THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

• There are 206 bones

Functions of the skeleton:

1. Framework – gives structure and support

2. Protects the internal organs

What does the cranium (skull) protect? The brain!

What does the ribcage protect?

The heart and lungs!

3. Bones work with muscles to make the body move.

4. Bone marrow produces blood cells.

5. Stores calcium in the bone marrow.

Types of Bones

1. Flat bones– Cranium– Scapula– Clavicle– Ribs– Sternum

Cranium

Cranium Bones

Scapula

Clavicle

Ribs

• The ribcage is often called the chest.

• It is also called the thorax, which does not include the arms and hands.

Sternum

Types of Bones

2. Irregular bones:

- Facial bones- Vertebrae (spine or back bone)- Ilium and Iliac Crest (hip)

Facial Bones

Vertebrae ( Back Bone / Spine)

- The bones in the backbone are called vertebrae.

- It consists of 33 bones divided into 3 sections.

-Vertebrae pictures from: http://www.hughston.com/hha/spine.jpg

Vertebrae Sections:

1. Cervical Region (neck) 2. Thoracic Region

Vertebrae Section (continued)

3. Lumbar region (lower back)

Vertebrae

Ilium & Iliac Crest http://www.sci-therapies.info/ilium.png

http://www.alientravelguide.com/science/biology/anatomy/ilium.jpg

Irregular Bones:

Types of Bones:

3. Long Bones:

- Humerus- Radius- Ulna- Femur- Tibia- Fibula

Humerus (Upper arm)http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Humerus_ant.jpg

Long bones:Radius& Ulna:http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/15/99115-004-EF2C9006.jpg

Humerus, Radius & Ulna:

http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/ARM.JPG

Femur

• The femur is the upper leg bone.

• Helps form the hip joint by articulating (fit together) with the pelvis.

• The hip joint is the largest ball and socket joint in the body.

http://www.physioweb.org/IMAGES/femur.jpg

Tibia and Fibula

• The tibia, in the outer lower leg, supports most of the body's weight.

• The fibula is the smaller bone that provides support for the ankle and space for muscle attachments.

• Patella is the knee cap. http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/leg/leg.jpg

Types of Bones:

4. Short Bones

- Wrist and hand:

- Carpals- Metacarpals- Phalanges

- Ankle and foot:- Tarsals- Metatarsals- Phalanges

Wrist and Hand Boneshttp://www.eorthopod.com/images/ContentImages/hand/hand_anatomy/hand_anatomy_bones01.jpg

Foot and Ankle Bones:http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/oxford/Oxford_Sports/0199210896.tarsus.1.jpg

What keeps the skeleton together?

• Ligaments – bone to bone

http://www.clarian.org/ADAM/doc/graphics/images/en/12686.jpg

What else keeps the skeleton together?

• Tendons – Connects bone to muscle

What is tendonitis?

• - itis means inflammation or infection of

• Your answer?

• Inflammation of the tendons !

What are JOINTS ?

• The point where 2 bones meet is a joint.• Joints are necessary for motion to occur.

• What provides lubrication of a joint?– Joints are filled with synovial fluid.

http://www.cartilamine.com/images/joint_pain.jpg

CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS

• Joints can be grouped by the amount of motion allowed.

IMMOVABLE – unable to move at all. http://iaks-www.ira.uka.de/home/haimerl/seminar/sternum.gif

1. Sternum

Immovable Joint

2. Cranium (Skull)

SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE

1. Vertebrae(spine or backbone)

Slightly Moveable

2. Pelvis

FREELY MOVEABLEhttp://www.biometricsltd.com/images/wrist.jpg

1. Wrist

Freely Moveable Joints http://www.sportsinjuryclinic.net/gallery/elbow/studentselbow%20copy.jpg

2. Elbow

Freely Moveable Jointswww.gentili.net/FBI/shoulder.gif

3. Shoulder

Freely Moveable Joints

4. Ankle http://www.wobblenaught.com/images/ankle.jpg

Freely Moveable Joints

5. ToesToe Injuries and Disorders: MedlinePlushttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/toeinjuriesanddisorders.html

Freely Moveable Joints

6. Knee (Patella)http://www.wmt.com/TotalKnee/kneeImages/knee-anatomy-callouts2.jpg

Moveable Joints

7. Hipshttp://www.fitness-programs-for-life.com/images/FITP_HipJointsCirc.jpg

Moveable Jointshttp://www.skullsdirect.co.uk/assets/imgs/subpages/customProducts/5.jpg

8. Jaw

4 TYPES OF JOINTS

1. BALL AND SOCKET- rounded end of one bone fits snugly into the other bones socket.

Examples: a. Shoulder b. Hip

Types of Joints2. Hinge – movement of joint

is in one direction (like a door)

Examples: a. Elbowb. Kneec. Knucklesd. Jaw http://www.wi-rheum.org/images/KneeJoint.jpgScreen clipping taken: 7/31/2009

Types of Joints:

3. Gliding - bones slipping over other bones with a free flowing movement.

Examples:a. Ankleb. Wrists

http://www.wobblenaught.com/images/ankle.jpgScreen clipping taken: 7/31/2009, 12:15 PM

Types of Joints

4. Pivot - bone rests on top of another bone allowing full movement

http://www.jeron.je/anglia/learn/sec/science/humans3/pivot

Review Types of Joints…

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_oIJPJ_A0dlM/R1YtItNmMWI/AAAAAAAAAEA/hA7DOZto2pY/s200/arthritis-knuckle-gout.jpg

1. Arthritis

Arthro - means joint- Itis = means inflammation or infection

Symptoms:a. swellingb. stiffnessc. paind. rednesse. loss of ability to function

2. DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE (DJD) –changes in the structure of the

joints that occur with aging

3. DISLOCATION – end of the bone is out of alignment.

4. FRACTURES – break in a bone

A. Simple fracture:• Bone is broken, and

the skin is not open around the bone.

• Http://www.ghi.com/webmd/topics/fracture.jpg

B. Compound Fracture Bone is broken, and the

skin is penetrated by the bone.

http://www.itim.nsw.gov.au/images/Compound_fracture_dislocation_left_ankle.jpg

C. Comminuted Fracture-Bone breaks into pieces and the bone fragments are lodged in the surrounding tissue.

http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/FRACTURE.JPG

D. Greenstick Fracture Bone is bent and splits, causing an incomplete break.

(Similar to a tree branch that is bent too far)

http://www.umm.edu/graphics/images/en/8856.jpg

What type of fracture is it?

Simple Fracture

Compound Fracture

Simple Fracture

Greenstick Fracture

Find the greenstick fracture….

Comminuted Fracture

Let’s do a few more…..

YES! Greenstick fracture

Compound Fracture

You got it! Simple Fracture

Comminuted Fracture

5. KYPHOSIS

- OSIS means condition in which.

Condition in which there is an abnormal posterior curve of the spine (hunchback).

6. LORDOSIS

The condition in which there is an excessive concave (inward) curve of the spine. (Swayback).

7. Osteomyelitis

Infection or inflammation of the bone, usually caused by a bloodborne pathogen.

8. Osteoporosis

Condition in which bones become full of tiny holes, causing them to break easily.

Common in women after menopause.

OSTEO- means bone-OSIS means conditionPORO- means holes,

porous like a sponge

Take care of your bones! http://health.malaxi.com/uploaded_images/osteoporosis-771021.jpg

9. RICKETS

Condition in which the bones are soft because they do not calcify. Often caused by a lack of calcium and phosphorus in the diet

10. SCOLIOSIS

Condition in which there is a lateral (to the side) curve of the spine.

http://drosmon.com/images/scoliosis2.gif

11. SPRAIN – Severe stretching or tearing of a ligament

Muscles

• Definition - body tissue composed of cells and fibers which produce movement of the body part or organ.

Types of Muscles:

1. Striated / Skeletal - –Voluntary; moves with conscious thought–Muscles form a bridge over joints–Cell structure: striped looking; bundles of

stringy fibers of different lengths–As your muscles flex (contract) and relax

(extend) your bone moves

STRIATED/ SKELETAL MUSCLE http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514271521/html/x451.html

Striated Muscle – forms a bridge over joints for movement

Types of Muscles:

2. Visceral / Smooth –- Involuntary; Moves without conscious thought- Muscles form the walls of internal organs of the body- Digestive organs- Diaphragm- Blood vessels

- Cellular structure: Spindle shaped (tapers at the ends) with a central nucleus

Visceral / Smooth Muscles http://www.uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/210labs/muscle1.html

Example of Smooth Muscle -

Combination of Voluntary & Involuntary Muscles

• Blinking - eyes• Swallowing – esophagus• Breathing - lungs

Muscle Types:

3. Cardiac – Heart- Branched, networked cells (all connected)- Generates electrical impulse

Cardiac Muscle:http://www.anatomyatlases.org/MicroscopicAnatomy/Images/Plate76.jpg

Terms to know….

• Atrophy – muscle gets smaller, shrinks from nonuse of muscle

• Contractures - permanent / abnormal shortening of muscle due to inactivity or paralysis.

Atrophy & Contracture

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TUcw6t9-ZxM/SE2uw4PAqgI/AAAAAAAAACs/2uMUeep8JsY/S240/Muscle%2BAtrophy.jpghttp://www.gillettechildrens.org/default.cfm/pid=1.7.8.2.24

Terms to know….

• PROM – Passive Range of Motion– Set of exercises done for the patients

muscles and joints• Paralyzed•Weak• Comatose

Basic Movements of the Skeletal Muscles

• Adduct – moving a body part toward the midline

• Abduct – moving a body part away from the midline

• Extend – straightening a body part by moving it away from the body.

• Flex – bending a body part toward the body.

Orientation and Directional Terms

• Superior – Toward the upper part of the body; above

• Inferior – Away from the head or toward the lower part of the body; below

• Anterior – Toward or at the front of the body

• Posterior – Toward or at the back of the body

• Lateral – Away from the midline of the body; the outer side

• Medial- Toward the midline of the body; on the inner side

Review…

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_F5KUikh1jTU/SYpKPevWjfI/AAAAAAAAACY/oEeUDieUBOw/s320/directional1.jpg

• Superficial (external) – Toward or at the body surface

• Deep (internal) – Away from the body surface; more internal

Superficial

http://www.azburncenter.org/site/resources/images/superficialpartial.jpg

Disorders of the Muscular System

• Fibromyalgia – Pain of the connective tissue and muscles

• Fibrositis – Inflammation of the connective tissue

• Muscle Strain – Trauma to the muscle, usually caused by a violent contraction.

• Muscular Dystrophy (congenital and chronic) deterioration of muscle tissue that progresses

over time.

• Myalgia – Muscle pain.

• Torn muscle – tear of a muscle tissue; usually caused by extreme trauma to the muscle.