INDIA AND PAKISTAN SINCE INDEPENDENCE

NEHRU

• FIVE YEAR PLANS• SOCIALIST ECONOMY• NEUTRAL IN COLD

WAR• INDIA A “ONE-PARTY

DEMOCRACY”• Prime minister 1948-

1966, when he died

INDIRA GANDHI

• NEHRU’S DAUGHTER• NOT RELATED TO

MAHATMA GANDHI• POPULAR BUT

ECONOMY DID POORLY IN 1970s

• P.M. 1966-1977, 1980-84. ASSASSINATED BY A SIKH BODYGUARD.

EMERGENCY

• INDIRA GANDHI TRIES TO GET DICTATORIAL POWERS WHEN SHE’S ACCUSED OF CORRUPTION IN 1970s

• JANATA DAL PARTY DEFEATS CONGRESS IN ELECTIONS IN 1977, RESTORES FULL DEMOCRACY AND CIVIL RIGHTS

RAJIV GANDHI

• INDIRA’S SON• POPULAR• INTERVENES IN SRI

LANKA • P.M. FROM 1984

UNTIL ASSASSINATED BY TAMIL SEPARATISTS IN 1991

INDIA’S ASSETS• GOOD TRANSPORTATION

INFRASTRUCTURE BUILT BY BRITISH (RAILROAD NETWORK)

• PUSH FOR EDUCATION – MANY WELL-TRAINED PEOPLE

• HUGE MIDDLE CLASS• HIGH TECH INDUSTRIES –

CENTERED IN BANGALORE• WORLD’S BIGGEST

DEMOCRACY• POLITICAL STABILITY• COMMON USE OF ENGLISH BY

EDUCATED PEOPLE• ABLE TO FEED ITSELF THANKS

TO “GREEN REVOLUTION”

BOLLYWOODWORLD’S LARGEST MOVIE

INDUSTRY

INDIA’S PROBLEMS

• MASSIVE POVERTY• CONFLICT BETWEEN CASTES & RELIGIONS• THREE WARS WITH PAKISTAN OVER KASHMIR –

TERRORISTS FROM KASHMIR; 1962 border war with China

• NUCLEAR STANDOFF WITH PAKISTAN

PAKISTAN AND BANGLADESH

PAKISTAN

• ORIGINALLY TWO TERRITORIES, A THOUSAND MILES APART, SPEAKING TWO UNRELATED LANGUAGES

• WEST PAKISTAN DOMINATED

• WEST PAKISTAN HAD FERTILE LAND ONLY IN THE INDUS RIVER SYSTEM

POLITICAL HISTORY

• PAKISTAN ALTERNATED BETWEEN ELECTED DEMOCRACY AND MILITARY DICTATORSHIP

• Shown at left: Zulfikar and Benazir Bhutto

CREATION OF BANGLADESH

• In 1970s, West Pakistani dictator Ayub Khan cracked down on politicians inEast Pakistan.

• In 1971 election, East Pakistani leader Sheik Mujibur Rahman won.

• The military government refused to accept the results.

• East Pakistan seceded and became independent with help from India.

BANGLADESH

• Soon after independence, Bangladesh was hit with massive floods and famine

BANGLADESH

• LAND OF RIVER DELTAS – VERY PRODUCTIVE LAND

• PERIODIC FLOODING BECAUSE OF MONSOONS

• EXTREME POVERTY• FEARS TODAY OF

ISLAMIC EXTREMISM

PAKISTAN TODAY

• MILITARY DICTATORSHIP SINCE 2000

• HISTORICALLY, AN ALLY OF THE U.S.

• AMBIGUOUS ROLE IN TERRORISM

PAKISTAN’S CONNECTION WITH ISLAMIC TERRORISM

• In 1980, military dictator of Pakistan solidified his power by passing Islamization program, institutes sharia or Islamic law.

• PAKISTANI INTELLIGENCE SECRETLY AIDS THE TALIBAN IN AFGHANISTAN, AND TERROR ATTACKS IN KASHMIR

MADRASAS

NORTHWEST FRONTIER

• LITTLE GOVERNMENT CONTROL OVER ARMED SEMI-NOMADIC TRIBES

• OSAMA PROBABLY HIDING IN MOUNTAINS THERE

THE “ISLAMIC BOMB”

• PAKISTAN EXPLODED ITS FIRST NUCLEAR DEVICE IN DESERT IN 1998.

• DR. A.Q. KHAN RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS SECRET DEVELOPMENT, AND SHARES TECHNOLOGY WITH “ROGUE STATES” LIKE LIBYA, NORTH KOREA, MAYBE OTHERS

NUCLEAR CRISIS