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THE SKELETAL SYSTEM. There are 206 bones. Functions of the skeleton:. Framework – gives structure and support 2. Protects the internal organs What does the cranium (skull) protect? The brain!. What does the ribcage protect?. The heart and lungs !. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
• There are 206 bones
Functions of the skeleton:
1. Framework – gives structure and support
2. Protects the internal organs
What does the cranium (skull) protect? The brain!
What does the ribcage protect?
The heart and lungs!
3. Bones work with muscles to make the body move.
4. Bone marrow produces blood cells.
5. Stores calcium in the bone marrow.
Types of Bones
1. Flat bones– Cranium– Scapula– Clavicle– Ribs– Sternum
Cranium
Cranium Bones
Scapula
Clavicle
Ribs
• The ribcage is often called the chest.
• It is also called the thorax, which does not include the arms and hands.
Sternum
Types of Bones
2. Irregular bones:
- Facial bones- Vertebrae (spine or back bone)- Ilium and Iliac Crest (hip)
Facial Bones
Vertebrae ( Back Bone / Spine)
- The bones in the backbone are called vertebrae.
- It consists of 33 bones divided into 3 sections.
-Vertebrae pictures from: http://www.hughston.com/hha/spine.jpg
Vertebrae Sections:
1. Cervical Region (neck) 2. Thoracic Region
Vertebrae Section (continued)
3. Lumbar region (lower back)
Vertebrae
Ilium & Iliac Crest http://www.sci-therapies.info/ilium.png
http://www.alientravelguide.com/science/biology/anatomy/ilium.jpg
Irregular Bones:
Types of Bones:
3. Long Bones:
- Humerus- Radius- Ulna- Femur- Tibia- Fibula
Humerus (Upper arm)http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Humerus_ant.jpg
Long bones:Radius& Ulna:http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/15/99115-004-EF2C9006.jpg
Humerus, Radius & Ulna:
http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/ARM.JPG
Femur
• The femur is the upper leg bone.
• Helps form the hip joint by articulating (fit together) with the pelvis.
• The hip joint is the largest ball and socket joint in the body.
http://www.physioweb.org/IMAGES/femur.jpg
Tibia and Fibula
• The tibia, in the outer lower leg, supports most of the body's weight.
• The fibula is the smaller bone that provides support for the ankle and space for muscle attachments.
• Patella is the knee cap. http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/leg/leg.jpg
Types of Bones:
4. Short Bones
- Wrist and hand:
- Carpals- Metacarpals- Phalanges
- Ankle and foot:- Tarsals- Metatarsals- Phalanges
Wrist and Hand Boneshttp://www.eorthopod.com/images/ContentImages/hand/hand_anatomy/hand_anatomy_bones01.jpg
Foot and Ankle Bones:http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/oxford/Oxford_Sports/0199210896.tarsus.1.jpg
What keeps the skeleton together?
• Ligaments – bone to bone
http://www.clarian.org/ADAM/doc/graphics/images/en/12686.jpg
What else keeps the skeleton together?
• Tendons – Connects bone to muscle
What is tendonitis?
• - itis means inflammation or infection of
• Your answer?
• Inflammation of the tendons !
What are JOINTS ?
• The point where 2 bones meet is a joint.• Joints are necessary for motion to occur.
• What provides lubrication of a joint?– Joints are filled with synovial fluid.
http://www.cartilamine.com/images/joint_pain.jpg
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
• Joints can be grouped by the amount of motion allowed.
IMMOVABLE – unable to move at all. http://iaks-www.ira.uka.de/home/haimerl/seminar/sternum.gif
1. Sternum
Immovable Joint
2. Cranium (Skull)
SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE
1. Vertebrae(spine or backbone)
Slightly Moveable
2. Pelvis
FREELY MOVEABLEhttp://www.biometricsltd.com/images/wrist.jpg
1. Wrist
Freely Moveable Joints http://www.sportsinjuryclinic.net/gallery/elbow/studentselbow%20copy.jpg
2. Elbow
Freely Moveable Jointswww.gentili.net/FBI/shoulder.gif
3. Shoulder
Freely Moveable Joints
4. Ankle http://www.wobblenaught.com/images/ankle.jpg
Freely Moveable Joints
5. ToesToe Injuries and Disorders: MedlinePlushttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/toeinjuriesanddisorders.html
Freely Moveable Joints
6. Knee (Patella)http://www.wmt.com/TotalKnee/kneeImages/knee-anatomy-callouts2.jpg
Moveable Joints
7. Hipshttp://www.fitness-programs-for-life.com/images/FITP_HipJointsCirc.jpg
Moveable Jointshttp://www.skullsdirect.co.uk/assets/imgs/subpages/customProducts/5.jpg
8. Jaw
4 TYPES OF JOINTS
1. BALL AND SOCKET- rounded end of one bone fits snugly into the other bones socket.
Examples: a. Shoulder b. Hip
Types of Joints2. Hinge – movement of joint
is in one direction (like a door)
Examples: a. Elbowb. Kneec. Knucklesd. Jaw http://www.wi-rheum.org/images/KneeJoint.jpgScreen clipping taken: 7/31/2009
Types of Joints:
3. Gliding - bones slipping over other bones with a free flowing movement.
Examples:a. Ankleb. Wrists
http://www.wobblenaught.com/images/ankle.jpgScreen clipping taken: 7/31/2009, 12:15 PM
Types of Joints
4. Pivot - bone rests on top of another bone allowing full movement
http://www.jeron.je/anglia/learn/sec/science/humans3/pivot
Review Types of Joints…
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_oIJPJ_A0dlM/R1YtItNmMWI/AAAAAAAAAEA/hA7DOZto2pY/s200/arthritis-knuckle-gout.jpg
1. Arthritis
Arthro - means joint- Itis = means inflammation or infection
Symptoms:a. swellingb. stiffnessc. paind. rednesse. loss of ability to function
2. DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE (DJD) –changes in the structure of the
joints that occur with aging
3. DISLOCATION – end of the bone is out of alignment.
4. FRACTURES – break in a bone
A. Simple fracture:• Bone is broken, and
the skin is not open around the bone.
• Http://www.ghi.com/webmd/topics/fracture.jpg
B. Compound Fracture Bone is broken, and the
skin is penetrated by the bone.
http://www.itim.nsw.gov.au/images/Compound_fracture_dislocation_left_ankle.jpg
C. Comminuted Fracture-Bone breaks into pieces and the bone fragments are lodged in the surrounding tissue.
http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/FRACTURE.JPG
D. Greenstick Fracture Bone is bent and splits, causing an incomplete break.
(Similar to a tree branch that is bent too far)
http://www.umm.edu/graphics/images/en/8856.jpg
What type of fracture is it?
Simple Fracture
Compound Fracture
Simple Fracture
Greenstick Fracture
Find the greenstick fracture….
Comminuted Fracture
Let’s do a few more…..
YES! Greenstick fracture
Compound Fracture
You got it! Simple Fracture
Comminuted Fracture
5. KYPHOSIS
- OSIS means condition in which.
Condition in which there is an abnormal posterior curve of the spine (hunchback).
6. LORDOSIS
The condition in which there is an excessive concave (inward) curve of the spine. (Swayback).
7. Osteomyelitis
Infection or inflammation of the bone, usually caused by a bloodborne pathogen.
8. Osteoporosis
Condition in which bones become full of tiny holes, causing them to break easily.
Common in women after menopause.
OSTEO- means bone-OSIS means conditionPORO- means holes,
porous like a sponge
Take care of your bones! http://health.malaxi.com/uploaded_images/osteoporosis-771021.jpg
9. RICKETS
Condition in which the bones are soft because they do not calcify. Often caused by a lack of calcium and phosphorus in the diet
10. SCOLIOSIS
Condition in which there is a lateral (to the side) curve of the spine.
http://drosmon.com/images/scoliosis2.gif
11. SPRAIN – Severe stretching or tearing of a ligament
Muscles
• Definition - body tissue composed of cells and fibers which produce movement of the body part or organ.
Types of Muscles:
1. Striated / Skeletal - –Voluntary; moves with conscious thought–Muscles form a bridge over joints–Cell structure: striped looking; bundles of
stringy fibers of different lengths–As your muscles flex (contract) and relax
(extend) your bone moves
STRIATED/ SKELETAL MUSCLE http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514271521/html/x451.html
Striated Muscle – forms a bridge over joints for movement
Types of Muscles:
2. Visceral / Smooth –- Involuntary; Moves without conscious thought- Muscles form the walls of internal organs of the body- Digestive organs- Diaphragm- Blood vessels
- Cellular structure: Spindle shaped (tapers at the ends) with a central nucleus
Visceral / Smooth Muscles http://www.uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/210labs/muscle1.html
Example of Smooth Muscle -
Combination of Voluntary & Involuntary Muscles
• Blinking - eyes• Swallowing – esophagus• Breathing - lungs
Muscle Types:
3. Cardiac – Heart- Branched, networked cells (all connected)- Generates electrical impulse
Cardiac Muscle:http://www.anatomyatlases.org/MicroscopicAnatomy/Images/Plate76.jpg
Terms to know….
• Atrophy – muscle gets smaller, shrinks from nonuse of muscle
• Contractures - permanent / abnormal shortening of muscle due to inactivity or paralysis.
Atrophy & Contracture
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TUcw6t9-ZxM/SE2uw4PAqgI/AAAAAAAAACs/2uMUeep8JsY/S240/Muscle%2BAtrophy.jpghttp://www.gillettechildrens.org/default.cfm/pid=1.7.8.2.24
Terms to know….
• PROM – Passive Range of Motion– Set of exercises done for the patients
muscles and joints• Paralyzed•Weak• Comatose
Basic Movements of the Skeletal Muscles
• Adduct – moving a body part toward the midline
• Abduct – moving a body part away from the midline
• Extend – straightening a body part by moving it away from the body.
• Flex – bending a body part toward the body.
Orientation and Directional Terms
• Superior – Toward the upper part of the body; above
• Inferior – Away from the head or toward the lower part of the body; below
• Anterior – Toward or at the front of the body
• Posterior – Toward or at the back of the body
• Lateral – Away from the midline of the body; the outer side
• Medial- Toward the midline of the body; on the inner side
Review…
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_F5KUikh1jTU/SYpKPevWjfI/AAAAAAAAACY/oEeUDieUBOw/s320/directional1.jpg
• Superficial (external) – Toward or at the body surface
• Deep (internal) – Away from the body surface; more internal
Superficial
http://www.azburncenter.org/site/resources/images/superficialpartial.jpg
Disorders of the Muscular System
• Fibromyalgia – Pain of the connective tissue and muscles
• Fibrositis – Inflammation of the connective tissue
• Muscle Strain – Trauma to the muscle, usually caused by a violent contraction.
• Muscular Dystrophy (congenital and chronic) deterioration of muscle tissue that progresses
over time.
• Myalgia – Muscle pain.
• Torn muscle – tear of a muscle tissue; usually caused by extreme trauma to the muscle.