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TheRevolutio
nsOf 1848
The turning point at which history failed
to turn. --- George Macaulay Trevelyn [1937]
Pre-1848 Tensions: Long-Pre-1848 Tensions: Long-TermTerm
Industrialization Ideological Challenges Romanticism Repressive Measures of restored
monarchs
Pre-1848 Tensions: Pre-1848 Tensions: Short-TermShort-Term
Agricultural Crises Poor cereal harvests Potato famine Financial Crises
Urban & Agricultural workers and the Urban & Agricultural workers and the middle classes are now joined in miserymiddle classes are now joined in misery
Centers of Revolution in Centers of Revolution in 18481848
FRANCE: The Giant Sea FRANCE: The Giant Sea Snake?Snake?
FRANCEFRANCE
Louis PhilippeLouis Philippe,, “The Pear,” “The Pear,” 18481848
Prince LouisPrince Louis:: Not Too Not Too Steady!Steady!
Victor Hugo & Miguel de Girardin try to raise Prince Louis upon a shield. [Honoré Damier’s lithograph
published in Charavari, December 11, 1848].
The February RevolutionThe February Revolution Working class & liberals revolt Protests break out Troops open fire on peaceful protestors.
National Guard defect to the radicals. King Louis Philippe loses Paris and
abdicates on February 24.
The “June Days”The “June Days” Workers in Paris rose up
Wanted a redistribution of wealth.
Victor Hugo’s Les Miserables
Paris: To the Barricades Paris: To the Barricades Again!Again!
The 2The 2ndnd French Republic French Republic ((1848-18521848-1852))
• General Louis Cavaignac
• Nov., 1848 a new constitution provided for:
An elected President
A one-house legislature
The RepublicThe Republicbyby
Jean-Leon GeromeJean-Leon Gerome
President Louis Napoleon President Louis Napoleon The December election:
The “law and order” candidate,Louis Napoleon Bonaparte wins
1851 Coup d’Etat1851 Coup d’Etat
President Louis Napoleon declared a hereditary 2nd French Empire
A national plebiscite confirmed it
TheHAPSBURG
EMPIRE
TheHAPSBURG
EMPIRE
The Austrian Empire: The Austrian Empire: 18301830
Culturally and racially heterogeneous.
Very conservative monarchy Serfdom Corrupt and inefficient
Ferdinand I Ferdinand I (1793-1875)(1793-1875)
Austrian Students Form a Austrian Students Form a MilitiaMilitia
The Austrian Empire collapses
Metternich fled. Constituent Assembly
met Serfdom abolished.
BUT… The revolutionary
government failed
Vienna, 1848: The Liberal Vienna, 1848: The Liberal RevolutionRevolution
The New AustrianThe New Austrian Emperor Franz JosephEmperor Franz Joseph I I [r. [r.
1848-1916]1848-1916]
The Hungarian The Hungarian RevolutionRevolution
Lajos KossuthLajos Kossuth Hungary declares independence
from Austria Austrian & Russian armies invade
and defeat the Hungarian army
Tsar Nicholas I Tsar Nicholas I (r. 1825-(r. 1825-1855)1855)
He raised an army in response to a request from Franz Joseph
Bohemia, 1848Bohemia, 1848 Bohemia was split
between Pan-Slavs & Pan-Germans
Prague Conference: Developed the idea
of Austro-Slavism The Austrian military
ultimately attacked Prague, occupied Bohemia & crushed the rebellion.
The Prague The Prague BarricadesBarricades
Revolution in RomaniaRevolution in Romania
TheGermanStates
TheGermanStates
Germania Germania - - 18481848
• Anti-liberal, but an ‘Arthurian’ medieval romantic.
Relied on Junker support
Prussia in the mid-19c:
Efficient Good economy Strong military
Frederick William IV of Frederick William IV of PrussiaPrussia
((1840-18611840-1861))
The Germans Follow the The Germans Follow the FrenchFrench
G After the February French revolutions, there were many riots in minor German states.
G Austria and Prussia expected to intervene to crush these revolts, BUT:
Vienna Revolution led to the fall of Metternich.
Berlin riots•King Frederick William IV withdraws
the troops and hand the liberals a big victory
•Other Princedoms collapse
Funeral for Berlin Freedom Funeral for Berlin Freedom FightersFighters
The Frankfurt AssemblyThe Frankfurt Assembly
Liberals form German National Assembly in Frankfurt:
Universal suffrage Delegates mostly from the middle
class Debate over the nature of the
state monarchy of Habsburgs or Hohenzollerns?
They chose the Austrian Habsburg Archduke John rather than the King of Prussia•But they failed to gain the loyalty of
the Prussian Army
Frankfurt Assembly Frankfurt Assembly MeetsMeets
A Citizen Militia on A Citizen Militia on Parade in BerlinParade in Berlin
The “Three Germanies”The “Three Germanies”
Austria & Prussia Reassert Austria & Prussia Reassert ControlControl
Austria re-gained control of Vienna
Prussia opposed The Frankfurt Assembly
Radicals took to the barricades again
The Prussian army crushed radicals
April, 1849the Assembly collapsed
A New German A New German ConfederationConfederation
Frederick William IV of Prussia wanted to rule a united Germany
1850 the German Confederation was re-established
Prussia was forced to accept Austrian leadership of Central Europe
Liberalism Discredited Liberalism Discredited in Germanyin Germany
Rule of force was the only winner
A massive exodus of liberal intelligentsia
Militarism triumphs
THEAFTERMATH
THEAFTERMATH
Democrats Swept Out of Democrats Swept Out of EuropeEurope
The Communist The Communist ManifestoManifesto
Karl MarxKarl Marx Friedrich Friedrich EngelsEngels
Why did the Why did the 18481848 Revolutions FailRevolutions Fail??
Lacked popular support Began by middle classes led these
revolutions, but turned radical Nationalism divided more than united Some gains lasted [abolition of
serfdom, etc.] And long term, most of the liberal
ideas happen by the end of the 19c: The unification of Germany and Italy. The collapse of the Hapsburg Empire at
the end of World War I
The Bottom Line The Bottom Line
It looked like the Conservative forces had triumphed.
BUT… Economic/social problems
continued to challenge the ruling order
Conservatives would have to make concessions in order to stay in power
Many of the limited Liberal achievements remained permanent
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