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The Science of Resveratrol
Mark Lange, Ph. D.Market AmericaDirector of Quality Control
Important Statement
This presentation is on the latest research in the areas of longevity, cancer, and heart disease.
Claims are not being made to treat disease or health conditions with dietary supplements.
This research is in its infancy; please refrain from drawing conclusions based on preliminary data.
Berry and Fruit Extracts to be Discussed
Resveravine® – whole grape extract containing resveratrol
BioVin® Advanced – grape skin extract containing OPCs, anthocyanins, and resveratrol
Vita Blue® – wild blueberry extract containing anthocyanins
Resveravine®
A natural extract from grape combining the synergistic biological effects of trans-resveratrol and -viniferin
A standardized extract with 20% total trans-resveratrol and -viniferin
The most concentrated source of Resveratrol
Resveratrol is naturally produced by plants as a defense system againstinfection and oxidative stress due to external attacks.
UV
Fungi
Copper
Ozone time
Resveratrol level
Sources of Resveratrol
Resveratrol is found in Grapes (only in skin) Wine Grape Juice Peanuts Blueberries Bilberries Cranberries
Benefits of Resveratrol
Induces apoptosis (programmed cell death) in unhealthy cells
Promotes normal nuclear factor kappa B and cyclooxygenase-2 activity
Promotes normal activity of the SIRT-1 gene (involved in calorie restriction, fat mobilization, mitochondrial function, longevity)
Promotes cardiovascular health Normal platelet activity Normal vasorelaxation Antioxidant protection of
LDL particles
Possibly Fights Obesity and Diabetes
Apoptosis
Apoptosis is programmed cell death. The lifespan of cells have genetic limitations. The apoptotic process safely disposes of old cells and cell fragments and does not trigger inflammation.
Microscope View of ApoptosisA. Unfertilized embryonic cell receives a biochemical
signal to die.B. Cell starts to shrink as activated enzymes cut up
the cytoskeleton and DNA in the nucleus.C. Cell prepares itself to be engulfed by
macrophages.D. Cell fragments into blobs.
Apoptosis is a Normal Process
Rapid turnover of white blood cells in the body
Remodeling of the developing fetus (fingers and toes)
Formation of connections (synapses) between neurons in the brain
Menstruation – sloughing of the uterine lining
Apoptosis in Cancer Cells
Unlike normal cells, cancer cells proliferate rapidly and lose the ability to respond to cell death signals and apoptosis. Resveratrol has been found to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in a number of cancer cell lines.
Aggarwal BB, Bhardwaj A, Aggarwal RS, Seeram NP, Shishodia S, Takada Y. Role of resveratrol in prevention and therapy of cancer: preclinical and clinical studies. Anticancer Res.
2004;24(5A):2783-2840.
Importance of Apoptosis
Defective cell cycle regulation may result in the propagation of mutations that contribute to the development of cancer. Resveratrol has been found to induce cell cycle arrest when added to cancer cells grown in culture.
Joe AK, Liu H, Suzui M, Vural ME, Xiao D, Weinstein IB. Resveratrol induces growth inhibition, S-phase arrest, apoptosis, and changes in biomarker expression in several human cancer cell lines. Clin Cancer Res. 2002;8(3):893-903.
Resveratrol caused significant cytotoxicity and increased apoptosis in malignant hemorrhagic tumors.
Resveratrol blocks the multi-step process of carcinogenesis at various stages: suppressing tumor initiation, promotion and progression.
Resveratrol shown to delay development and reduce the metastasizing capacity of spontaneous mammary tumors in mice due to apoptosis.
Resveratrol Research
National Institutes of Health is currently sponsoring a Phase I Study of Resveratrol in Patients With Surgically Removable Colorectal Cancer
NIH Resveratrol Study
Increased frequency of apoptosis in Increased frequency of apoptosis in two tumor cell lines induced by two tumor cell lines induced by polyphenolic extractspolyphenolic extracts
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Nuclear factor-kappa B
is a protein involved in cellular responses to stress (free radicals, UV light, and bacterial or viral attack).
NF-κB plays a key role in regulating the immune response to infection.
Incorrect regulation of NF-κB has been linked to cancer, inflammatory and viral infection.
Resveratrol was shown to be a potent inhibitor of NF-kB by blocking IkB kinase activity Cancer Research. 60:3477-3483, 2000.
This study examined the anti-inflammatory effects of resveratrol on human airway epithelial cells, resveratrol inhibited NF-kB Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2004 .
Resveratrol has been shown to promote normal NF-kB activity in several studies. Cancer Research. 60:3477-3483, 2000. Polish Journal of Pharmacology. 53(6):557-69, 2001.
Resveratrol and NF-kB
Cyclooxygenase (COX) – Blocking this enzyme impedes the production of the chemical messengers (prostaglandins) that cause pain and swelling from inflammation.
Suppression of COX-2 expression by blocking the
activation of MAPKs and AP-1 may represent possible molecular mechanisms responsible for previously reported anti-tumor promoting effects of resveratrol on mouse skin carcinogenesis. Biofactors. 21(1-4):33-39, 2004.
Study concluded in addition to other effects on gene expression, resveratrol also directly inhibited the activity of COX-2. J Biol Chem. 273(34):21875-21882, 1998.
Resveratrol Inflammation Research
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Commonly prescribed for rheumatoid arthritis
and osteoarthritis.
Sept. 30, 2004: Vioxx recalled due to sudden heart attacks, strokes, and blood clots.
Resveratrol for Cardiovascular Support
Healthy Platelet Activity
Study reported a dose-dependent inhibition of platelet aggregation (blood clotting) by resveratrol. Clin Chim Acta. 235:207-219, 1995.
Rodent study demonstrated that resveratrol protects the heart and improves heart functions after diminished blood flow, affecting developed pressure and arterial flow. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 35(2):263-268,
2000.
Shown to inhibit platelet aggregation both in vitro and in vivo International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 9:77-9, 2002.
Resveratrol Inhibits Platelet Aggregation
Platelet aggregation is one of the first steps in the formation of a blood clot that can occlude a coronary or cerebral artery, resulting in myocardial infarction or stroke. Resveratrol has been found to inhibit platelet aggregation in vitro.
Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2000;26(2):144-150. Clin Chim Acta. 1995;235(2):207-219.
Resveratrol stimulates eNOS
eNOS is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of nitric oxide (NO) by vascular endothelial cells. NO is needed to maintain arterial relaxation (vasodilation), and impaired NO-dependent vasodilation is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Resveratrol has been found to stimulate eNOS activity in cultured endothelial cells.
Circulation. 2002;106(13):1652-1658.
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A study of mechanisms involved in vasodilation by Resveratrol
Li etal. A Study of Mechanisms Involved in Vasodilation Induced by Resveratrol in Isolated Porcine Coronary Artery. Physiol. Res. 55:365-72, 2006.
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Antioxidant protection of LDL particles
Resveratrol was shown to protect LDL by scavenging free radicals and chelating copper Fremont L et al. Antioxidant activity of resveratrol and alcohol-free wine
polyphenols related to LDL oxidation and polyunsaturated fatty acids. 64(26):2511-21, 1999.
Belguendouz, L., et al. Resveratrol inhibits metal ion-dependent and independent peroxidation of porcine low-density lipoproteins. Biochem Pharmacol. 53(9):1347-1355, 1997.
Cardiovascular Support
Low-density Lipoprotein Particle (LDL)
Resveravine protects LDL from oxidation Resveravine protects LDL from oxidation better than synthetic resveratrol, catechin better than synthetic resveratrol, catechin
and vitamin Eand vitamin E
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Caloric Restriction
Caloric restriction is reducing caloric intake without malnutrition.
Proven method for extending life span (30-50%) and postponing age-related functional decline and age-related disease.
Restricting calorie intake extends the life spans of organisms ranging from yeast cells to lab animals.
Sirtuins enhance cell survival during times of stress, especially lack of food.
Sirtuins are regulators of aging in virtually all living organisms.
Resveratrol activates sirtuin activity without the extreme difficulty of starving oneself!
Resveratrol Research in ExtendingLife Span
Sirtuins Help Cells Survive
Sirtuins help rejuvenate old or dying cells by beefing up their DNA repair process and stimulating production of protective antioxidants.
If a cell is at a point of deciding whether to live or die, Sirtuins push toward the survival mode by making the cell fix itself.
Tests on Nothobranchius furzeri, a short-lived seasonal fish Resveratrol extended the maximum life span
by 59% and extended the median lifespan by 56% Study also showed resveratrol supplementation
improved swimming performance and delayed motor and cognitive age-related decline Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 26, 2005. Current Biology, 2006.
Obese mice supplemented with resveratrol lived an average of 15% longer than obese mice not given resveratrol Nature, 2006.
Studies Backing Resveratrol’s Activation of
Sirtuins
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), resveratrol mimics calorie restriction by stimulating Sir2, increasing DNA stability and extending lifespan by 70%. Howitz, K. T., et al. Small molecule activators of
sirtuins extend Saccharomyces cerevisiae lifespan. Nature. 2003.
Drosophila melanogaster, resveratrol identified as being beneficial and shown to extend lifespan under normal laboratory conditions Bauer, J. H., et al. An accelerated assay for the
identification of lifespan-extending interventions in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 101:12980-12985, 2004.
Studies Backing Resveratrol’s Activation of
Sirtuins
Resveratrol is a Superior Antioxidant Oxidative stress is implicated in numerous disease
processes
A lead resveratrol investigator, Dr. Milos Sovak commented, “There is no question that resveratrol is one of the best free-radical scavengers and that it has many effects whose ramifications might affect not only longevity but also general health.”
Resveratrol as an Antioxidant
In vitro studies revealed that red wine extract is a potent antioxidant as evidenced by its ability to scavenge peroxyl radical in vitro.
Sato M et al. Myocardial protection with red wine extract. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol.35(2):263-8, 2000.
Olas et al demonstrated that resveratrol inhibits the production of several different reactive oxygen species (O2
.-, H2O2, singlet oxygen and organic radicals in pig blood platelets
Olas B et al. Resveratrol may reduce oxidative stress induced by platinum compounds in human plasma, blood platelets and lymphocytes. Anticancer Drugs. 16(6):659-65, 2005.
Protection against oxidative stress
Influence of three related polyphenols on the oxidative stress of lymphocytes infected by the
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
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Resveratrol Might Fight Obesity
June 16th. Google: “Martin Wabitsch endo08 webcast”
Human fat cells exposed to resveratrol or not exposed (control).
Number of fat cells in control doubled. Number of fat cells exposed to resveratrol decreased by 50%.
Resveratrol Might Fight Obesity
In addition, exposure to resveratrol also reduced the secretion of substances called interleukin 6 and 8, which may be linked to the development of diabetes and clogged arteries, both thought to be obesity-related problems.
Safety of ResveratrolSafety of Resveratrol
Data in humans have revealed that resveratrol is safe to ingest. Aggarwal B et al. Role of resveratrol in
prevention and therapy of cancer: preclinical and clinical studies. Anticancer Res. 24(5A):2783-840, 2004.
Human trials on Resveravine®
Single oral doses of 1, 2.5 and 5 grams were given to 29 volunteers, and no serious adverse events were reported.
Possible Herb-Drug Interactions
Resveratrol has been found to inhibit human platelet aggregation in vitro. Theoretically, high intakes of resveratrol (e.g., from supplements) could increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant drugs, such as warfarin (Coumadin), and antiplatelet drugs, such as clopidogrel (Plavix), dipyridamole (Persantine), non-steroidal anti-inflamatory drugs (NSAIDs), aspirin and others.
Naturally synthesized by the plant, it is involved in the defense system against various fungi such as Botrytis cinerea . It is naturally present in the grapes and wine
Like Resveratrol, -Viniferin has also very interesting biological properties:
• anti-inflammatory • antioxidant effects
As mentioned, Resveravine also provides -Viniferin, which is a dimer of Resveratrol :
BioVinBioVin® Advanced Advanced
BioVin Advanced is a French red wine extract, offering a full 5% of pure resveratrol
Made exclusively from French red wine grapes, naturally high in resveratrol
Contains red wine polyphenols and trans-resveratrol
BioVin® Advanced vs. Wine
Amount of Resveratrol in 200mg BioVin®
Advanced
Amount required to be equivalent to 200 mg BioVin® Advanced
Red Wine White Wine
10 mg10 glasses
(1500 ml)40 glasses
(6000 ml)
Benefits of BioVin® Advanced
Due to the synergistic blend of OPCs and resveratrol,
BioVin Advanced offers numerous health advantages
Cardiovascular health Improves blood circulation Strengthens blood vessels Decreases platelet aggregation
Cellular health (as described earlier for Resveratrol) Induces apoptosis, involvement in SIRT-1 activity, involvement in
nuclear factor-kappa B and cyclooxygenase-2 activity Vision health Excellent antioxidant capabilities Skin health
Through a unique proprietary process, VitaBlue™ extract has concentrated the phytochemicals of the blueberry into an extract of unmatched purity, anthocyanin content and antioxidant potency.
Only the finest, ripest North American wild
blueberries qualify to be used in this patented extract.
12.5% Anthocyanins, 40% Polyphenolics, 6500 ORAC units, including pterostilbene.
VitaBlue™ Wild Blueberry Extract
ORAC of Selected Foods 2007 U.S. Department of Agriculture
Cranberry 9584 Blueberry 6552 Plum 6259 Blackberry 5347 Raspberry 4882 Strawberry 3577 Cherry 3365 Apple 3082 Pear 2941
Benefits of Blueberries
Blueberries have been shown to be beneficial in several applications
Provides 30 anthocyanins and pterostilbene Powerful antioxidant Inhibits cellular proliferation and induces
apoptosis (programmed cell death in unhealthy cells)
Promotes cardiovascular health Contains COX-2 inhibitors Promotes healthy vision
Blueberries and Cell Health
The following review summarizes current knowledge on the various molecular evidences of cancer chemoprevention by anthocyanins including 1) antioxidant activity 2) the molecular mechanisms involved in anti-carcinogenesis 3) the molecular mechanisms involved in the induction of apoptosis in tumor cells.
Hou D et al. Potential mechanisms of cancer chemoprevention by anthocyanins. Curr Mol Med. 3(2):149-159, 2003.
In this study, blueberry exhibited potential anti-carcinogenic activity as evaluated by in vitro screening tests. Bomser, J., et al. In vitro anticancer activity of fruit extracts from
Vaccinium species. Planta Medica. 62(3):212-216, 1996.
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) – Why Antioxidants May Help to Prevent
Cancer
NORMAL CONDITIONS
OXYGEN
Hypoxia OXYGEN
Nat Rev Cancer. 2003 Oct;3(10):721-32
HIF Helps Cells Survive, But Free Radicals Must Be Present
OXYGENHypoxia HIF
FREE RADICALS"HIF-1 helps an oxygen- starved cell convert sugar to energy without using oxygen and also initiates the construction of new blood vessels to bring in a fresh oxygen supply."
Cancer Cells Consume All The Oxygen Around Them
OXYGENHypoxia
OXYGEN
But HIF Can’t Help the Cancer Cells Survive When Antioxidants Have
Neutralized All The Free Radicals.
OXYGENHypoxia
HIF
FREE RADICALS
Antioxidants
And the Cancer Cells Die….
OXYGENHypoxia
Antioxidants
Resveratrol
Blueberries
Grape Extract
Heart, Antioxidants
Eyes
Longevity, Obesity?, Diabetes?
Apoptosis, Inflammation
Skin
Cells
Conclusions about Berry Extracts and Cell Health The active chemicals in selected berries
have shown promise in maintaining cardiovascular, immune, and visual health, as well as lengthening life span and using fat stores more efficiently in experimental animal models.
The active chemicals are more than potent antioxidants – they interact with key enzymes and signaling pathways in cells.
Research is ongoing. More to come….
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