein was aharsh ruler. He controlledthe press, restrictedpersonal freedoms andkilled numerous politicalenemies.

Iraq was the secondlargest oil exporter in theworld.


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Iraq: Iraq/Iran War

In 1980 Iraq invaded

Iran.

Saddam Hussein wasworried that the Shia

Islamic revolution that

was taking place in

Iran would spill over

into Iraq.


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Iraqs Oil Fields


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Iraq: Iraq/Iran War

Saddam Hussein decided

to take advantage of the

chaos in Iran and invade

without being noticed.

The Iranians fought back

and the Iraq/Iran war

continued until 1988.

Both countries suffered.


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Iraq: Persian Gulf War

In 1990, Iraq invadedKuwait.

Western world leaderswere afraid to have

Saddam Hussein incontrol of such a largeshare of the worlds oil.

Western world leadersalso thought Iraq had

weapons of massdestruction (WMDs)(chemical and biologicalweapons)


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An alliance of

countries (including

U. S. and Great

Britain) forced theIraqis out of Kuwait


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Iraq: Results of

The Persian Gulf War

Saddam Hussein remained in power inIraq.

Because Saddam refused to accept U. N.

terms for peace, the U. N. placed anembargo on Iraq.

Iraqs economy suffered as a result of the

embargo. 600 oil fields in Kuwait were set on fire

with devastating environmental affects.


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History of Iran

In 1921, an Iranian

military officer took power

claimed the old Persian

title of Shah, or king.

In 1941 the Shahs son

took control who was an

ally to the United States

and Britain. He alsowanted to modernize

Iran.


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Iran: Iranian Revolution

Unfortunately for him, the

modernization programs

were unpopular.

In 1979, he was

overthrown duringthe Islamic

Revolution.


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Iran: Takes American Hostages

Irans new government

set up an Islamic

Republic.

Relations with the United

States broke down.

In 1979, a mob of Iranian

students took Americans

hostage.


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Iran: Takes American Hostages

The Iranian

government gave

permission for the

Americans to betaken hostage.

The Americans were

held by force for over

1 year.


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Iran

The Iranian

Revolution (1979)

was followed by the

Iraq/Iran War whichbegan in 1980 (and

discussed earlier in

this presentation).


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Iran: Government

Iran is a theocracy a

government ruled by

religious leaders.


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Iran: Government

Iran has an elected

president and

legislature (chosen by

the spiritual leader).


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Iran: Government

An expert on Islamic

law is the supreme

leader.


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Iran: Government


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Iran: Governmental Policies

Irans government

has supported many

hard-line policies.

For example: call forthe destruction of

Israel

For example:

supported terrorist

groups


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Afghanistan: The Khyber Pass

Afghanistan is a land-locked country withvery high mountains.

The Khyber Pass is anarrow passagethrough the Hindu

Kush Mountains thatlie betweenAfghanistan andPakistan.


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Afghanistan: The Khyber Pass

Merchants, warriors,

and missionarieshave long used the

Khyber Pass to reach

India.


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Afghanistan: History

In 1979, (around the

same time as the

Iranian Revolution

discussed earlier),The Soviet Union sent

troops to Afghanistan

to help the communist

government there in acivil war.


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This led to a long warbetween Soviet troopsand Afghan rebels(Mujahedeen).

The United States wassupporting the Afghanrebels.

In 1989, an alliance ofAfghan rebel groups tookpower and the Soviettroops left.


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Turmoil in Afghanistan continued and inthe mid-1990s a radical Muslim groupcalled the Taliban arose.

The Taliban took over most of Afghanistanand ruled strictly.

The Taliban forced women to wear veilsand stop working outside the home.


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The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks

were traced to Osama bin Laden and his

al Qaeda network based in Afghanistan.


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Afghanistan: Terrain causes

Political Problems

Why cant we find Osama bin Laden or at

least win and end the current war in

Afghanistan?

The rugged terrain makes it difficult to

organize, fight, and rule people.


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3. Middle+East+History+Review