The Language Of Medicine Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

The Language Of The Language Of MedicineMedicine

Dr. Michael P. GillespieDr. Michael P. Gillespie

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Identify the endocrine glands and their hormones.

Gain an understanding of the functions of these hormones in the body.

Analyze medical terms related to the endocrine glands and their hormones.

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Identify abnormal conditions resulting from excessive and deficient secretions of the endocrine glands.

Describe laboratory tests and clinical procedures related to endocrinology, and recognize relevant abbreviations.

Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.

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Glands release hormones.Hormones regulate the many and varied functions of an organism.

Hormones bind to receptors.Receptors are recognition sites in the various target tissues on which hormones act.

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ENDOCRINE glands—Secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream

EXOCRINE glands—Send chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) via ducts to the outside of the body

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thyroid gland parathyroid glands (four glands) adrenal glands (one pair) pancreas (islets of Langerhans) pituitary gland

ovaries (one pair) testes (one pair) pineal gland thymus gland

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There are two hormones: thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4)

triiodothyronine (T3). Thyroid hormones aid cells in their uptake of oxygen and regulate metabolic rate.

Calcitonin: stimulates calcium to leave the blood and enter the bone.

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Parathyroid hormone (PTH): causes calcium to mobilize from bones into the bloodstream

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Each gland has two parts

an outer portion, the adrenal cortex

Secretes corticosteriods or steriods, chemicals derived from cholesterol

an inner portion, adrenal medulla Secretes catecholamines chemicals derived from amino acids

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Glucocorticoids: influence metabolism of sugars, fats, and proteins (cortisol) and are anti-inflammatory (cortisone).

Influences—SUGAR

Mineralocorticoids: regulate electrolytes Aldosterone: reabsorption of sodium/excretion of potassium. Influences—SALT

Gonadocorticoids: androgens and estrogens. Influences—SEX

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Two types of catecholamine hormones

Epinephrine (adrenaline): increases heart rate and blood pressure, dilates bronchial tubes, releases glucose from storage.

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline): constricts vessels to raise blood pressure.

Both are sympathomimetic agents.

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Located near and partially behind stomach

Exocrine and endocrine organ

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Located near and partially behind stomach

Exocrine and endocrine organ

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Endocrine function islets of Langerhans produce: Insulin: promotes movement of glucose into cells and promotes storage as glycogen

Glucagon: promotes movement of glucose into the blood by breaking down glycogen stored in liver cells

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Pea-sized gland in depression of skull (sella turcica) also called the hypophysis Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

Hypothalamus controls secretions of the pituitary via releasing factors (hormones)

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Anterior Pituitary Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin (STH)

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; thyrotropin)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Gonadotropic hormones (FSH, LH) Prolactin (PRL)

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Posterior pituitary: stores and releases hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus Antidiuretic hormone (ADH; vasopressin)

Oxytocin (OT)

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Testes Hormone: testosterone

Maintains germ cell formation and secondary sexual characteristics

Ovaries Hormones: estrogen and progesteroneMaintains menstrual cycle, release of ovum, secondary sexual characteristics, preparation of uterus for pregnancy

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1. The outer section of each adrenal gland is the ….

A. adrenal medullaB. adrenal cortexC. adrenalineD. adrenocorticotropic hormone

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2. Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males….A. luteinizing hormone (LH)B. estrodoilC. oxytocinD. prolactin

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GLANDS

aden/o gland adren/o adrenal glands adrenal/o adrenal glands gonad/o sex glands (ovaries, testes)

pancreat/o pancreas parathyroid/o parathyroid gland

Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

Combining Forms, Suffixes, Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and TerminologyPrefixes, and Terminology

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GLANDS

pituitar/o pituitary gland; hypophysis

thyr/o thyroid gland thyroid/o thyroid gland

Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

Combining Forms, Suffixes, Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and TerminologyPrefixes, and Terminology

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RELATED FORMS

andr/o male calc/o, calici/ocalcium

cortic/o cortex, outer region

crin/o secrete dips/o thirst estr/o female gluc/o, glyc/o sugar

Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

Combining Forms, Suffixes, Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and TerminologyPrefixes, and Terminology

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GLANDS

home/o sameness hormon/o hormone kal/I potassium (an electrolyte)

lact/o milk myx/o mucus natr/o sodium (an electrolyte)

Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

Combining Forms, Suffixes, Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and TerminologyPrefixes, and Terminology

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GLANDS

phys/o growing somat/o body ster/o solid structure toc/o childbirth toxic/o position ur/o urine

Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

Combining Forms, Suffixes, Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and TerminologyPrefixes, and Terminology

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SUFFIXES

-agon assemble, gather together

-emia blood condition -in, -ine a substance -tropin stimulating the function of

-uria urine condition

SuffixSuffix Meaning Meaning

Combining Forms, Suffixes, Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and TerminologyPrefixes, and Terminology

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PREFIXES

eu- good, normal hyper- excessive, above hypo- deficient, below oxy- rapid, sharp, acid

pan- all tetra- four tri three

PrefixPrefix Meaning Meaning

Combining Forms, Suffixes, Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and TerminologyPrefixes, and Terminology

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3. Which term means surgical excision of the adrenal gland (specifically)?

A. adenectomyB. adrenopathyC. adrenalectomyD. pancreatectomy

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4. Which term means a blood condition of too little potassium?

A. hyperkalemiaB. hypocalcemiaC. hypercalciuriaD. hypokalemia

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Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid

HypersecretionHyperthyroidism Graves’ disease

Exophthalmos and proptosis

HyposecretionHypothyroidism Myxedema Cretinism

NeoplasmsThyroid carcinoma

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HypersecretionHyperparathyroidism Loss of bone density Kidney stones Hypercalcemia

HyposecretionHypoparathyroidism Muscle and nerve weakness Tetany Hypocalcemia

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Hypersecretion adrenal virilism amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, voice deepening

Cushing syndrome Obesity, moonface, thoracic fat deposition

Hyposecretion Addison disease Deficient mineral-and gluco-corticoids, hyponatremia, fatigue, weakness, weight loss, low blood pressure

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HypersecretionPheochromocytoma

Benign tumor of adrenal medulla Excess epinephrine and norepinephrine

Hypertension, palpitations, severe headaches, sweating, flushing of the face, and muscle spasms

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Hypersecretion Hyperinsulinism

Hypoglycemia, convulsions, fainting

Hyposecretion Diabetes mellitus

Lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch, and fat metabolism in cells

Type 1 : childhood onset, typicallyType 2 : adult onset, typically

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Hypersecretion acromegaly gigantism

Hyposecretion dwarfism panhypopituitarism

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Hypersecretion Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)Excess ADHExcess water retention

Hyposecretion Diabetes insipidus

Deficient ADHPolyuria and polydipsia

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Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) Measures circulating glucose in a patient who has fasted at least 8 hours

Serum and urine tests Measures hormones, electrolytes, glucose, etc., in blood and urine as indicators of endocrine function

Thyroid function tests Measures T3, T4, and TSH in the bloodstream

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exophthalmometrycomputed tomography (CT) scanmagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head

radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU)

thyroid scanultrasound examination

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COMBINING FORMS

Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

aden/o ___________ adren/o ____________ adrenal/o ____________ andr/o ____________ calc/o, calici/o ____________ cortic/o ____________

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COMBINING FORMS

Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning

aden/o gland adren/o adrenal glands adrenal/o adrenal glands andr/o male calc/o, calici/o calcium cortic/o cortex, outer region

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Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

COMBINING FORMS

crin/o ____________ dips/o ____________ estr/o ____________ gluc/o, glyc/o ____________ gonad/o ____________ home/o ____________

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COMBINING FORMS

crin/o secrete dips/o third estr/o female gluc/o, glyc/o sugar gonad/o sex glands (ovaries, testes)

home/o sameness

Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning

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COMBINING FORMS

hormon/o ____________ kal/i ____________ insulin/o ____________ lact/o ____________ myx/o ____________ natr/o ____________

Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

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COMBINING FORMS

hormon/o hormone kal/i potassium (an electrolyte)

insulin/o insulin lact/o milk myx/o mucus natr/o sodium (an electrolyte)

Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning

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COMBINING FORMS

pancreat/o ____________parathyroid/o____________

phys/o ____________pituitar/o ____________

or ____________somat/o ____________ster/o ____________

Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning

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COMBINING FORMS

pancreat/o pancreasparathyroid/o parathyroid gland

phys/o growingpituitar/o pituitary gland; or hypophysis

somat/o bodyster/o solid structure

Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning

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COMBINING FORMS

thyr/o ____________ thyroid/o ____________ toc/o ____________toxic/o ____________ ur/o ____________

Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning

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COMBINING FORMS

thyr/o thyroid glandthyroid/o thyroid glandtoc/o childbirthtoxic/o positionur/o urine

Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

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SUFFIXES

-agon ____________ -emia ____________ -in, -ine ____________

-tropin ____________ -uria ____________

SuffixSuffix Meaning Meaning

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SUFFIXES

-agon assemble, gather together

-emia blood condition-in, -ine a substance-tropin stimulating the function of

-uria urine condition

SuffixSuffix Meaning Meaning

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PREFIXES

eu- ____________ hyper- ____________ hypo- ____________ oxy- ____________ pan- ____________ tetra- ____________ tri- ____________

PrefixPrefix Meaning Meaning

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PREFIXES

eu- good, normal hyper- excessive, above hypo- deficient, below oxy- rapid, sharp, acid

pan- all tetra- four tri- three

PrefixPrefix Meaning Meaning

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5. What is the pathologic condition in which enlargement of the extremities is caused by hypersecretion of the anterior pituitary after puberty?A. Addison diseaseB. acromegalyC. Cushing syndromeD. Graves disease