Introduction

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCEINTRODUCTION

Dr Archana ChaudharySr. Assistant Professor

Dept. of Environmental Science

WHAT IS ENVIRONMENT ?• Environment derived from the French word

Environner, meaning Encircle or Surround• Environment include:

• Biological entities• Non-Biological entities

• The sum total of water, air and land, their inter-relationships among themselves and with the human beings, other living beings and property.

LIFE : EARTH

lithosphere Biosphere

Atmosphere Hydrosphere

Lithosphere

• The earth’s crust consisting of the soil and rocks is the lithosphere. • The main mineral constituents are compounds or mixtures derived from the

elements of Si, Ca, K, Al, Fe, Mn, Ti, O etc. (Oxides, Silicates, and Carbonates). • The organic constituents are mainly polysaccharides, organo compounds of

N, P and S. The organic constituents even though form only around 4% – 6% of the lithosphere, they are responsible for the fertility of the soil and hence its productivity.

Internal structure of earth

HYDROSPHERE

•Water resources both surface and ground water.•Only less than 1% of water resources are available for human exploitation.

Hydrological Cycle

BIOSPHERE

• The biosphere is a capsule encircling the earth’s surface wherein all the living things exist. • This portion extends from 10000 m

below sea level to 6000 m above sea level. Life forms do not exist outside this zone. • The biosphere covers parts of other

segments of the environment viz. Lithosphere, Hydrosphere and Atmosphere. • Simply we defined it “where life

present”

ATMOSPHERE

• Atmosphere is a layer of gases that may surround a material body of sufficient mass.

• The atmospheric composition on Earth is largely governed by the by-products of the very life that it sustains.

• The Earth's atmosphere consists, from the ground up, of the troposphere (which includes the planetary boundary layer or peplosphere as lowest layer), stratosphere (which includes the ozone layer), mesosphere, thermosphere (which contains the ionosphere), exosphere and also the magnetosphere.

• Each of the layers has a different lapse rate, defining the rate of change in temperature with height.

Structure of Atmosphere

DEFINATION OF ENVIRONMENT

• The Environment (protection) Act, 1986 defined Environment as the sum total of water, air and land, there inter relationships among themselves and with the human beings, other living beings and property.

• Environmentalists defined Environment as the mother of natural resources-energy, land, water, atmosphere and minerals.

Multidisciplinary Nature of Environmental Studies

• Biological Elements • Physical Elements • Cultural Elements

Biology

Chemistry

Physics

Earth Science

Social Sciences

Importance of Environmental study

• Environment issues being of International importance.

• Environment issues being of National importance.

• Problems cropped in the wake of development.

• Explosively increase in pollution .• Need for an alternative solution .

Importance of Environmental study

• Need to save humanity from extinction .• Need for wise planning of Development .

Productive value of nature

• Advances in fields like Biotechnology.• New medicines developed.• Flowering plants and insects: Protect them• Once a species is lost, man cannot bring it

back.• For crops to be successful, the flowers of fruit

trees and vegetables must be pollinated by insects, bats and birds.

Aesthetic/Recreational value of nature

• This is created by developing national parks and wildlife sanctuaries in relatively undisturbed areas.

• In an urban setting, green spaces and gardens are vital to the psychological and physical health of city dwellers.

The option value of nature

• Utilizing goods and services furnished by nature vs. adverse impact on nature’s integrity.

• We can use its resources sustainable and reduce our impact on the environment.

• Or destroy its integrity.

SCOPE• Study nature and history: a forest, a river, a mountain, a desert or a

combination of these elements.• Our dependence on nature: Protect earth’s environmental resources.• Respect for nature and all living creatures .• Awareness to know about various natural resources, their

conservation and management.• Knowledge about ecological systems and their relationships.• Information about biodiversity richness and the potential dangers to

the species of plants, animals and microorganisms in the environment.

• Understand the natural and man induced disasters , pollutions (air, water and land)

• The study exposes the problems of over population, health, hygiene etc. and the role of arts, science and technology in eliminating/minimizing the evils from the society.

• To make judgments and decisions for the protection and improvement of the earth.

• It enables one to evaluate alternative responses and develop appropriate and indigenous eco-friendly skills and technologies to various environmental issues.

• It enables to teach the need for sustainablity• The study enables theoretical knowledge into practice and

the multiple uses of environment.

Research and Development: include research and development of pollution control technology, clean fuel development, sustainable agricultural practice, carbon credit

Green advocacy: Increase emphasis on implementation of various acts and laws resulted in environmental lawyers, who could enforced pollution, wildlife, forest protection related laws.

Green marketing : more emphasis on consumer good which are more eco-friendly, Food products without contamination of pesticides, insecticides. Increase use of products with ECO marks.

Green media: Mass media which include print media and electronic media are Important means of spreading awareness about environment pollution and conservation.

NEED FOR PUBLIC AWARENESS

• Everything is possible through public awareness.

• Methods to propagate public awareness –– Among students through education. – Among people through mass-media.– Among planners, decision makers, politicians and

administrators.

17th Century has been described as the

AGE OF FAITH

18th Century is considered as the

AGE OF REASONING

19th Century was

AGE OF PROGRESS

20th Century was AGE OF STRESS

Will 21st Century be

Age of Panic or Age of Peace?

You have to decide.

The “ecological footprint”• The environmental

impact of a person or population

• Overshoot: humans have surpassed the Earth’s capacity to support us

We are using 30% more of the planet’s resources than is available on a sustainable basis!

Ecological footprints are not all equal

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