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IP Basis
Applicable to Staff with Skill Certificate Level II or LowerReleased by GU Product Support Dept.
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Version Introduction
References:
1.
2.
Version Date Author Checked by Amendment Record
R1.0 2010-04-21 Lei Haiting ***
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Course Objectives:
To understand the basic concepts of IP transmission
To understand IP application in UMTS
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Contents
IP Basis
IP Transport in UMTS
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IP Basic Concepts
IP Address
TCP/IP-IP Layer
TCP/IP Transport Layer
TCP/IP Application Layer
IP Basis Subdirectories
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The ISO OSI- RM
Application
Network
Physical
Data Link
Session
Transport
Presentation
International Standardization OrganizationOpen Systems Interconnection-Reference Model
internationally accepted framework for data networks essential to understand data communication principles allows different systems to interconnect “Protocols” are used at different levels for
communication
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The ISO OSI- RM
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer
•10Base- T, EIA 232- D
•Two sublayers, Mac and LLC•Bit level error checking
• Routing functionality• Addressing and address resolution• Routing table maintenance
•Data level error checking•Reliable end to end data transmission
• Establishment, removal, and synchronization of sessions between two processes
• Data Conversion• Protocol Conversion
• Provides the user with access to the network environment
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OSI Reference Model- Layers and Protocols
Entity (N+1) Entity (N+1)Layer (N+1)
(N+1)SAP(N+1)SAP
Protocol (N+1)
(N)SAP (N)SAP
Service (N+1)
Service (N)
SDU SDU
PDUPDU
Primitives of Layer (N+1) Primitives of Layer (N+1)
Entity (N) Entity (N)Layer (N)Protocol (N)
SDU SDU
NO Protocol
PDUPDU
(N-1)SAP (N-1)SAPService (N-1)
1 : Physical
2 : Data Link
3 : Network
4 : Transport
5 : Session
6 : Presentation
7 : Application
Open SystemsInterconnectionReference Model
Physical bearerof interconnection
SAP = Service Access PointSDU = Service Data UnitPDU = Protocol Data Unit
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OSI Reference Model- Communication between Layers
Layer N SDU
Layer N PDUHeader
Layer N PDUTrailerLayer N PDU Payload
Layer N + 1Data
SAP
SAP
Layer (N+1)
Layer (N)
Layer (N-1)
Layer N-1 SDU
Layer N-1 PDUHeader
Layer N-1 PDUTrailer
Layer N-1 PDU Payload
N-SDU
N-PDU
N-PCI
PCI = Protocol Control Information
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OSI vs TCP/IPTCP/IP Protocol StackOSI RM
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OSI vs TCP/IP-protocols
EthernetEthernet Token BusToken Bus Token RingToken Ring FDDIFDDI
Internet ProtocolInternet Protocol
ARPARP
TELNET FTP SMTP DNS SNMP DHCPTELNET FTP SMTP DNS SNMP DHCP
DatalinkDatalinkPhysicalPhysical
NetworkNetwork
TransportTransport
ApplicationApplicationPresentationPresentationSessionSession
ICMPICMPIGMPIGMP
RTPRTPRTCPRTCP
TransmissionTransmissionControl ProtocolControl Protocol
User DatagramUser DatagramProtocolProtocol OSPFOSPF
RIPRIP
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Standard Applications
TELNET: Provides remote terminal emulation FTP: Provides a file transfer protocol TFTP: Provides for a simple file transfer
protocol SMTP: Provides a mail service DNS: Provides for a name service BOOTP/DHCP: Provides for management of IP
parameters
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Encapsulation-Principles
WorkstationWorkstation
DataData
TCP SegmentTCP Segment
DatagramDatagram
PacketPacket
ApplicationApplication
TCPTCP
IPIP
Data LinkData Link
FrameFrame
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Data Encapsulation Process-1
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Data Encapsulation Process-2
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IGP & EGP
Routing protocol Vs Routable protocol.
• A routing protocol is one that is used to propagate route path information on a network.
• A routable protocol is one that has the ability to be routed as opposed to a non routable protocol such as NetBIOS.
IGPs are used as routing protocols within an AS.
EGPs are used as routing protocols between ASs.
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Fragmentation-MTU
Datagram!!1600 bytes
Not more than MTU bytes !!
Ok, I’ll send itin 2 steps!!
Router
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IP Basic Concepts
IP Address
TCP/IP-IP Layer
TCP/IP Transport Layer
TCP/IP Application Layer
IP Basis Subdirectories
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IP vs MAC
Physical AddressPhysical Address: NIC numbers
44-45-53-54-00-00
IP addresses of PC connected to the Network.
129.21.10.49
IP addresses are not the same as the
underlying data-link (MAC) addresses.
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IP Address Basics
32 bit addresses divided into four 8 bit fields.
Decimal Dotted Notation.
136.147.117.33
The first part of the address identifies the network
while the second part specifies the host number.
“Three” classes of addresses.
Host AddressHost AddressNetwork AddressNetwork AddressAddress Address IdentifierIdentifier
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Addresses Classes
• Uses the first two bytes of the address to identify the network number.• Allows for 16,384 network numbers.• Allows for 65,354 hosts per network number.• 128 - 191 in the first field with 0 - 255 in the second field allowed.
• Uses the first byte of the address for a network number.• Allows for up to 126 network addresses.
– 0 and 127 are reserved• Allows for up to 16,277,214 hosts per network ID.• The host field cannot have all 0s or all 1s.
Class AClass A
Class BClass B
Class CClass C
Class DClass D
Class EClass E
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
0 NET ID Host ID
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
1 0 NET ID Host ID
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
1 1 0 NET ID Host ID
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
1 1 1 0 Multicast address in the range of 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
1 1 1 1 0 Class E - Reserved for future use
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Address Classes
Class Network ID First Host Last HostAFirst Network 1.0.0.0 1.0.0.1 1.255.255.254Last Network 126.0.0.0 126.0.0.1 126.255.255.254BFirst Network 128.1.0.0 128.1.0.1 128.1.255.254Last Network 191.254.0.0 191.254.0.1 191.254.255.254CFirst Network 192.0.1.0 192.0.1.1 192.0.1.254Last Network 223.255.254.0 223.255.254.1 223.255.254.254
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Subnet Mask
10001000 10010011 11001000 00000101
The networkThe host
11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000
255.255.240.0
/20
136.147.200.5/20
136.147.200.5
The sub network
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IP Address Restrictions
Address cannot have the first four bits set to 1.
Class A address of 127.x.x.x is reserved for loopback.
The host portion of the address cannot be set to all 0 s or all 1 s.
All 0 s and all 1 s are allowed in the subnet.
Any address with all 0 s in the network portion corresponds to the
local network.
Old form of broadcasting (all 0 s in the address) is no longer used.
IP addresses may be configured without registration.
Addresses cannot be out of the 255 range for each byte.
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IP Basic Concepts
IP Address
TCP/IP-IP Layer
TCP/IP Transport Layer
TCP/IP Application Layer
IP Basis Subdirectories
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TCP/IP comprises two types of services: connectionless service, and service oriented toward connection.
Basic distribution services are connectionless, and reliable service oriented toward connection is based on the connectionless service.
Connectionless internet packet exchange can be extended: This service allows the source to transfer data packets over Internet. With the destination address, each data packet looks for the correct path independently.
The source host generates a data packet, saves the destination address in its header, and sends the packet to an adjacent router. When the router gets the packet, it will choose the next-hop router that can lead to the destination and transmit the packet to it. In this way, the data packet goes through a number of routers and arrives at it destination.
Internet Protocol(IP)
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Format of IP Datagram:
Datagram is a data packet that crosses over TCP/IP network.
Each datagram comprises two parts: header and data. The header contains the source and the destination address while the data contains user data.
The datagram length is changeable, but it should not exceed 64 KB.
IP Datagram and Route
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Transmission of IP Datagram:
IP Datagram and Route
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IP Address and Route Table Entrance:
IP Datagram and Route
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IP address is an abstract address provided by the software while the physical network hardware doesn’t know how to find another computer via IP address.
Before the datagram are transferred, the next-hop IP address must be translated into equivalent hardware address (hardware address). The mapping between IP address and hardware address is called address resolution;
Before a host or a router transfers datagram to another host in the same physical network, address resolution must be performed;
It is unnecessary for a computer to perform address resolution on the computer connected in a remote network (i.e. different physical network).
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
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Address resolution messages are distributed as follows: Computer A starts to broadcast an application message that contains the IP address of Computer B;
All the computers get the application message;
Only Computer B replies Computer A with a response message.
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
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Address Resolution Protocol Operation-1
ARP Request
Here is my Here is my MAC addressMAC address
129.1.1.1129.1.1.1 BB CC 129.1.1.4129.1.1.4NotNotmeme
Not Not meme
That’sThat’smeme
RequestRequestIgnoredIgnored
RequestRequestIgnoredIgnored
ARP ResponseARP ResponseAcceptedAccepted
Give me the MAC address of station 129.1.1.4Give me the MAC address of station 129.1.1.4
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Address Resolution Protocol Operation-2
ARP Request
Here is my Here is my MAC addressMAC address
129.1.1.1129.1.1.1 BB CC 129.1.1.4129.1.1.4NotNotmeme
Not Not meme
That’sThat’smeme
RequestRequestIgnoredIgnored
RequestRequestIgnoredIgnored
ARP ResponseARP ResponseAcceptedAccepted
Give me the MAC address of station 129.1.1.4Give me the MAC address of station 129.1.1.4
I’ll remember it
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IP Basic Concepts
IP Address
TCP/IP-IP Layer
TCP/IP Transport Layer
TCP/IP Application Layer
IP Basis Subdirectories
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The Transport Layer
Application
Network
Physical
Data Link
Session
Transport
Presentation Transport LayerTransport Layer
IPIP
UDP: User Datagram ProtocolUDP: User Datagram Protocol
TCP: Transmission Control ProtocolTCP: Transmission Control Protocol
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TCP is a service provided to application.
As a protocol at the transfer layer, TCP provides TCP/IP stack with reliable communication. It functions includes:
Communication oriented toward connection; Point-to-point communication; Complete reliability; Full-duplex communication; Streaming interfaces; Reliable connection establishment; Perfect disconnection.
TCP
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TCP Header Fields
ReservedData offset
Window
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Source port Destination port
Sequence number
Acknowledgment number
URG
ACK
PSH
RST
SYN
FIN
Checksum Urgent pointer
<== Options ==> Padding
TCP data
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The Three-Way Handshake
SYN=1; SEQ = 100SYN=1; SEQ = 100
SYN=1; SEQ = 200; ACK = 100 + 1 (101)
SYN=1; SEQ = 200; ACK = 100 + 1 (101)
SYN=0; ACK = 201; SEQ = 101
SYN=0; ACK = 201; SEQ = 101
Send dataSend data
AcknowledgeAcknowledge
station Astation Astation B
T I M E
Receipt of data
ISNSYN
SENT
LISTEN
SYN
RECEIVEDESTAB
SYN
SENT
ESTAB
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Connection Management
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Sequence Number & Acknowledgment
station Astation Astation B
Ack=94
90
90
97
94
97
94
94
Ack=101101
90
Dealing with Errors (1/2)
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Sequence Number & Acknowledgment
station Astation Astation B
Ack=97
90
90
94
94
90
9797
Ack=101101
90
Ack=97
Dealing With Errors (2/2)
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Window Management
Sender Receiver
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RetransmissionSegment 1Segment 1
ACK 1ACK 1
station Astation Astation Bstation B
RTTRTT
SRTTNew= x SRTTold + (1 - ) x RTT
Segment 2Segment 2
I’ll wait for RTO = x SRTT ms, but not more than UBOUND ms and not less than LBOUND ms.
If I don’t receive an acknowledgment, I’ll retransmit.
RTO = min [UBOUND, max (LBOUND, x SRTT)]
Segment 2Segment 2
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Flow Control
WINDOWWINDOWBB = 1000 = 1000
SEQ 2200 (1000 bytes)SEQ 2200 (1000 bytes)
SEQ 2200 (500 bytes)SEQ 2200 (500 bytes)
RTORTO
station Astation Astation B B
Congestion Window = Window B
Congestion Window = Congestion Window/2
Allowed Window = min (Window B, Congestion Window)
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UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a connectionless protocol. It features high efficiency but it is not reliable.
TCP is mainly used to transfer large messages, such as FTP and TELNET while UDP is used to transfer small messages such as address inquiry and database inquiry. UDP’s reliability is ensured by the application program.
UDP is the upper layer of IP. Both of them are connectionless communication. Their difference is that UDP provides protocol port while IP provides host IP address.
Because UDP is connectionless communication, so it is unnecessary to establish or cancel connection or to have error check and flow control. UDP can be used to transfer data in real-time.
UDP
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UDP length: includes the 8-byte header and the data.UDP checksum is optional and stored as 0 if not computed.
source portUDP length UDP checksum
destination port
Data area
0 16 31
UDP header
UDP data
UDP header UDP data
IP header IP data
UDP message:
UDP Message Format
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IP Basic Concepts
IP Address
TCP/IP-IP Layer
TCP/IP Transport Layer
TCP/IP Application Layer
IP Basis Subdirectories
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Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is used to report messages or errors during datagram transmission.
ICMP uses the basic IP support as if it is a superior protocol. Actually ICMP is an integrated part of IP and each IP module should finish ICMP;
ICMP message is sent out in the following cases: (1) A datagram cannot reach its destination, (2) The router has no enough cache buffer to transmit datagram, or (3) The router can instruct the host to transmit datagram through a shorter path.
There are no ICMP messages about ICMP messages to avoid endless message-related messages;
ICMP messages only report the errors of No.0 segment.
ICMP
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Domain Name Resolution: Translate a domain name into an IP address; Application software uses domain name while TCP/IP uses IP address. Therefore, a domain name must be translated into the IP address for communication; The software for domain name resolution is called the domain name analyzer software. Each computer connected in the network is equipped with domain name analyzer software; Each domain name analyzer has the address of the local domain name server (DNS); As the client of DNS, the analyzer puts the domain name to be analyzed in the DNS application message, send it to the local DNS, and then waits for the server’s reply message that contains the domain name analysis.
DNS
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When an application needs to have domain name resolution, the application becomes the client of the DNS; The client places the domain name that is to be analyzed into the DNS application message and sends it to DNS; The server abstracts domain name from the application message, translates it into equivalent IP address and then sends it back to application through the reply message; DNS Hierarchical Structure: DNS is hierarchical to match the hierarchical structure of the same domain name; The root server is at the top of the hierarchical structure. It is authorized by the top-level domain. The root server contains information that arrives at other servers.
DNS
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DHCP provides various hosts with various configuration information to access TCP/IP;
For DHCP standard, please refer to RFC1541. It comes from BOOTP.
DHCP is in a client/server mode. The server has two major functions: to assign host IP address and transfer other network configuration parameters for the host.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
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Contents
IP Basis
IP Transport in UMTS
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SCTP Functional Structure
SCTP user application
start & suspend
connection
stream sequential transmission
user data segmentation
confirm & avoid congestion
bind data blocks
verify packets
manage paths
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OMCB channel
Node B
Node B
RNCIP RAN
OMCB flow
OMCB Server(in RNC rack)
IP in IP tunnel
Use IP in IP tunnel to assure OMCB traffic must be transported through RNC
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OMCB Protocol stack and packet format
Node B Router RNC
IP(OMM)
OMCB
IP(OMM)
PHY
Ethernet
IP(OMM)
OMCB
PHY
Ethernet
IPOMMAgent
1 2
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
10.1.4.1
10.3.1.1 10.2.1.110.2.1.16
1122
Dest. IP10.3.1.1
Orig. IP10.1.1.1
Dest. IP10.2.1.16
Orig. IP10.1.1.1…….
Inner IP head Outer IP headData
1Dest. IP10.2.1.16
Orig. IP10.1.1.1…….
IP headData
2
Orig. IP10.3.1.1
Dest. IP10.1.1.1
Orig. IP10.2.1.16
Dest. IP10.1.1.1
…….
Inner IP headOuter IP head Data
2
PHY
Ethernet
PHY
Ethernet
IP
PHY
Ethernet
IP
PHY
IPRouting
Ethernet
IP
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DHCP Procedure In UMTSNode B Router
DHCP Discover (broadcast)
DHCP Offer (unicast)
RNC
DHCP Discover (unicast)
DHCP Offer (unicast)
Any broadcast/multicast (e.g. ARP, VRRP hello)
1
2 3
45
OMC-B Server
DHCP Request (broadcast)
DHCP ACK (unicast)
DHCP Request (unicast)
DHCP ACK (unicast)
6 7
8
9
10
Connect request
Connect response (IP in IP)
Connect request (IP in IP)
Connect response
Configuration download (IP in IP)
11
12 13
14
Connect requestConnect request (IP in IP)
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Course Review
Is 172.168.44.30/29 and 172.168.44.50/29 in the same subnet? And why? Describe the OMCB channel in IP mode.
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