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HEALTH CLAIM RELATED TO ‘NON-DIGESTIBLE
OLIGO-AND POLYSACCHARIDES INCLUDING
GALACTO-OLIGOSACCHARIDES,
OLIGOFRUCTOSE, POLYFRUCTOSE AND
INULIN’ AND ‘INCERASE IN CALCIUM
ABSORPTION’.Mamata Bhattarai
Bobby Antan CaiquoMichael Amoafo Mensah
Health claim request• Food constituents- Non digestible oligosaccharides and
polysaccharides including galacto-oligosaccharides, oligofructose, polyfructose and inulin • Health claim- Increase in Ca absorption• Target population- infants (from birth onwards) and young
children (up to three years of age)• Food- infant and follow on formula and processed cereal based
food
Reasons for refusal of application• Food ingredients not sufficiently characterized• Cause and effect relationship could not be established
between consumption and beneficial health effect
Health claim • According to EU regulation, 1924/2006, a health claim is any
claim that suggests or implies that a relationship exists between food category, a food or one of its constituents and health.• Consumption of food category, a food or one of its constituents
would lead to• Improve heath and well being• Reduction of diseases• Child development and health
Claim requirements by EU directive• Possible to add other substances, which have particular
nutritional purpose in infant and follow-on formula and cereal based processed foods for younger children up to 3 years.
Directive 2006/141/EC
What are prebiotics?
Prebiotics (contd..)• Non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs)- low molecular weight
carbohydrates- immediate in nature between simple sugars and polysaccharides• Can be made of one, two or even three different types of
monosaccharide units• Most investigated substances compared to probiotics and
synbiotics
Non-digestible carbohydrates• Galactooligosaccharides (GOS), or Trans-
galactooligosaccharides (TOS)• Oligosaccharides composed of galactose units, • DP ≤10, an average DP of 2-6. • Preferably, GOS contains at least 2/3 galactose units
• ‘Fructooligosaccharide, or oligofructose’• Soluble dietary fiber comprising a chain of β linked fructose units• Degree of polymerisation ≤ 10 • Also used as alternative sweetner
• Inulin and polyfructose• Glucose-terminated fructose chains with at least 90%-95% having DP≥10• Industrially, it is mostly extracted from chicory
Factors affecting Ca absorption and bioavailability
• Effective calcium absorption- active and passive diffusion in intestine• Presence of SCFAs is prerequisite for stimulation of Ca absorption
in human (Trinidad et al., 1993) • Many minerals like Ca chelated by pectin from fiber components
are freed in colon• Cell membranes have lower permeability to high charged ions like
calcium• Organic acids like SCFAs form charged mineral complexes which
helps in passive diffusion of these complexes
In his study, addition of SCFA enhanced the Ca absorption in distal colon in 6 healthy males
Mechanisms of Ca absorption - enhanced by prebiotics
• Increased solubility of minerals due to bacterial production of SCFAs• Enlargement of absorption surface by promoting proliferation of
enterocytes mediated by bacterial fermentation products• Degradation of mineral complexing phytic acid• Increased expression of calcium-binding proteins• Release of bone-modulating factors such as phytoestrogens from
foods• Stabilization of intestinal flora and ecology• Stabilization of intestinal mucus and impact of growth modulating
factors such as polyamines
NDOs with variable DP• Synergistic effects - combination of inulin and
fructooligosaccharides (FOS) or FOS with various DP• Mixture of different chain lengths- assumed to be fermented
sequentially and thus over a wider range of large intestine and with improved efficacy (Scholz-Ahren et al., 2007).
Prebiotics in infant nutrition• Prebiotics carbohydrates have been added to infant formula in
Japan for over 20 years• 90% of infant formula in Japan are purported to contain
prebiotics.• Process of commercialization going on in Europe and US• Beneficial role of prebiotics in infants diets has been proven in
many studies.
Prebiotics role in infant nutrition• Human gut micro flora is very complex. • At birth, infants intestine are almost
sterile• Intestinal micro flora does not change
significantly after infancy. • Infants early diet and intestinal micro
flora pivotal factors in overall health and development
Prebiotics and SCFAs• Stools from breast fed infants
and formula fed infants were collected and HMOS or GOS/FOS were added and incubated for 24h.
• Short chain fatty acids were detected.
• Bifidobacteria, lactobacillus, acetic acid was stimulated in GOS (2.4g/l) formula fed 371 infants, fecal pH was decreased (Cai et al, 2008)
Production of different SCFA during in-vitro fermentation of 2 test substances, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOS) and mixture of GOS/FOS compared to control without oligosaccharides. Adapted from Boehmn et al., 2004
Prebiotics and infant health
Improved Ca absorption
Substances Amount g/d
Calcium absorption
Subject of study Comment Method References
Inulin 40 sig Young men Metabolic Balance Coudray et al, 1997
OF 15 sig12 Adolescents (14-16y)
36h urine coll. Stable isotope Van den Heuvel et al, 1999
TOS 20 sig POM (12) 36h urine coll. Stable isotope Van den Heuvel et al, 2000
OF 8 ns Girls (30) 48h urine coll. Stable isotope Griffin et al, 2002
OF+inulin 8 sig Griffin et al, 2002
Sc and lc FOS mix 8 sig Boys and girls (48) 48h urine coll. Stable isotope Abrams et al, 2005
GOS+FOS 8 sig Adolescents girls (61) 12hr fast Serum ionized Ca
Sanwalka et al, 2002
Oligofructose15
sig Adolescents male (12) 36h urine coll. Stable isotope
Ellen et al, 1999
TOS 20 sigPost
menopausal women
36h urine coll. Stable isotope Ellen et al, 2000
Results from human studies
OF-Oligofructose, TOS-Transgalacto-oligosaccharides, Sc/lc FOS- shortchain/longchain fructo-oligosaccharides
Possible reasons for inconsistent and inadequate results
• Habitual intake of NDO cannot be easily controlled in human studies• More studies have been performed in animal model,
experimental conditions difficult to control in human• Ethical reason- difficult to conduct studies in
infants/children/human• Experimental design, efficacy depends on dose, time of
administration, content of calcium in diet, age of subjects studied• Effect is specific for type of carbohydrate and calcium
absorption capacity
Conclusion• Adverse effect of NDOs and others has not been reported in
scientific literature.• Synergistic effects among different NDOs and NDOs with
different DP was observed• Literature suggesting enhancement of Ca absorption by NDOs
and polysaccharides cannot be ignored• Based on these facts, our health claim should be reconsidered
by EFSA
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