India and Pakistan since Independence

INDIA AND PAKISTAN INDIA AND PAKISTAN SINCE INDEPENDENCESINCE INDEPENDENCE

Abhishek JaguessarAbhishek Jaguessar

PARTITIONPARTITION

JINNAH AND PAKISTANJINNAH AND PAKISTAN http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ElEYZ

_BJl0M&feature=fvw

BORDER CEREMONYBORDER CEREMONY

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hjcF6lmBqGs

The problem of The problem of KashmirKashmir

Kashmir is India’s only Muslim majority Kashmir is India’s only Muslim majority territoryterritory

India accuses Pakistan of waging a India accuses Pakistan of waging a proxy war by arming militantsproxy war by arming militants

Jammu’s population is 2/3 HinduJammu’s population is 2/3 Hindu Kashmiris never voted; Kashmiris never voted;

extremists/separatists were bornextremists/separatists were born Why did the U.S. adopt Pakistan as its Why did the U.S. adopt Pakistan as its

ally?ally?

Indian PoliticsIndian Politics Nehru (1947)>>

<<Indira Gandhi (1966-77, 80-84)

Rajiv Gandhi>> (1984-89)

>> Singh (2004-now)

NEHRUNEHRU

FIVE YEAR PLANSFIVE YEAR PLANS SOCIALIST ECONOMYSOCIALIST ECONOMY NEUTRAL IN COLD WARNEUTRAL IN COLD WAR LEFT BRITISH-TRAINED LEFT BRITISH-TRAINED

CIVIL SERVICE INTACTCIVIL SERVICE INTACT INDIA A “ONE-PARTY INDIA A “ONE-PARTY

DEMOCRACY” – Nehru was DEMOCRACY” – Nehru was very popular and respectedvery popular and respected

Prime minister 1948-1966, Prime minister 1948-1966, when he diedwhen he died

INDIRA GANDHIINDIRA GANDHI NEHRU’S DAUGHTERNEHRU’S DAUGHTER NOT RELATED TO NOT RELATED TO

MAHATMA GANDHIMAHATMA GANDHI POPULAR BUT POPULAR BUT

ECONOMY DID ECONOMY DID POORLY IN 1970sPOORLY IN 1970s

P.M. 1966-1977, 1980-P.M. 1966-1977, 1980-84. ASSASSINATED 84. ASSASSINATED BY A SIKH BY A SIKH BODYGUARD.BODYGUARD.

A FAKE “EMERGENCY” – A FAKE “EMERGENCY” – INDIA REMAINS A INDIA REMAINS A DEMOCRACYDEMOCRACY

INDIRA GANDHI TRIES TO INDIRA GANDHI TRIES TO GAIN DICTATORIAL GAIN DICTATORIAL POWERS WHEN SHE’S POWERS WHEN SHE’S ACCUSED OF ACCUSED OF CORRUPTION IN 1975CORRUPTION IN 1975

JANATA DAL PARTY JANATA DAL PARTY DEFEATS CONGRESS IN DEFEATS CONGRESS IN ELECTIONS IN 1977, ELECTIONS IN 1977, RESTORES FULL RESTORES FULL DEMOCRACY AND CIVIL DEMOCRACY AND CIVIL RIGHTS – First time RIGHTS – First time Congress party is defeated. Congress party is defeated.

DESPITE ITS PROBLEMS, DESPITE ITS PROBLEMS, INDIA REMAINS INDIA REMAINS COMMITTED TO POLITICAL COMMITTED TO POLITICAL DEMOCRACYDEMOCRACY

RAJIV GANDHIRAJIV GANDHI INDIRA’S SONINDIRA’S SON POPULARPOPULAR INTERVENES IN SRI INTERVENES IN SRI

LANKA CIVIL WARLANKA CIVIL WAR P.M. FROM 1984 UNTIL P.M. FROM 1984 UNTIL

ASSASSINATED BY ASSASSINATED BY TAMIL SEPARATISTS TAMIL SEPARATISTS IN 1991IN 1991

MORE GANDHISMORE GANDHIS Indira’s other son, Indira’s other son,

Sanjay, died in a Sanjay, died in a plane crash in 1980.plane crash in 1980.

Rajiv’s widow, Sonia, Rajiv’s widow, Sonia, is Italian-born. She is Italian-born. She is president of the is president of the Congress party.Congress party.

Controversy about Controversy about whether she should whether she should run for higher office.run for higher office.

ECONOMIC REFORMS – ECONOMIC REFORMS – 1991 – THE BIG CHANGE1991 – THE BIG CHANGE

MANMOHAN SINGH MANMOHAN SINGH becomes finance becomes finance minister in 1991minister in 1991

Engineers major reforms Engineers major reforms to loosen up government to loosen up government control of the economycontrol of the economy

Economic takeoff in past Economic takeoff in past 17 years.17 years.

Singh is currently Prime Singh is currently Prime MinisterMinister

Member of Congress Member of Congress PartyParty

INDIA’S ECONOMIC INDIA’S ECONOMIC GROWTHGROWTH

HINDU-MUSLIM HINDU-MUSLIM TENSIONSTENSIONS

Ayodhya riotsAyodhya riots Mumbai riotsMumbai riots 1992-93. Thousands 1992-93. Thousands

dead.dead.

HINDU NATIONALISMHINDU NATIONALISM BJP Party wins national BJP Party wins national

elections in 1998. elections in 1998. Favors confrontation Favors confrontation

with Pakistanwith Pakistan Develop nuclear Develop nuclear

weapons program, weapons program, acccomplish little else.acccomplish little else.

INDIA’S ASSETSINDIA’S ASSETS GOOD TRANSPORTATION GOOD TRANSPORTATION

INFRASTRUCTURE BUILT BY INFRASTRUCTURE BUILT BY BRITISH (RAILROAD BRITISH (RAILROAD NETWORK)NETWORK)

PUSH FOR EDUCATION – PUSH FOR EDUCATION – MANY WELL-TRAINED PEOPLEMANY WELL-TRAINED PEOPLE

HUGE MIDDLE CLASSHUGE MIDDLE CLASS HIGH TECH INDUSTRIES – HIGH TECH INDUSTRIES –

CENTERED IN BANGALORECENTERED IN BANGALORE WORLD’S BIGGEST WORLD’S BIGGEST

DEMOCRACYDEMOCRACY POLITICAL STABILITYPOLITICAL STABILITY COMMON USE OF ENGLISH BY COMMON USE OF ENGLISH BY

EDUCATED PEOPLEEDUCATED PEOPLE ABLE TO FEED ITSELF ABLE TO FEED ITSELF

THANKS TO “GREEN THANKS TO “GREEN REVOLUTION”REVOLUTION”

BOLLYWOODBOLLYWOODWORLD’S LARGEST MOVIE WORLD’S LARGEST MOVIE INDUSTRYINDUSTRY

INDIA’S PROBLEMSINDIA’S PROBLEMS

MASSIVE POVERTYMASSIVE POVERTY CONFLICT BETWEEN CASTES & RELIGIONSCONFLICT BETWEEN CASTES & RELIGIONS THREE WARS WITH PAKISTAN OVER KASHMIR – THREE WARS WITH PAKISTAN OVER KASHMIR –

TERRORISTS FROM KASHMIR; 1962 border war with TERRORISTS FROM KASHMIR; 1962 border war with ChinaChina

NUCLEAR STANDOFF WITH PAKISTANNUCLEAR STANDOFF WITH PAKISTAN

INDIAN PARADOX – INDIAN PARADOX – POVERTY AND POWERPOVERTY AND POWER

PAKISTAN AND PAKISTAN AND BANGLADESH – Countries BANGLADESH – Countries which were Muslim parts which were Muslim parts of British India before of British India before partitionpartition

PAKISTANPAKISTAN ORIGINALLY TWO ORIGINALLY TWO

TERRITORIES, A TERRITORIES, A THOUSAND MILES THOUSAND MILES APART, SPEAKING TWO APART, SPEAKING TWO UNRELATED UNRELATED LANGUAGESLANGUAGES

WEST PAKISTAN WEST PAKISTAN DOMINATEDDOMINATED

WEST PAKISTAN HAD WEST PAKISTAN HAD FERTILE LAND ONLY IN FERTILE LAND ONLY IN THE INDUS RIVER THE INDUS RIVER SYSTEMSYSTEM

POLITICAL HISTORYPOLITICAL HISTORY PAKISTAN PAKISTAN

ALTERNATED ALTERNATED BETWEEN ELECTED BETWEEN ELECTED DEMOCRACY AND DEMOCRACY AND MILITARY MILITARY DICTATORSHIPDICTATORSHIP

Shown at left: Zulfikar Shown at left: Zulfikar and Benazir Bhuttoand Benazir Bhutto

Pakistan PoliticsPakistan Politics Jinnah (1947)>>

<<Zulfikar Bhutto (1973-77)Benazir

Bhutto>> (1988-90, 93-96)

<< Musharraf (1999-2008)

Sharif (1990-93, 97-99) Zardari (now)

CREATION OF CREATION OF BANGLADESHBANGLADESH

In 1970s, Pakistani dictator In 1970s, Pakistani dictator Ayub Khan cracked down Ayub Khan cracked down on politicians inEast on politicians inEast Pakistan.Pakistan.

In 1971 election, East In 1971 election, East Pakistani leader Sheik Pakistani leader Sheik Mujibur Rahman (right) Mujibur Rahman (right) won national elections.won national elections.

The military government The military government refused to accept the refused to accept the results.results.

East Pakistan seceded East Pakistan seceded and became independent and became independent with help from India.with help from India.

BANGLADESHBANGLADESH Soon after Soon after

independence, independence, Bangladesh was hit Bangladesh was hit with massive floods with massive floods and famineand famine

BANGLADESHBANGLADESH LAND OF RIVER LAND OF RIVER

DELTAS – VERY DELTAS – VERY PRODUCTIVE LANDPRODUCTIVE LAND

PERIODIC FLOODING PERIODIC FLOODING BECAUSE OF BECAUSE OF MONSOONSMONSOONS

EXTREME POVERTYEXTREME POVERTY FEARS TODAY OF FEARS TODAY OF

ISLAMIC EXTREMISMISLAMIC EXTREMISM POLITICAL SYSTEM IS POLITICAL SYSTEM IS

DEMOCRATIC BUT DEMOCRATIC BUT NOT VERY STABLE.NOT VERY STABLE.

BANGLADESH FLOODING: BANGLADESH FLOODING: A PERENNIAL PROBLEMA PERENNIAL PROBLEM

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R3ax_v1Bnjc

PAKISTAN TODAYPAKISTAN TODAY MILITARY MILITARY

DICTATORSHIP DICTATORSHIP SINCE 2000SINCE 2000

HISTORICALLY, AN HISTORICALLY, AN ALLY OF THE U.S.ALLY OF THE U.S.

AMBIGUOUS ROLE AMBIGUOUS ROLE IN TERRORISMIN TERRORISM

Pakistan’s Ethnic groupsPakistan’s Ethnic groups

1.1. Punjabi: majority ethnic group that dominates Punjabi: majority ethnic group that dominates politics and armypolitics and army

2.2. Pashtun: mountain region on the border of Pashtun: mountain region on the border of Afghanistan; government has little control over Afghanistan; government has little control over them; fierce protectors of their land & gueststhem; fierce protectors of their land & guests

3.3. Sindi: mostly rural, it is dominated by feudal Sindi: mostly rural, it is dominated by feudal families, like the Bhuttosfamilies, like the Bhuttos

4.4. Baluch: sparsely settled; heroin smuggling is Baluch: sparsely settled; heroin smuggling is high; very poorhigh; very poor

PAKISTAN’S CONNECTION PAKISTAN’S CONNECTION WITH ISLAMIC TERRORISMWITH ISLAMIC TERRORISM

In 1980, military In 1980, military dictator of Pakistan dictator of Pakistan solidified his power solidified his power by passing by passing Islamization Islamization program, instituting program, instituting sharia or Islamic law.sharia or Islamic law.

PAKISTANI PAKISTANI INTELLIGENCE INTELLIGENCE SECRETLY AIDED SECRETLY AIDED THE TALIBAN IN THE TALIBAN IN AFGHANISTAN, AND AFGHANISTAN, AND IN TERROR IN TERROR ATTACKS ON INDIA ATTACKS ON INDIA FROM KASHMIRFROM KASHMIR

MADRASASMADRASAS

NORTHWEST FRONTIERNORTHWEST FRONTIER LITTLE LITTLE

GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT CONTROL OVER CONTROL OVER ARMED SEMI-ARMED SEMI-NOMADIC TRIBESNOMADIC TRIBES

OSAMA PROBABLY OSAMA PROBABLY HIDING IN HIDING IN MOUNTAINS THEREMOUNTAINS THERE

THE “ISLAMIC BOMB”THE “ISLAMIC BOMB” PAKISTAN EXPLODED PAKISTAN EXPLODED

ITS FIRST NUCLEAR ITS FIRST NUCLEAR DEVICE IN DESERT IN DEVICE IN DESERT IN 1998.1998.

DR. A.Q. KHAN DR. A.Q. KHAN RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS SECRET SECRET DEVELOPMENT, AND DEVELOPMENT, AND SHARED TECHNOLOGY SHARED TECHNOLOGY WITH “ROGUE STATES” WITH “ROGUE STATES” LIKE LIBYA, NORTH LIKE LIBYA, NORTH KOREA, MAYBE KOREA, MAYBE OTHERSOTHERS

NUCLEAR CRISIS NUCLEAR CRISIS

NEAR-NUCLEAR NEAR-NUCLEAR CONFRONTATION OVER CONFRONTATION OVER KASHMIR IN 1998KASHMIR IN 1998

THE END OF MUSHARAF?THE END OF MUSHARAF? Musharaf dismissed Musharaf dismissed

the Supreme Court the Supreme Court after he stepped after he stepped down as head of the down as head of the armyarmy

Lawyers protestedLawyers protested

ASSASSINATION OF ASSASSINATION OF BENAZIR BHUTTOBENAZIR BHUTTO

Prior to Prior to parliamentary parliamentary elections this year, elections this year, opposition leaders opposition leaders were allowed back were allowed back into the countryinto the country

Benazir Bhutto Benazir Bhutto returned, was returned, was assassinated assassinated

NEW PRIME MINISTER NEW PRIME MINISTER SWORN IN – TRANSITION SWORN IN – TRANSITION BACK TO DEMOCRACY?BACK TO DEMOCRACY?

Has freed imprisoned Has freed imprisoned judgesjudges

Army remains Army remains strongest institution strongest institution in countryin country

Rebellion in Rebellion in Baluchistan provinceBaluchistan province

Problems of poverty Problems of poverty and lack of and lack of developmentdevelopment