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INDIA AND PAKISTAN INDIA AND PAKISTAN SINCE INDEPENDENCESINCE INDEPENDENCE
Abhishek JaguessarAbhishek Jaguessar
PARTITIONPARTITION
JINNAH AND PAKISTANJINNAH AND PAKISTAN http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ElEYZ
_BJl0M&feature=fvw
BORDER CEREMONYBORDER CEREMONY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hjcF6lmBqGs
The problem of The problem of KashmirKashmir
Kashmir is India’s only Muslim majority Kashmir is India’s only Muslim majority territoryterritory
India accuses Pakistan of waging a India accuses Pakistan of waging a proxy war by arming militantsproxy war by arming militants
Jammu’s population is 2/3 HinduJammu’s population is 2/3 Hindu Kashmiris never voted; Kashmiris never voted;
extremists/separatists were bornextremists/separatists were born Why did the U.S. adopt Pakistan as its Why did the U.S. adopt Pakistan as its
ally?ally?
Indian PoliticsIndian Politics Nehru (1947)>>
<<Indira Gandhi (1966-77, 80-84)
Rajiv Gandhi>> (1984-89)
>> Singh (2004-now)
NEHRUNEHRU
FIVE YEAR PLANSFIVE YEAR PLANS SOCIALIST ECONOMYSOCIALIST ECONOMY NEUTRAL IN COLD WARNEUTRAL IN COLD WAR LEFT BRITISH-TRAINED LEFT BRITISH-TRAINED
CIVIL SERVICE INTACTCIVIL SERVICE INTACT INDIA A “ONE-PARTY INDIA A “ONE-PARTY
DEMOCRACY” – Nehru was DEMOCRACY” – Nehru was very popular and respectedvery popular and respected
Prime minister 1948-1966, Prime minister 1948-1966, when he diedwhen he died
INDIRA GANDHIINDIRA GANDHI NEHRU’S DAUGHTERNEHRU’S DAUGHTER NOT RELATED TO NOT RELATED TO
MAHATMA GANDHIMAHATMA GANDHI POPULAR BUT POPULAR BUT
ECONOMY DID ECONOMY DID POORLY IN 1970sPOORLY IN 1970s
P.M. 1966-1977, 1980-P.M. 1966-1977, 1980-84. ASSASSINATED 84. ASSASSINATED BY A SIKH BY A SIKH BODYGUARD.BODYGUARD.
A FAKE “EMERGENCY” – A FAKE “EMERGENCY” – INDIA REMAINS A INDIA REMAINS A DEMOCRACYDEMOCRACY
INDIRA GANDHI TRIES TO INDIRA GANDHI TRIES TO GAIN DICTATORIAL GAIN DICTATORIAL POWERS WHEN SHE’S POWERS WHEN SHE’S ACCUSED OF ACCUSED OF CORRUPTION IN 1975CORRUPTION IN 1975
JANATA DAL PARTY JANATA DAL PARTY DEFEATS CONGRESS IN DEFEATS CONGRESS IN ELECTIONS IN 1977, ELECTIONS IN 1977, RESTORES FULL RESTORES FULL DEMOCRACY AND CIVIL DEMOCRACY AND CIVIL RIGHTS – First time RIGHTS – First time Congress party is defeated. Congress party is defeated.
DESPITE ITS PROBLEMS, DESPITE ITS PROBLEMS, INDIA REMAINS INDIA REMAINS COMMITTED TO POLITICAL COMMITTED TO POLITICAL DEMOCRACYDEMOCRACY
RAJIV GANDHIRAJIV GANDHI INDIRA’S SONINDIRA’S SON POPULARPOPULAR INTERVENES IN SRI INTERVENES IN SRI
LANKA CIVIL WARLANKA CIVIL WAR P.M. FROM 1984 UNTIL P.M. FROM 1984 UNTIL
ASSASSINATED BY ASSASSINATED BY TAMIL SEPARATISTS TAMIL SEPARATISTS IN 1991IN 1991
MORE GANDHISMORE GANDHIS Indira’s other son, Indira’s other son,
Sanjay, died in a Sanjay, died in a plane crash in 1980.plane crash in 1980.
Rajiv’s widow, Sonia, Rajiv’s widow, Sonia, is Italian-born. She is Italian-born. She is president of the is president of the Congress party.Congress party.
Controversy about Controversy about whether she should whether she should run for higher office.run for higher office.
ECONOMIC REFORMS – ECONOMIC REFORMS – 1991 – THE BIG CHANGE1991 – THE BIG CHANGE
MANMOHAN SINGH MANMOHAN SINGH becomes finance becomes finance minister in 1991minister in 1991
Engineers major reforms Engineers major reforms to loosen up government to loosen up government control of the economycontrol of the economy
Economic takeoff in past Economic takeoff in past 17 years.17 years.
Singh is currently Prime Singh is currently Prime MinisterMinister
Member of Congress Member of Congress PartyParty
INDIA’S ECONOMIC INDIA’S ECONOMIC GROWTHGROWTH
HINDU-MUSLIM HINDU-MUSLIM TENSIONSTENSIONS
Ayodhya riotsAyodhya riots Mumbai riotsMumbai riots 1992-93. Thousands 1992-93. Thousands
dead.dead.
HINDU NATIONALISMHINDU NATIONALISM BJP Party wins national BJP Party wins national
elections in 1998. elections in 1998. Favors confrontation Favors confrontation
with Pakistanwith Pakistan Develop nuclear Develop nuclear
weapons program, weapons program, acccomplish little else.acccomplish little else.
INDIA’S ASSETSINDIA’S ASSETS GOOD TRANSPORTATION GOOD TRANSPORTATION
INFRASTRUCTURE BUILT BY INFRASTRUCTURE BUILT BY BRITISH (RAILROAD BRITISH (RAILROAD NETWORK)NETWORK)
PUSH FOR EDUCATION – PUSH FOR EDUCATION – MANY WELL-TRAINED PEOPLEMANY WELL-TRAINED PEOPLE
HUGE MIDDLE CLASSHUGE MIDDLE CLASS HIGH TECH INDUSTRIES – HIGH TECH INDUSTRIES –
CENTERED IN BANGALORECENTERED IN BANGALORE WORLD’S BIGGEST WORLD’S BIGGEST
DEMOCRACYDEMOCRACY POLITICAL STABILITYPOLITICAL STABILITY COMMON USE OF ENGLISH BY COMMON USE OF ENGLISH BY
EDUCATED PEOPLEEDUCATED PEOPLE ABLE TO FEED ITSELF ABLE TO FEED ITSELF
THANKS TO “GREEN THANKS TO “GREEN REVOLUTION”REVOLUTION”
BOLLYWOODBOLLYWOODWORLD’S LARGEST MOVIE WORLD’S LARGEST MOVIE INDUSTRYINDUSTRY
INDIA’S PROBLEMSINDIA’S PROBLEMS
MASSIVE POVERTYMASSIVE POVERTY CONFLICT BETWEEN CASTES & RELIGIONSCONFLICT BETWEEN CASTES & RELIGIONS THREE WARS WITH PAKISTAN OVER KASHMIR – THREE WARS WITH PAKISTAN OVER KASHMIR –
TERRORISTS FROM KASHMIR; 1962 border war with TERRORISTS FROM KASHMIR; 1962 border war with ChinaChina
NUCLEAR STANDOFF WITH PAKISTANNUCLEAR STANDOFF WITH PAKISTAN
INDIAN PARADOX – INDIAN PARADOX – POVERTY AND POWERPOVERTY AND POWER
PAKISTAN AND PAKISTAN AND BANGLADESH – Countries BANGLADESH – Countries which were Muslim parts which were Muslim parts of British India before of British India before partitionpartition
PAKISTANPAKISTAN ORIGINALLY TWO ORIGINALLY TWO
TERRITORIES, A TERRITORIES, A THOUSAND MILES THOUSAND MILES APART, SPEAKING TWO APART, SPEAKING TWO UNRELATED UNRELATED LANGUAGESLANGUAGES
WEST PAKISTAN WEST PAKISTAN DOMINATEDDOMINATED
WEST PAKISTAN HAD WEST PAKISTAN HAD FERTILE LAND ONLY IN FERTILE LAND ONLY IN THE INDUS RIVER THE INDUS RIVER SYSTEMSYSTEM
POLITICAL HISTORYPOLITICAL HISTORY PAKISTAN PAKISTAN
ALTERNATED ALTERNATED BETWEEN ELECTED BETWEEN ELECTED DEMOCRACY AND DEMOCRACY AND MILITARY MILITARY DICTATORSHIPDICTATORSHIP
Shown at left: Zulfikar Shown at left: Zulfikar and Benazir Bhuttoand Benazir Bhutto
Pakistan PoliticsPakistan Politics Jinnah (1947)>>
<<Zulfikar Bhutto (1973-77)Benazir
Bhutto>> (1988-90, 93-96)
<< Musharraf (1999-2008)
Sharif (1990-93, 97-99) Zardari (now)
CREATION OF CREATION OF BANGLADESHBANGLADESH
In 1970s, Pakistani dictator In 1970s, Pakistani dictator Ayub Khan cracked down Ayub Khan cracked down on politicians inEast on politicians inEast Pakistan.Pakistan.
In 1971 election, East In 1971 election, East Pakistani leader Sheik Pakistani leader Sheik Mujibur Rahman (right) Mujibur Rahman (right) won national elections.won national elections.
The military government The military government refused to accept the refused to accept the results.results.
East Pakistan seceded East Pakistan seceded and became independent and became independent with help from India.with help from India.
BANGLADESHBANGLADESH Soon after Soon after
independence, independence, Bangladesh was hit Bangladesh was hit with massive floods with massive floods and famineand famine
BANGLADESHBANGLADESH LAND OF RIVER LAND OF RIVER
DELTAS – VERY DELTAS – VERY PRODUCTIVE LANDPRODUCTIVE LAND
PERIODIC FLOODING PERIODIC FLOODING BECAUSE OF BECAUSE OF MONSOONSMONSOONS
EXTREME POVERTYEXTREME POVERTY FEARS TODAY OF FEARS TODAY OF
ISLAMIC EXTREMISMISLAMIC EXTREMISM POLITICAL SYSTEM IS POLITICAL SYSTEM IS
DEMOCRATIC BUT DEMOCRATIC BUT NOT VERY STABLE.NOT VERY STABLE.
BANGLADESH FLOODING: BANGLADESH FLOODING: A PERENNIAL PROBLEMA PERENNIAL PROBLEM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R3ax_v1Bnjc
PAKISTAN TODAYPAKISTAN TODAY MILITARY MILITARY
DICTATORSHIP DICTATORSHIP SINCE 2000SINCE 2000
HISTORICALLY, AN HISTORICALLY, AN ALLY OF THE U.S.ALLY OF THE U.S.
AMBIGUOUS ROLE AMBIGUOUS ROLE IN TERRORISMIN TERRORISM
Pakistan’s Ethnic groupsPakistan’s Ethnic groups
1.1. Punjabi: majority ethnic group that dominates Punjabi: majority ethnic group that dominates politics and armypolitics and army
2.2. Pashtun: mountain region on the border of Pashtun: mountain region on the border of Afghanistan; government has little control over Afghanistan; government has little control over them; fierce protectors of their land & gueststhem; fierce protectors of their land & guests
3.3. Sindi: mostly rural, it is dominated by feudal Sindi: mostly rural, it is dominated by feudal families, like the Bhuttosfamilies, like the Bhuttos
4.4. Baluch: sparsely settled; heroin smuggling is Baluch: sparsely settled; heroin smuggling is high; very poorhigh; very poor
PAKISTAN’S CONNECTION PAKISTAN’S CONNECTION WITH ISLAMIC TERRORISMWITH ISLAMIC TERRORISM
In 1980, military In 1980, military dictator of Pakistan dictator of Pakistan solidified his power solidified his power by passing by passing Islamization Islamization program, instituting program, instituting sharia or Islamic law.sharia or Islamic law.
PAKISTANI PAKISTANI INTELLIGENCE INTELLIGENCE SECRETLY AIDED SECRETLY AIDED THE TALIBAN IN THE TALIBAN IN AFGHANISTAN, AND AFGHANISTAN, AND IN TERROR IN TERROR ATTACKS ON INDIA ATTACKS ON INDIA FROM KASHMIRFROM KASHMIR
MADRASASMADRASAS
NORTHWEST FRONTIERNORTHWEST FRONTIER LITTLE LITTLE
GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT CONTROL OVER CONTROL OVER ARMED SEMI-ARMED SEMI-NOMADIC TRIBESNOMADIC TRIBES
OSAMA PROBABLY OSAMA PROBABLY HIDING IN HIDING IN MOUNTAINS THEREMOUNTAINS THERE
THE “ISLAMIC BOMB”THE “ISLAMIC BOMB” PAKISTAN EXPLODED PAKISTAN EXPLODED
ITS FIRST NUCLEAR ITS FIRST NUCLEAR DEVICE IN DESERT IN DEVICE IN DESERT IN 1998.1998.
DR. A.Q. KHAN DR. A.Q. KHAN RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS SECRET SECRET DEVELOPMENT, AND DEVELOPMENT, AND SHARED TECHNOLOGY SHARED TECHNOLOGY WITH “ROGUE STATES” WITH “ROGUE STATES” LIKE LIBYA, NORTH LIKE LIBYA, NORTH KOREA, MAYBE KOREA, MAYBE OTHERSOTHERS
NUCLEAR CRISIS NUCLEAR CRISIS
NEAR-NUCLEAR NEAR-NUCLEAR CONFRONTATION OVER CONFRONTATION OVER KASHMIR IN 1998KASHMIR IN 1998
THE END OF MUSHARAF?THE END OF MUSHARAF? Musharaf dismissed Musharaf dismissed
the Supreme Court the Supreme Court after he stepped after he stepped down as head of the down as head of the armyarmy
Lawyers protestedLawyers protested
ASSASSINATION OF ASSASSINATION OF BENAZIR BHUTTOBENAZIR BHUTTO
Prior to Prior to parliamentary parliamentary elections this year, elections this year, opposition leaders opposition leaders were allowed back were allowed back into the countryinto the country
Benazir Bhutto Benazir Bhutto returned, was returned, was assassinated assassinated
NEW PRIME MINISTER NEW PRIME MINISTER SWORN IN – TRANSITION SWORN IN – TRANSITION BACK TO DEMOCRACY?BACK TO DEMOCRACY?
Has freed imprisoned Has freed imprisoned judgesjudges
Army remains Army remains strongest institution strongest institution in countryin country
Rebellion in Rebellion in Baluchistan provinceBaluchistan province
Problems of poverty Problems of poverty and lack of and lack of developmentdevelopment