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Presentation I gave in Minneapolis in November 2012
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Daniel Greene, BA, Graduate Candidate, CI & CT, NIC Master
SPEAK & SPELL: HOW TO SPELL & PRONOUNCE
FOREIGN NAMES & WORDS
1Monday, November 12, 12
WORKSHOP: DESCRIPTION
We interpret in an increasingly multi-cultural world. We are daily confronted with foreign and/or idiosyncratic names and words that we donʼt know how to pronounce or spell. This workshop will teach participants the phonetical systems (phonology) of several of the worldʼs languages so that they recognize spelling patterns (orthography) to elevate their comfort and confidence while interpreting in an ever more international world.
2Monday, November 12, 12
The first solid-state talking toy. It would ask you to spell a word and tell you if you got it right or
wrong. Remember ET?“Be good.”
SPEAK & SPELL:
THE ‘80S TOY
3Monday, November 12, 12
Introductions and our names’ background
Phonology (how words /names sound)
Orthography (how they are spelled)
Application to interpreting
Sources for further study
WORKSHOP: AGENDA
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“Remember that a person’s name is to that person the sweetest and most important sound in any language.” —Dale Carnegie
IMPORTANCE: NAMES
5Monday, November 12, 12
What is your name? What are its origins?
Shortened when your family came to U.S.?
Alternative spellings & pronunciations?
Say, “I hate it when people pronounce my name _____, I like it when people pronounce my name _____, and I love it when people pronounce my name _____.”
INTRODUCE: YOUR NAME
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America is a land of immigrants with names from many countries and languages.
ASL interpreters are sheltered from various phonologies by migration patterns.
Interpreters are increasingly exposed to names and words from all over the world, so fingerspelling and pronouncing those words is part of our everyday work.
RATIONALE: FOR–FOR?
7Monday, November 12, 12
Names and words are rarely spelled with unique sounds or letter clusters; rather, they tend to follow the spelling conventions of the language from which they came.
If interpreters learn the spelling rules of various languages, they will be able to comfortably and confidently pronounce and spell international names and words.
SPELLING: FOLLOWS RULES
8Monday, November 12, 12
Demand: you don’t know how to spell it.
Control options:
“How is that spelled?”
“Spelled K-A-L-A-S-H-N-I-K-O-V?”
Sign and mouth “Sounds like _____.”
Spell it Kalashnikov.
DEMAND: CONTROL
9Monday, November 12, 12
phonology |fəˈnɑlədʒi| |foʊˈnɑlədʒi|
the branch of linguistics that deals with systems of sounds (including or excluding phonetics), esp. in a particular language.
the system of relationships among the speech sounds that constitute the fundamental components of a language.
DEFINE: PHONOLOGY
10Monday, November 12, 12
orthography |ɔrˈθɑgrəfi|
conventional spelling system of a language.
study of spelling and how letters combine to represent sounds and form words.
ORIGIN late Middle English: via Old French and Latin from Greek orthographia, from orthos ‘correct’ + -graphia ‘writing.’
DEFINE: ORTHOGRAPHY
11Monday, November 12, 12
“Orthoepy is the art and study of proper pronunciation.” It comes from the Greek ortho, which means correct, and epos, which means word (Elster, 1999).
Correct pronunciation conveys intelligence and respect. It also removes barriers to comprehension on the part of our clients.
DEFINE: ORTHOEPY
12Monday, November 12, 12
You hear/see a foreign name/word. Do you:
recognize the name/word in its entirety?
recognize letters/sounds, infer sounds/letters?
use prior knowledge to make an educated guess as to the pronunciation/spelling?
PROCESS: INTERPRETING
13Monday, November 12, 12
alphabet |ˈølfəˈbɛt|
a set of letters or symbols in a fixed order, used to represent the basic sounds of a language; in particular, the set of letters from A to Z.
ORIGIN early 16th cent.: from late Latin alphabetum, from Greek alpha, bēta, the first two letters of the Greek alphabet.
DEFINE: ALPHABET
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Phoenician (2000 BC) Greek (1000 BC)
Arabic Hebrew Cyrillic Etruscan
Russian Latin
HISTORY: ALPHABETS
15Monday, November 12, 12
Latin: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
Cyrillic: а б в г д е ё ж з и й к л м н о п р с т у ф х ц ч ш щ ъ ы ь э ю я
Hebrew: א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י כ ך ל מ ם נ ן ס ע צ ץ ק ר ש ת
Greek: α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ µ ν ѯ ο π ρ σ τ υ φ χ ψ ω
COMPARE: ALPHABETS
16Monday, November 12, 12
آ alif ع aynب ba غ gaynت ta ف faع gim ق qafح ha ك kafد dal ل lamر ra م mimز zay ن nunس sin ه haض dad و wawط ta ي ya
ALPHABET: ARABIC
17Monday, November 12, 12
א alef מ memב bet ם mem sofitג gimel נ nunד dalet ן nun sofitה he ס samechו vav ע ayinז zayin פ peח chet ף pe sofitט tet צ tzadiי yud ץ tzadi sofitכ kaf ק qufך kaf sofit ר reshל lamed ס shin
ת tav
ALPHABET: HEBREW
18Monday, November 12, 12
Α α alpha Ν ν nuΒ β beta Ξ ξ xiΓ γ gamma Ο ο omicronΔ δ delta Π π piΕ ε epsilon Ρ ρ rhoΖ ζ zeta Σ σ sigmaΗ η eta Τ τ tauΘ θ theta Υ υ upsilonΙ ι iota Φ φ phiΚ κ kappa Χ χ chiΛ λ lambda Ψ ψ psiΜ µ mu ΩΩ ω omega
ALPHABET: GREEK
19Monday, November 12, 12
A a N eneB be Ñ eñeC ce O oCh che P peD de Q cuE e R ereF efe S eseG ge T teH hache U uI i V veJ jota W uve dobleK ka X equisL ele Y i griegaLL elle Z zetaM eme
ALPHABET: SPANISH
20Monday, November 12, 12
E & O doubled in English: green, moon.
E doubled in French: Sautée, Brûlée.
A doubled in Danish & Dutch: Kierkegaard, Aardvark, Afrikaans.
Hawaiian: Kaanapali, Hawaii. (Glottal break.)
None: Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Japanese, Chinese, Russian, Hebrew, Swahili, et al.
LETTER DOUBLING: VOWELS
21Monday, November 12, 12
Also called gemination (after gemini, twins)
Meaning changed by single vs. doubled consonants; e.g. pining/pinning, anus/annus, bagu/baggu, taka/takka, beve/bevve.
Italian vs. Spanish words: pappa/papa, mamma/mama, panna/pan, anno/año.
German has double and triple consonants.
LETTER DOUBLING: CONSONANTS
22Monday, November 12, 12
French vowel clusters for one sound; e.g. au (café au lait), aux (la cage aux folles), eau (eau de toilette or beau), -eaux (beaux, the plural of beau) -aud (Mme. Toussaud’s), ault (Renault), -ot (Pinot Noir) all sound like O.
Other languages have vowel clusters that represent either one vowel, diphthongs, or triphthongs.
CLUSTERS: VOWELS
23Monday, November 12, 12
German consonant clusters; e.g., Schmidt has seven letters, and only one vowel.
Italian, Spanish, and Japanese have no consonant clusters. In Japanese, every consonant is paired with a vowel sound. That is why its non-logographic orthography is Hiragana, a syllabary.
CLUSTERS: CONSONANTS
24Monday, November 12, 12
Marks above/below letters to indicate vowel sounds.
French words, such as crème brûlée
German words, such as gemütlichkeit
Vietnamese vowels, such as a, ă, and â.
Hebrew: diacritics for vowels.
DIACRITICAL MARKS
25Monday, November 12, 12
DIACRITICS: HEBREWVowels & Canti!ation
26Monday, November 12, 12
transliterate |trønzˈlɪdəˈreɪt| |trøn(t)sˈlɪdəˈreɪt|
write or print (a letter or word) using the closest corresponding letters of a different alphabet or language.
transliteration |transˌlitəˈrā sh ən; tranz-| |trønzˈlɪdəˈreɪʃən| |trøn(t)sˈlɪdəˈreɪʃən| |-ˈreɪʃ(ə)n| noun
DEFINE: TRANSLITERATE
27Monday, November 12, 12
logogram |ˈloʊgəˈgrøm|
a sign or character representing a word or phrase, such as those used in shorthand and some writing systems.
ORIGIN mid 19th cent.: from Greek logos ‘word’ + -gram.
DEFINE: LOGOGRAM
28Monday, November 12, 12
Chinese & Japanese names/words written in characters that represent meanings.
Names/words in Chinese and Japanese transliterated following different transliterators’ approximations of the original, native names / words. (Examples: xi & chi, feng shui pronounced fung shway.)
Sanskrit, for Indian languages, is logographic.
WRITING: LOGOGRAPHIC
29Monday, November 12, 12
syllabary |ˈsɪləˈbɛri|
a set of written characters representing syllables and (in some languages or stages of writing) serving the purpose of an alphabet.
ORIGIN mid 19th cent.: from modern Latin syllabarium, from Latin syllaba (see syllable).
DEFINE: SYLLABARY
30Monday, November 12, 12
N is the only ending consonant (Nippon, Seikyo Shimbun). Most consonants end in vowel sounds, such as ka, ku, fa, fu.
English words written in Hiragana follow Japanese phonology: garufu, boiufirendu, garufirendu, miruku, seben ereben, sando witchi, maku donaru. No L or V sounds.
SYLLABARY: JAPANESE
31Monday, November 12, 12
SYLLABARYJapanese
32Monday, November 12, 12
Chinese names/ words only one or two syllables each; e.g., Chang, Wen, Li, or Tsao.
Japanese names/words tend to have two, three or four syllables; e.g., Honda, Seiko, Yamaha, Nakamura, Watanabe, Takahashi
Italian names tend to have two, three, or four syllables; e.g., Verdi, Puccini, Da Vinci, Corleone, Berluscone.
PHONOLOGY: NUMBER OF SYLLABLES
33Monday, November 12, 12
Dipthongs: two pure vowels make a blended vowel sound; triphthongs: three.
Languages have none–to–many diphthongs.
Italianate vowels: Italian vowels are pure: Ah, Eh, Ee, Oh (not a diphthong like O-u), and Oo. Spanish, Portuguese, and Japanese have Italianate vowels.
VOWELS: DI/TRIPHTHONGS
34Monday, November 12, 12
French has nasal vowels ending in N: an, en, in, on, un. (Ex: Maman, en croute, Chopin, Montmartre, un-deux-trois)
Many languages have a nasal m, n, and ng.
Almost all languages have nasalization.
PHONOLOGY: NASALIZATION
35Monday, November 12, 12
Chinese, Hmong, Korean, Thai, and Vietnamese are tonal. Japanese is not.
Tonal languages use tones to distinguish homophones; e.g., “ma” can mean ghost, but, cheek/mother, tomb/grave, horse, or rice seedling depending on tone.
Vietnamese: Latin letters with diacritical and tonal marks; e.g., a, ă, â, ằ, ắ, ẳ, ẵ, ặ.
PHONOLOGY: TONALIZATION
36Monday, November 12, 12
HMONG: TONAL, NASAL, ALPHABETICAL
Bee (bee)
Chang (chahng)
Cheng (cheng)
Chue (che-u)
Dang (dahng)
Fang (fahng)
Ge (zhay)
Ger, Yeu (dzur)
Hang (hahng)
Lee, Ly, Le (lee)
Lor, Lo (law)
Khang (kahng)
Moua (moo-ah)
Neng (neng)
Pao (pow)
Sao (sow)
Sy, See (see)
Thao, Tor (taw)
Thong (tawng)
Tov (too)
Vang (vahng)
Vue (voo)
Xiong (shee-ong)
Yang (yahng)
37Monday, November 12, 12
SILENT LETTERS: WHY?
Changes in pronunciation after spelling conventions were set, such as how English kept changing after people began writing it; e.g., knife and knight.
Attempts at transliterating single letters from another language that have no corresponding letter in our alphabet; e.g., Ch for ח in Chanukah (corresponds to German Bach).
It is not “acceptable” to some languages to pronounce what others do; e.g. English does not start words with “ps” so we take the Greek psi (Ψ) and pronounce it sigh.
38Monday, November 12, 12
French has many silent letters in its orthography; e.g., final consonants S, T, and X as in Dupuis, Chevrolet, and La Cage Aux Folles. (However, final consonants are pronounced when followed by vowels as in “les amis,” “tout a l’heur,” and “beaux arts.” This is called liaison.)
English silent E changes pronunciation of preceding vowel; e.g., tap, tape; met, mete; sit, site; mop, mope; run, rune
Spanish has no silent letters except sometimes h, which was only added to clarify that the following u was not a v.
SILENT LETTERS
39Monday, November 12, 12
Emphasis: initial, penultimate, or final stress.
Initial stress; Latin: anno domini, patre, filio
Penultimate stress; Italian: spaghetti, spaghettini, cannoli, cannelloni
Final stress; French: Philippe, Desirée, Nicolas Sarkozy.
EMPHASIS: PLACEMENT
40Monday, November 12, 12
Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish all have “enyay” but the spell it differently.
Italian: “gn” e.g., lasagna.
Portuguese: “nh” e.g., caipirinha, piranha.
Spanish: n with tilde diacritic (ñ); e.g., mañana, piñata, Quiñones, Muñoz.
SOUND & SPELLING: ENYAY
41Monday, November 12, 12
Theta (IPA θ) is in few languages. Eth (IPA ∂) is even rarer. In French, th is always pronounced T, as in Mathilde and Thérèse).
In Castilian Spanish, all C’s and Z’s are pronounced θ. Contrary to popular belief, Spaniards do not lisp their S’s; e.g. “Gracias por me dar los zapatos a las cinco.”
RARE SOUNDS: THETA, ETH
42Monday, November 12, 12
Consistent: always pronounced as spelled
Avoids K unless in Greek words; e.g., kilo
English -tion = -ción. Ex: nación, concepción
Avoids double letters. ll = y/j e.g. tortilla
Th = T; e.g., theme = tema, rhythm = ritmo
Inm- instead of im- e.g., inmigración
ORTHOGRAPHY: SPANISH
43Monday, November 12, 12
Es- replaces S preceding a consonant; e.g., especial, estéreo, estudio, escuela.
Avoids Y as a vowel; y = i as in hidrógeno, dislexia, and gimnasta.
qua/quo = cua/cuo; i.e., ecuador, cuota
F replaces Ph; e.g., elefante, Ofelia, Filadelfia.
No silent letters (psychologist = sicológico)
ORTHOGRAPHY: SPANISH
44Monday, November 12, 12
Caste (social status and profession)
Religion (religious figures or saints)
Profession (a subset of caste)
State (geographical location)
Region (east, west, north, south)
NAMES VARY BY:
45Monday, November 12, 12
Some names have articles such as “the”
Arabic: Al; Spanish: El; French Le or La
Al Jazeera, El Cortez, LeBrun, LaBelle
LaShondra, Lakeisha, Leandra, Leroy
NAMES: ARTICLES
46Monday, November 12, 12
Names sometimes have prefixes.
Some have meanings, such as Ben (son of).
Some have no meaning but sound good.
NAMES: PREFIXES
47Monday, November 12, 12
“Prefixes including Chan-, Shan-, Ka-, and La- …which were used to create such names as Danell, LaTasha, Shandra, and Monisha.
The prefixes De-, Ja-, Tri-, Ni-, Wa- and Sha-, which were used to create names for both sexes” (Weiss, 1999).
NAMES: PREFIXES
48Monday, November 12, 12
“Suffixes such as -on, -won, -quon, -el, and -ell, which were used to create boys names such as Davon from David and Marquon from Mark. To give these names even a more distinctive twist, the suffix is stressed when pronounced” (Weiss, 1999).
International suffixes include -son/sohn/sen, -es/ez, sky/ski, -ton, -enko, -ian, -ovicz
NAMES: SUFFIXES(WITHIN THE NAME ITSELF)
49Monday, November 12, 12
Prefixes or suffixes in names may sound the same but be spelled differently and have different origins, for example:
Mc– is Irish;Mac- is Scottish
–sky is Russian, Czech;–ski is Polish
–sen is Danish, Norwegian, Swedish;–son is English;–sohn is German
–ez is Spanish;–es is Portuguese
Van– is Dutch;Von– is German
NAMES: HOMOPHONES
50Monday, November 12, 12
The value of uniqueness can be seen in:
Combined names and creative spellings (Weiss, 1999).
Unusual use of apostrophes & hyphens; e.g., D’Sean, Le–Vaughn, and even La—a (African-American baby names).
NAMES: IDIOSYNCRATIC
51Monday, November 12, 12
Names may be a combination of the parents’ names, such as Alwayne or Jodene.
Can you think of others?
NAMES: COMBINED
52Monday, November 12, 12
Merideth instead of Meredith
Lynda instead of Linda
Mikol instead of Michael
Donnyelle instead of Danielle
La—a instead of Ladasha
Can you think of others?
NAMES: CREATIVE SPELLING
53Monday, November 12, 12
Fingerspelling that is pretty to watch.
Sounds that are pretty to hear.
Rhythms and stresses that are interesting.
NAMES: AESTHETIC APPEAL
54Monday, November 12, 12
Foreign name/word pronunciation is native, near-native, and anglicized. Nakamura— native: slightly rolled R; near-native: Ah/Oo; Anglicized: short æ/uh and hard R.
Wiśniewski: Vish-nyefs-ski or Wiz-new-ski
PRONUNCIATION:NATIVE & NON-NATIVE
55Monday, November 12, 12
Pull a name out of the bowl and tag someone to spell it.
Give both the near–native and Anglicized pronunciations to help the speller know what they’re spelling.
Tag someone who hasn’t gone yet.
Keep it going for as long as time allows.
GAME: SPEAK & SPELL
56Monday, November 12, 12
Listen to nationality, spelling, and pronunciation of names. Notice patterns.
Take an introductory linguistics course.
Take foreign language courses.
Interpret foreign language courses and learn on the job.
Watch foreign films.
STUDY: FURTHER
57Monday, November 12, 12
Read the resources in the reference list.
Listen to foreign music and read the lyrics.
Travel / work / study abroad.
Listen to international accents / languages.
Respect diversity and thirst for knowledge.
STUDY: FURTHER
58Monday, November 12, 12
Sound systems (phonologies) & spelling systems (orthographies) of languages.
Ways to cope with the foreign names and words that we encounter as interpreters.
Techniques for mastering spelling & pronunciation.
Where to turn for further study.
RECAP: WHAT WE LEARNED
59Monday, November 12, 12
me@danielgreene.com
www.danielgreene.com a.k.a. www.terptrans.com
Facebook.com/danieljamesgreene
Google+: Search me@danielgreene.com
LinkedIn: danieljamesgreene
Twitter: @danielgreene
CONTACT: ME
60Monday, November 12, 12
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