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LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS• Haiti
• Mexico
• South America
WHAT FORCES ARE DRIVING THESE REVOLUTIONS?
Enlightenment thoughtAmerican Revolution
French RevolutionSlave trade
HAITI French colony occupying the western third of Hispaniola
Largest and valuable island in the Western Hemisphere Perfect climate for sugar, coffee, and cotton plantations Produced 30% of the world’s sugar and 50% of coffee Trade with the island accounted for ½ of France’s foreign
trade and equaled that of the United States
500,000 slaves lived and worked on the island
In 1791, 100,000 slaves rose up
TOUSSAINT LOUVERTUREFormer slave
Property owner
Led slave uprising
Guerilla tactics
French perspectives of revolution
Haitian Perspective
1793 – AS THE REBELLION SPREADS THE SPANISH AND BRITISH INVADE…WHY?
French government grants freedom to slaves
Consolidated mulatto/slave forces defeat foreign invasion under TLo by 1800
ENTER NAPOLEON IN 1802!
Napoleon reinstitutes slavery and attempts to reconquer the island
FRENCH VS HAITIANS
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French army torches island and slaughters inhabitants
Never able to pacify whole island
Malaria and yellow fever devastate French forces
French forces withdraw in 1803 and island declared independent in 1804
United under Jean Jacques Dessalines
Leclerc’s, the commanding general, letter to Napoleon regarding the situation on St. Domingue
“50 prisoners have been hung; these men die with an incredible fanaticism; they laugh at
death; it is the same with women…it appears to me from the orders that you send me that you have not got a clear idea of my position here…It is not enough to have taken away
Toussaint. Here is my opinion. You will have to exterminate all the blacks in the mountains,
women as well as men. Except for children under twelve. Wipe out half the population of the lowlands, and do not leave in the colony a single black who has worn an epaulet…Send 12,000 replacements immediately, and 10
million francs in cash, or St. Domingue is lost forever.”
MEXICAN REVOLUTION…1810-1821
CRY OF DOLORES…
MEXICAN REVOLUTION 1810 - Cry of Dolores launches revolution against the Spanish
Padre Morelos keeps fighting after Hidalgo’s execution
1815 - Iturbide, a Creole officer fighting for Spain, defeats Morelos in
1820 – Revolution led by Iturbide and the creole class defeat Spanish
Why would Iturbide revolt?
1821 – Spanish independence
MEXICAN STATE ESTABLISHED IN 1821
SANTA ANNA (1830S-1850S) – CAUDILLO WITH TERRIBLE FOREIGN POLICY. LOSE TERRITORY AND PRESTIGE – WHAT WAR?
JUAREZ (1860S-1876) – PROGRESSIVE, LIBERAL RULERREDISTRIBUTE LAND AND HELP POOR
DIAZ (1876-1911) – CONSERVATIVE, AUTOCRATIC RULERRULERS THROUGH FEAR: “BREAD OR CLUB”
LEADS TO REVOLUTION IN 1910
Build up to internal revolution
MEXICO’S TURBULENT 19TH CENTURY• Santa Anna
• Benito Juarez
• Porfirio Diaz
CIVIL WAR ENDS WITH THE CREATION OF CARANZA’S CONSTITUTION IN 1917
SOUTH AMERICAN INDEPENDENCESpanish and Portuguese Colonies
Brazilian Independence
BRAZIL’S PEACEFUL INDEPENDENCE
Napoleon’s influence Royal family fled Portugal for Rio de Janiero in 1807
Post 1815 the royal family returned to Portugal Son (Dom Pedro) stayed behind to rule
Brazilian creoles wouldn’t accept a return to colonial status Petition to have Dom Pedro independently rule Brazil
Independence was granted bloodlessly in 1822