WRAP RMC Phase II Wind Blown Dust Project Results Status ENVIRON International Corporation and...

WRAP RMC Phase II Wind Blown Dust Project

Results & Status

ENVIRON International Corporationand

University of California, Riverside

Dust Emission Joint Forum MeetingLas Vegas, NV

November 16, 2004

Phase II Project Overview• Develop improved general methodology based on Phase I

recommendations and recent literature review • Update gridded PM inventory of WB Dust for 2002 using the Inter-

RPO regional modeling domain • Develop of surface friction velocities and threshold friction

velocities• Develop improved emission flux relationships• Improve vacant land characterization

– Disturbance– Land use type– Reservoirs

• Conduct model performance evaluation

General Formulation for Emissions Estimation

• Dust = f(LULC,z0,u*,u*th,SC)

• u* = f(u,z0)

• u*th = f(z0)

• z0 = f(LULC)

Threshold Friction Velocities• u*th determined from relations developed by Marticorena, et

al, (1997)

u*t = 0.31e7.44x(Zo)

R2 = 0.60

u*t = 0.30e7.22x(Zo)

0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1

zo (cm)

u *t (

wind tunnel data Marticorena et al. 1997Expon. (wind tunnel data) Expon. (Marticorena et al. 1997)

Emission Rates• Depends on soil type; based on results of Alfaro and

Gomes (2001)

FFSF = 2.45x10-6 (u*)

FSF = 9.33x10-7 (u*)

MSF = 1.243x10-7(u*)

CSF = 1.24x10-7 (u*)

0.000000001

0.00000001

0.0000001

0.000001

0.00001

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Friction Velocity (m s-1)

FSSFSMSCSPower (FSS)Power (FS)Power (MS)Power (CS)

NLCD Summary

NLCD Land Use Summary (Continental US)

Land Use Type Total Area (acres) % % excluding waterWater 98,484,739 5.0%Urban 35,629,865 1.8% 1.9%Barren 37,204,176 1.9% 2.0%Forest 556,424,387 28.1% 29.6%Shrubland 355,796,082 18.0% 18.9%Grasslands 302,601,621 15.3% 16.1%Agricultural 515,624,831 26.0% 27.4%Wetlands 78,127,135 3.9% 4.2%Total 1,979,892,836 100.0%

Total excluding water 1,881,408,097 100.0%

Dust Code 3 4 6 7

Land use category Ag. Grass Shrubs Barren

Surface roughness (cm) 0.031 0.1 0.05 0.002

Threshold friction Velocity (mile/h) 8.33 13.81 9.62 6.81

Threshold wind velocity at 38m height (mile/h) 29.50 44.25 32.75 28.50

Characteristics of Dust Categories

Soil CharacteristicsU.S. soil texture Chatenet (1996) Chatenet (1996)

Soil Texture (from Chamley, 1987) Groupings

sand sand CS

loamy sand sand CS

sandy loam silty sand MS

sandy clay loam clayey sand MS

sandy clay clayey sand MS

(medium) loam clayey silty sand MS

clay loam clayey silty sand MS

silty loam clayey sandy silt FS

silty clay loam clayey silt FFS

silt silt FFS

silty clay silty clay FFS

clay sandy clay FS (10-50% sand, 75-50% clay)

clay sandy silty clay FS (10-45% sand, 12-45% silt, 35-75% clay)

Reservoir Characteristics

• All soils assumed loose, undisturbed• Dust events limited to 10hrs/day

– Sensitivity simulations conducted based on above assumptions

• Rain events: Dust re-initiated after set number of days dependent on soil texture, amount of rainfall and season

Number of days after rain event to re-initiate wind erosion

• Rainfall > 2 inches • Rainfall < 2 inchesSoil type Spring/Fall Summer Winter

Sand 3 2.1 4.2

Sandy Loam 3 2.1 4.2

Fine Sand Loam

3 2.1 4.2

Loam 4 2.9 3.8

Silt Loam 4 2.9 3.8

Sandy Clay Loam

4 2.9 3.8

Clay Loam 5 3.6 7.2

Silty Clay Loam

6 4.3 8.6

Clay 7 5 10

Soil type Spring/Fall Summer Winter

Sand 1 0.7 1.4

Sandy Loam 1 0.7 1.4

Fine Sand Loam 1 0.7 1.4

Loam 2 1.4 2.8

Silt Loam 2 1.4 2.8

Sandy Clay Loam 2 1.4 2.8

Clay Loam 3 2 4

Silty Clay Loam 4 2.8 5.6

Clay 5 3.6 7.2

Model Sensitivity Simulations

• Run a :– No limitation on dust event duration– All soils considered loose undisturbed

• Run b :– Dust events limited to 10 hrs/day– All soils considered loose undisturbed

Model Sensitivity Simulations

• Run c :– No limitation on dust event duration – Assume 10% of barren, grass & shrublands area is disturbed– Threshold velocity for grass & shrublands = 0.5 * undisturbed value– Threshold velocity for barren lands = .27 * undisturbed value

• Run d :– Dust events limited to 10 hrs/day for undisturbed soils– Assume 10% of barren, grass & shrublands area is disturbed– Threshold velocity for grass & shrublands = 0.5 * undisturbed value– Threshold velocity for barren lands = .27 * undisturbed value

Model ResultsScenario a: no limit on duration; all soils loose, undisturbed

Dust emissions, Scenario a

60.2%18.4%

1.0%Dust Code 3 - AgDust Code 4 - GrasslandsDust Code 6 - ShrublandsDust Code 7 - Barren

Model ResultsScenario b: event duration <=10 hrs/day; all soils loose, undisturbed

Dust emissions, Scenario b

61.7%15.7%

1.1% Dust Code 3 - AgDust Code 4 - GrasslandsDust Code 6 - ShrublandsDust Code 7 - Barren

Model ResultsScenario c: no limit on duration; assume 10% disturbed area for grass,

shrub, barren lands

Dust emissions, Scenario c

2.1% Dust Code 3 - AgDust Code 4 - GrasslandsDust Code 6 - ShrublandsDust Code 7 - Barren

Model ResultsScenario d: event duration <= 10hrs/day for disturbed soils; assume 10%

disturbed area for grass, shrub, barren landsDust emissions, Scenario d

2.8%Dust Code 3 - AgDust Code 4 - GrasslandsDust Code 6 - ShrublandsDust Code 7 - Barren

Dust Totals for WRAP Statestons/year

Scenario WRAP States Domain Total (US only)

a 2,222,219 9,451,368

b 1,310,120 5,228,818

c 3,077,196 11,098,731

d 2,165,096 6,876,180

1996 2,240,288 4,366,907

Annual PM10Dust Yearly Total by State

Western States

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1400000

1600000

1800000

CO ID IA KS

scen ascen bscen cscen d1996

Annual PM10Dust Yearly Total by State

WRAP States

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

900000

1000000

CO ID MT

scen a

scen b

scen c

scen d

Comparison of Monthly Dust EmissionsMonthly Dust Emissions

500000.0

1000000.0

1500000.0

2000000.0

2500000.0

3000000.0

3500000.0

4000000.0

4500000.0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

scen a scen b

scen c scen d

Dust from Category 3 (Ag land)PM10 Yearly Total

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

CO ID MT

scen ascen bscen cscen d

Annual PM10 from Ag Land for WRAP States

Dust from Category 4 (Grass land)PM10 Yearly Total

120000

160000

200000

240000

280000

320000

CO ID MT

scen a

scen b

scen c

scen d

Annual PM10 from Grass Land for WRAP States

Dust from Category 6 (Shrub land)PM10 Yearly Total

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

CO ID MT

Annual PM10 from Shrub Land for WRAP States

Dust from Category 7 (Barren land)PM10 Yearly Total

CO ID MT

Annual PM10 from Barren Land for WRAP States

Scenario b Annual PM10 from All Dust Categories for WRAP States

Dust from all Categories for Scenario bPM10 Yearly Total

120000

150000

180000

210000

240000

CO ID MT

Dust Code 3 - Ag

Dust Code 4 - Grasslands

Dust Code 6 - Shrublands

Dust Code 7 - Barren

Scenario d Annual PM10 from All Dust Categories for WRAP States

Dust from all Categories for Scenario dPM10 Yearly Total

120000

150000

180000

210000

240000

CO ID MT

Dust Code 3 - AgDust Code 4 - GrasslandsDust Code 6 - ShrublandsDust Code 7 - Barren

2002 Annual PMC Scenario a: no limit on duration; all soils loose, undisturbed

2002 Annual PMC Scenario b: event duration <=10 hrs/day; all soils loose, undisturbed

2002 Annual PMC Scenario c: no limit on duration; assume 10% disturbed area for grass,

shrub, barren lands

2002 Annual PMC Scenario d: event duration <=10 hrs/day; assume 10% disturbed area for

grass, shrub, barren lands

2002 Annual PMC Scenario b: event duration <=10 hrs/day; all soils loose, undisturbed

2002 Seasonal PMC

Model Limitations• Grid resolution

– Coarse resolution of met data can’t resolve high wind events; wind gusts

• LULC and Soils data– LULC not detailed enough on a regional-scale– Soils data lacks depth of layers, moisture data

• Agricultural land adjustments– No agricultural data for Eastern states (prepared for WRAP &

CENRAP regions only)– Data gaps in Ag Census

Model Performance Evaluation1. Evaluate model results for reasonableness and accuracy

– Compare predicted WB dust emissions near IMPROVE monitors with measured IMPROVE dust extinction (Bdust)

2. Enhancements to CMAQ to track WB and other dust– Evaluate model CMAQ model performance with and without

WB dust emissions

3. Refined model performance evaluation using results of Etyemezian, et al.

– For events characterized as wind blown dust events, determine whether dust model predicts impacts

2002 Coarse Mass

Seasonal Coarse Mass (2002)

Annual Fine & Coarse Mass (2003)

Model Performance Evaluation (1)• Evaluate model results for reasonableness and accuracy• Compare predicted WB dust emissions near IMPROVE monitors with

measured IMPROVE dust extinction (Bdust)

– Identify occurrences of:1) Zero WB dust and near-zero Bdust

2) Enhanced WB dust and near-zero Bdust

3) No WB dust and elevated Bdust

4) Enhanced WB dust and elevated Bdust

• Modeled dust averaged over 5 x 5 block of grid cells centered on IMPROVE sites

• Daily averaged model results paired (in time & space) with monitored data

• Compare modeled PM with Bextdust

– Bextdust = [FS] + 0.6[CM]

Model Performance Evaluation (1)YELL

0 20 40 60 80 100

Normalized DUST_Bext

0 20 40 60 80 100

Model Performance Evaluation (1)

0 20 40 60 80 100

Model Performance Evaluation (1)YOSE

0 20 40 60 80 100

• Enhancements to CMAQ to track WB and other dust emissions separately

• Run CMAQ w/ and w/o WB Dust emissions• Evaluate CMAQ model results with and with out WB dust

emissions

January, 2002

July, 2002

Model Performance Evaluation (3)• Refined model performance evaluation using results of

Etyemezian, et al.• For events characterized as wind blown dust events, determine

whether dust model predicts impacts• Model and measurements agree …

– Analyze for trends– Systematic over- or under-prediction ?

• Model and measurements disagree …– Wind speed errors ? – Landuse type mischaracterization ?– Other ?

Analyses on-going based on DRI project results

Next Steps• Complete Model Performance Evaluation (end of year)• Address deficiencies in Ag data for the Eastern States

– Assume constant crop canopy %– Develop generic crop calendars, crop canopy % , etc.– Collect detailed Ag data from Eastern States

• Re-run model w/ latest MM5 data• Make use of 12-km resolution MM5 data• Apply to small region for verification of methods, assumptions• Apply transport fraction by county for air quality model

applications

WRAP RMC Phase II Wind Blown Dust Project Results Status ENVIRON International Corporation and...

Documents

WRAP RMC Windblown Dust Emission Inventory Project Summary

Halton – Residential Ventilation System€¦ · Halton Central vacuum cleaning general benefits • Healthy - removal of hazardous micro dust (the air is filtered, then blown out

Wind-blown dust from the Sahara Desert during February

Theme: RMC 2014 - Savitribai Phule Pune Universityphysics.unipune.ac.in › ~rmc › RMC-2014_theme.pdf · Theme: RMC 2014 – Hertz Experiment. setup comprises an evacuated t. The

RMC Certification Process - Final Certification Process .pdf · a) RMC Capability Certification based on the RMC Production Control Criteria b) RMC 9000+ Capability Certification

Web viewDepression hit hard for families living in the Dust Bowl states. Kansas, ... we have been trying to rescue our home from the wind-blown dust which ... This word was

Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Chapter 7. Dust Blown from West Africa to the Amazonian Rain Forests

WRAP RMC Phase II Wind Blown Dust Project

RMC 2010 Chicago Telcom Insurance Group Get Blown Away by Our Educational Programs Presented by: Peter J. Elliott, CPCU President and CEO Insurance Topics

23.4 Minor Members of the Solar System · 23.4 Minor Members of the Solar System Tail Dust Tail: the dust tail of a comet is composed of gases and tiny dust particles blown away from

RMC Tutorial.pdf

LIQUID PROCESS FILTRATION - MELT BLOWN CARTRIDGE · LIQUID PROCESS FILTRATION - MELT BLOWN CARTRIDGE MBC Melt Blown Cartridge Melt Blown Filters An economical, disposable, filter

WIND RMC 235B 240WIND RMC 235B 240 WIND RMC 235B …

The Impact of Dust on a Stellar Wind-Blown Bubbles

Wind Blown Dust Monitoring and Modeling at Owens Lake, CA Duane Ono Great Basin Unified Air Pollution Control District July 2004 WRAP Dust Emissions Joint

The physics of wind-blown sand and dust

Wind Blown Dust Monitoring and Modeling at Owens Lake, CA

Rmc Report

WRAP RMC Phase II Wind Blown Dust Project ENVIRON International Corporation and University of California, Riverside August 24, 2004

Multicooker RMC-M10 / RMC-M20 / RMC-M30 - REDMOND · Multicookers REDMOND RMC-M10/RMC-M20/RMC-M30 allow manually ad-justing the cooking time, set by default for each program. Setting