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The Enlightenment and the American Revolution
Chapter 17
17-1 Philosophy in the Age of Reason
“Go, wondrous creature! Mount where Science guides;
Go, measure earth, weigh air, and state the tides;
Instruct the planets in what orbs to run,
Correct old Time, and regulate the sun.”
-Alexander Pope, Essay on Man
Progress and Reason � Scientific successes led to study of __________.
What did that lead to? � The Enlightenment
� Social � Political � Economic
Two Views of the Social Contract � Thomas Hobbes
� Belief: � Leviathan � Social contract:
� John Locke � Reasonable, moral, people � Had certain Natural rights, such as: � Limited government � If government fails then…….
The Philosophes and Society
� Philosophes - French thinkers who believed that the use of reason could lead to reforms of government, law, and society
� Voltaire Defends Freedom of Thought � Beliefs:
� Battled against: � Offended the French government and the Catholic Church
Separation of Powers � 1700s France saw a flowering of Enlightenment
thought
� Baron de Montesquieu � limited monarchy � Three separate branches: � Checks and balances � (who does the above today?)
� The Encyclopedia � Denis Diderot � “to change the general way of thinking” � Topics of articles: � Banned from Catholics (why?): � Helped spread Enlightenment
n Jean-Jacques Rousseau n Natural innocence
n Minimum control n Subordinate to community
n Hatred for all forms of political and economic oppression
� Women and the Enlightenment � “free and equal”? � Mary Wollenstonecraft
� Good mother first � Decide her own interests � A Vindication of the Rights of Woman 1792
New Economic Thinking n Physiocrats-______________________
n Laissez Faire: ____________________ n Land v. Trade n Free trade n Opposed taxes on trade
n Adam Smith n Wealth of Nations n No government regulation
17-2 Enlightenment Ideas Spread
The Challenge of New Ideas n Censorship______________________________
n Books banned and burned
n Writers disguised their ideas in _________________. n Exposed corruption and hypocrisy on European society.
n Salons: ______________________________________
Enlightened Depots
� Enlightened depots-
� Frederick the Great � King of Prussia 1740-86 � Admired Voltaire � Peasants- � “everyone can go to heaven in his own fashion” � Strong civil service � Simplified laws
� Catherine the Great (Russia) � Exchanged letters with Voltaire and Diderot � Serfdom � But…_____________________
� Joseph II (Hapsburg) � “peasant emperor” � Religious tolerance to: � Ended censorship � Abolished _________ � Sold property of monasteries to build ______
Lives of the Majority � E. Europe v. W. Europe
� Were most Europeans affected by the early Enlightenment movement during the this time period?
� How were peasants taken advantage of in Western Europe?
17-3 American Revolution
By the 1700s, Britain was a global power.
• It had greater ability to trade due to its location and colonies and imposed fewer restrictions on trade than other nations.
• It had won previous European conflicts.
• It held a monopoly on the slave trade in Spanish America.
• England took control of Ireland in the 1600s. It joined with Scotland and Wales in 1707 to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
The 13 English Colonies n Colonies became more religiously and ethnically
divese n Navigation Acts-
n Not enforced. Why?
n Colonists seek autonomy (what is that?)
Growing Discontent � Parliament passed laws to increase taxes on colonies.
Why? � “no taxation without representation”
� Early Clashes � Boston Massacre � Boycott
� Stamp and Townshend Act
� Boston Tea Party � First Continental Congress
n Declaring Independence n 1776 Second Continental Congress
n Declaration of Independence n July 4th, 1776
n Written by Thomas Jefferson, inspired by ____________.
n Popular sovereignty
The American Revolution n British advantages:
n Loyalist, slaves, Native Americans
n Colony advantages:
n The French Alliance n Supplies, soldiers, and ____
n Also support from:
n Treaty of Paris 1781
A New Constitution � Articles of Confederation - � The Constitution -
� The Impact of Enlightenment Ideas � Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau � Federal republic- � Bill of Rights
� Limited Freedom � Exclusions:
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