Unit 7 – 1969-2001. The New Politics of Identity Civil Rights Movement led to “identity”...
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- Unit 7 1969-2001
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- The New Politics of Identity Civil Rights Movement led to
identity movements among other minorities Identity Politics
Emphasize cultural differences and significance in recognizing
these Primarily among 3 distinct groups: African Americans Native
Americans Latinos
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- African Americans Redefine the Movement Many rejected the early
Civil Rights mantra that we are all the same Found faith in a
distinct African American culture Created black studies departments
at colleges Kwanzaa (1966) Celebration of African cultural
heritage
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- Mexican American Activism Many lived in poverty 1974: only 21%
of Mexican American men graduate high school Cesar Chavez Head of
the United Farm Workers (UFW) Fought for better wages for migrant
laborers La Raza Youths proclaimed their own heritage, formed La
Raza Unida Political organization working to get Mexican Americans
elected to representative parties
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- Native American Activism Red Power Movement American Indian
Movement (radical) Occupied Bureau of Indian Affair in 1972 and
Wounded Knee in 1973 National Congress of American Indians
(moderate) Worked for legislation; Congress returned millions of
acres of land to N.A.s Native Americans still live in worse
conditions than most Americans
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- Womens Movement The Feminine Mystique (1963) Women were plagued
by the problem with no name Signaled the beginning of a new womens
movement Accomplishments Awareness of issues dealing with womens
health and rights, rape crisis centers, access to birth control Roe
v. Wade (1973) Passage of ERA by Congress (was not ratified, 1982)
Opposition Came from women who argued that feminists were trying to
destroy traditional gender role, family unit Phyllis Schlafly
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- End in Vietnam Nixon runs on platform: peace with honor
Vietnamization build-up of S. Vietnamese forces to fight the war
Bombing/Invasion of Cambodia Anti-war protests surged across the
nation Pentagon Papers published by NY Times in June 1971 Showed
that administration officials (LBJ and Nixon) had repeatedly lied
to the American public January 27, 1973 cease-fire agreement
between U.S. and North Vietnamese April 29, 1975 Saigon overrun by
North Vietnamese troops
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- Nixons Foreign Policy Recognized that American power was waning
Nixon Doctrine economic aid to countries, but no longer military
aid Essentially an end to containment, and the Truman Doc. (1947)
Dtente relaxation of tensions between U.S. and Soviets Both nations
were struggling to fight the Cold War economically Dtente made
sense to both
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- Nixons Foreign Policy Opening of China America recognized
Communist China (1979) Nixon visited in 1972 Perhaps his greatest
achievement was the Opening of China Middle East Deteriorating
relations between the Israelis and the Palestinians after the Six
Day War (1967) Yom Kippur War (1973) OPEC embargoed oil to U.S. and
Israels allies Led to oil crisis in America
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- Economic Crisis Stagflation = high unemployment and high
inflation Causes? Vietnam War and Great Society increased spending
Trade deficits (1971 first time in history for U.S.) Energy Crisis
of 1973 Oil shot up 350% (OPEC cut off oil) Attempts to fix the
economy Went off the gold standard (Nixon), curbed federal spending
and urged the Fed to tighten credit (Ford), Stimulate the economy
(Carter) None worked
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- Economic Crisis Impact? America began to deindustrialize in the
1970s Became a service economy Outsourcing More married women
joined the workforce Migration to the Sunbelt Government had
invested heavily in the region, defense jobs Lower taxes (37 cut
property tax, 28 cut income tax) Consumer debt skyrocketed
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- Era of Cultural Transformation Environmentalism Natural
disasters Cuyahoga River Fire (1970), Three Mile Island (1979),
Love Canal (1980) EPA created in 1970 Family roles and the
acceptance of sexuality were becoming more liberal Racial diversity
Seen as a good thing, instead of something to overcome (think C.R.
movement of the 1950s)
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- Watergate and Beyond
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- Domestic Agenda In many ways, very liberal Affirmative action,
expanded National Endowment for Humanities and Arts, supported the
ERA, signed major environmental legislation, etc. Also conservative
States rights, federal revenue sharing with states Used Agnew to
paint democrats as supporters of hippies, crime, and drugs
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- Paranoia Saw enemies everywhere Made a list of enemies hundreds
of names long The Plumbers Secret group authorized by the president
to engage in illegal activities Example: broke into the
psychiatrists office treating Daniel Ellsberg (released the
Pentagon Papers) to find information to discredit him Worked to get
Nixon reelected in 1972 Charles Colson, one of the Watergate Seven;
originally in charge of the White House Plumbers
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- Watergate Plumbers bugged the DNC office in Watergate Hotel in
1972 Caught by police Nixon did not know of the break-in before it
happened but once he learned of it, he tried to cover it up Had CIA
stop the FBIs investigation This was obstruction of justice an
impeachable offense
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- Who Would Think of Doing Such a Thing? - Washington Post, June
20, 1972
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- Watergate The tapes Nixon recorded every conversation he had in
the Oval Office for his memoirs Congress fought to get them
released October 1973 Spiro Agnew resigns Accepted brides while
governor of Maryland House began impeachment proceedings; tapes
were eventually released (edited) Nixon constantly cursed, used
racist slurs Shocked the nation He resigned the presidency on
August 9, 1974
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- Ford and Carter Gerald Ford (1974-1977) Took over when Nixon
resigned Immediately pardoned Nixon Approval ratings plummeted
Accomplished little due to a Democratic Congress which was willing
to flex its muscles Jimmy Carter (D 1977-1980) Peanut farmer, sold
himself as an honest outsider to Washington By most accounts he
was; also refused much of the deal-making necessary to pass
legislation
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- Carters Foreign Policy Carters Administration would be
dominated by foreign events Gave Panama Canal back to Panama (1977;
2000) Camp David Accords (HUGE accomplishment; peace between Egypt,
an Arab nation, and Israel) Ultimately his administration was
shaped by foreign failures Cold War deepened for a time Soviet
Invasion of Afghanistan Iranian Hostage Crisis He lost in 1980 to
Ronald Reagan, in large part due to his mixed success with foreign
policy
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