WRITING CHEMICAL RESEARCH PAPERS

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WRITING CHEMICAL WRITING CHEMICAL RESEARCH PAPERSRESEARCH PAPERS

REFERENCES

Headache!

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Preliminary

• References should have been decided at the outline and first draft stages

• Obtain digital or paper copy of each• Accommodate any new references (e.g.

newly published work or any overlooked references)

• Make sure you present the references according to the target journal style. Software such as ‘Endnote’ can help here

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Reference Systems

There are two basic referencesystems:1. The Number System2. The Harvard System1. Number system. This uses

numbers in the text (e.g. …report11, …report (11), …report [11], etc) with the references in the list arranged in numerical order

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Reference Systems..Continued

2. The Harvard System. This uses surnames and dates in the text (e.g. …report (Bates, 2009), with references in the list arranged in alphabetical order. Titles of articles are usually included in this system

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Journal Styles

Individual journal styles for references vary widely. The following details should be taken into account:• Order of surnames and initials• Use of punctuation• Position of year of publication and use of

brackets• Style to indicate journal name, volume number

and year of publication• Style for referencing papers in edited volumes

and books 

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Journal Styles…Continued

• Surnames and Initials

Kim, S H and Lee, B S…

or Kim, S H and B S Lee…

or S H Kim and B S Lee…

Surnames should be quoted in the

same order as in the cited paper

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Journal Styles…Continued

• Use of punctuation. Note whether full stop (.), comma (,), semicolon (;), colon (:) or simply a space is used at a particular point

Kim, S H or Kim, SH or Kim, S. H. or Kim S

H (etc)

Phys Chem, 56, 435… or Phys. Chem., 56,

435… or Phys. Chem., 56: 435… etc

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Journal Styles…Continued

• Position of year of publication and use of brackets

Bates, G. B. (2009)…(usually with

Harvard System)

...J. Chem. Soc. B, 1971, 123.

or …J. Chem. Soc. B, 123 (1971). etc

These styles usually accompany the

‘number system’

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Journal Styles…Continued

• Style for journal detailsHere, note the use of bold, italics or underline. Also is page range required?…Org. Biomol. Chem., 1, 153-156 (2003).or …Org. Biomol. Org., 1, 153 (2003)or … Org. Biomol. Org., 2003, 1, 153-156 etcJournal title abbreviations are standard (see handout)

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Journal Styles…Continued• Style for referencing articles in edited

volumes and books

Smith L (1999), ‘The development of

probiotic foods’, in Gibson G and Williams

C, Functional foods, Cambridge, Woodhead,

5275.

or Smith L. (1999) The development

of probiotic foods, in Gibson G. and Williams

C., Functional Foods. Woodhead, Cambridge,

U.K.,5275. etc

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Final Checks

When finished, check the following:

1. The references are all in the correct style

2. They are listed in the correct order

3. They are accurate with regard to author names and sequence of names

4. They are accurate with regard to journal name, volume, page(s) and date (and title, if required)

5. They are all cited in the text

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Examples of Reference Styles

• 1. American Chemical Society (number system)

• (49) Oishi, T.; Ando, K.; Inomiya, K.; Sato, H.; Iida, M.; Chida, N. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 151.

• (4) Palier, M. In Tobacco Alkaloids and Related Compounds; Euler, V., Ed.; Macmillan: New York, 1965; p. 37.

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2. Royal Society of Chemistry (number system)Analyst: 9 P. Ciosek, Z. Brzozka and W. Wroblewski, Sens. Actuators, B, 2006, 118, 454-460.25 K. H. Esbenson, Multivariate Data Analysis in Practice, Multivariate Analysis Publishers, Norway, 5th edn, 2001.Chem. Comm.:1 J. W. Lichtman and J. A. Conchello, Nat. Methods, 2005, 2, 910-919.2(a) R. G. Harvey, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1997;

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3. Angewandte Chimie (AC) and Tetrahedron Letters (TL) (Wiley) (number system)AC[1] G. D. Prestwich, in Natural Product Chemistry (Ed.: Atta-ur-Rahman), Springer, Berlin, 1986, p. 318-329.[3] G. D. Prestwich, S. H. Goh, Y. P. Tho, Experientia 1981, 37, 11-13.TL(26) Agnihotri, G.; Misra, A. K. Tetrahedron Lett. 2005, 46, 8113.(30) (a) Dittmer, D. C.; Hoey, M. D. in The Chemistry of Sulphinic Acids, Esters and Their Derivatives (Ed.: S. Patai), Wiley, Chichester, 1990, p. 239.

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4. Journal of Solution Chemistry (Springer) Verlag) (number system)

38. Albert, R., Jeong, H., Barabasi, A.: Error and attack tolerance of complex networks.Nature 406, 378-382 (2000)

2. Fersht, A. : Structure and Mechanismin Protein Science: A Guide to Enzyme Catalysis and Protein Folding. Freeman,New York (1999)

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5. Journal of Chromatography A (Elsevier) (number system)

[13] E. Coelho, M.A. Coimbra, J.M.F. Nogueira, S.M. Rocha, Anal. Chim. Acta 635 (2009) 214.

[16] L.K. Ng, in: J. Pawliszyn (Ed.), Application of Solid Phase Microextraction, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 1999.

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6. Talanta (Elsevier) (number system)

[22] J. Davies, H. Berndt, Anal. Chim. Acta 479 (2003) 215.

[9] J.M. Concon, Food Toxicology, Marcel Dekker, New York,1998.

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7. Acta Crystallographica (Wiley-Blackwell) (Harvard system)

Ferreira, F., Audoin, M. & Chemla, F. (2005). Chem. Eur. J. 11, 1385-1392.Sheldrick, G. M. (2007). SADABS. University of Göttingen, Germany.