The Civil War. The Nation Argues Winning Mexican American War Leads to Huge Land Gain – Slavery or...

The Civil War

The Nation Argues• Winning Mexican American War Leads to

Huge Land Gain– Slavery or No Slavery?

• Revisit the Missouri Compromise?

Sectionalism

• Favoring a region’s interest over the entire nation’s interest– The South– The North– The Western Frontier

Popular Sovereignty

• States vote on having slavery or not in their own state/territory

Free Soil Party• Democrats and Whigs Do Not

Take Position on Slavery in the West

• Support Wilmot Proviso– No slavery or indentured servitude

in the West• Nominate Martin Van Buren

– Only get 10% of the total vote in 1848

California Gold Rush

• Large Population Increase in the West• California Skips Being a Territory and Becomes

a State– Based on Population

• California Wants to Be a Free State– Upsets State Balance– Southern States Upset

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mdwBEKZGz0Q

The Compromise of 1850

• Henry Clay1. California = Free State2. Popular Sovereignty in Remaining

Mexican Territory3. Set a Border Between New

Mexico and Independent Texas4. End Slave Trade in Country’s

Capital5. New Fugitive Slave Law

Compromise Opposition

• John C. Calhoun = South Says No• William Seward = No Compromise Needed• Daniel Webster = Preserve the Union Even if It

Means More Slavery, Crops in Need of Slavery Cannot Grow in Western Soil

• Finally Approved Without Much Change

The Fugitive Slave Act

• Illegal to Help Runaway Slaves– 6 months in jail and/or $1000 Fine

• Slaves Could Be Arrested Anywhere in the Union Regardless of Slavery Laws in the Territory

• When Caught, Only White Owners and Witnesses Allowed to Testify

• $10 = Slave Returned• $5 = Not A Runaway Slave

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

• Most Influential Anti-Slavery Novel• Harriet Beecher Stowe

– Learned of Harsh Slavery Life Through Runaway Slaves

• South = Outrage• North = Praise

The Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Stephen Douglas Wants to Build A Railroad From Illinois to the Pacific

• Southerners Want a Railroad From New Orleans to Texas

• Popular Sovereignty For Kansas and Nebraska• Removes the Missouri Compromise Restrictions• Railroad Never Approved• Violence Erupts in Kansas

Dred Scott Case

• Dred Scott Sues for His Freedom• Became Free When He Lived in Free Territory• Supreme Court Determined Slaves are Not US

Citizens Under the Constitution• Banning Slavery Unconstitutional

Lincoln and Douglas DebatesIllinois's Senate Race in 1858

A series of debates where both men spoke on the issue of slavery throughout the state of IllinoisLincoln lost but was nominated to run for President by the Republican Party in 1860

Republican Candidate Democrat Candidate

Abraham Lincoln’sQuotes on slavery

• “Whenever I hear anyone arguing for slavery, I feel a strong impulse to see it tried on him personally.”

• “A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half-slave and half-free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved - I do not expect the house to fall - but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other."

Lincoln ElectedSouthern States Secede

• To pull away from or to leave• First state was South Carolina

December 20, 1860• Last state was North Carolina

May 20, 1861• Total number of states was eleven that

became the Confederate States of America

Rating the North & the South

Rating the North & the South

Resources: North and South

- population - 22 million- efficient railroad system- controlled the navy, which could be used to blockade southern ports and shut down the southern economy.- but would have to fight an offensive war (long supply lines, unfamiliar territory...)- capable military leaders, inc. Ulysses S. Grant

Confederates had excellent Military Leaders-Robert E. Lee and Thomas Jackson

Defending is always easier than attacking - (familiar w/climate and territory, possible psychological advantages)

Farmers fight better than factory workers

Profitable eco. based on cotton exports

But disadvantages…a smaller pop. of 9 million (inc. 3.5 million slaves)

had to import industrial goods

Jefferson Davis• Elected President of the Confederacy• Opposed Secession, But Believed States Had the Right

to Secede• Allegiance to the South > Hopes for Peace• Did Not Seek Out Presidency• Strong Devotion to Politics and Friends

DAVIS

STEVENs

A Northern View of Jeff Davis

The Confederate “White House”

The Confederate “White House”

With God As Our Vindicator”

Confederate Seal

The Union and Confederacy in 1861

The Union and Confederacy in 1861

Strategy of the Union and Confederacy• Union wanted to:

– Destroy the Southern economy by using a naval blockade (Anaconda Plan)

– Gain control of the Mississippi River in order to divide the Confederacy

– Capture Richmond (Confederate capital)• Confederacy wanted to:

– Defend its territory– Wear down the Union’s will to fight– Take Washington, D.C. (Federal capital)– Win foreign allies

General Grant’s Strategy in the West• Grant’s strategy focused on control of the

Mississippi River which would allow the North to cut the eastern states of the Confederacy off from important sources of food production in the western states of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas.

• From bases on the Mississippi, the Union army would be able to attack the South’s communication and transportation network.

Overviewof

the North’sCivil WarStrategy:

“Anaconda”Plan

The “Anaconda” Plan

Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas),

July, 1861

Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas),

July, 1861

The War Begins

Events at Fort Sumter Lincoln became president.

The South took over federal forts.

Federal troops refused to surrender.

Confederate guns opened fire.

The Civil War began.

Men Present for Duty in the Civil War

Men Present for Duty in the Civil War

Events Leading to the Bombardment of Ft. Sumter

The fort controlled the entrance to Charleston Harbor.

Federal troops at Ft. Sumter were weak and low on supplies.

The Union refused the Confederacy’s order to evacuate.

***This event was extremely important because it led Lincoln to declare that the South was in rebellion and asked for a militia to put down the South’s revolt.

Arkansas and the Upper SouthArkansas and the Upper South joined the Confederacy claiming “the South must go with the South.”

Border StatesBoth the North and South wanted to claim the border states because: The border states controlled key

stretches of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.

Washington, D.C., the federal capital, was located within Maryland.

Confederate Victories in Virginia

• First Battle of Bull Run – July 1861• Seven Days’ Battle – June-July 1862• Second Battle of Bull Run – August 1862

*** Importance of these battles• The Union was pushed out of Virginia.• The Confederacy moved into the North.

Battle of AntietamThe Battle of Antietam, on September 17, 1862, stopped the Confederate’s northward advance and allowed Lincoln to push for the Emancipation Proclamation.

The Monitor and the Virginia (Ironclad ships) The Monitor forced the

Virginia to withdraw from Hampton Roads, an important waterway.

This event saved the Union fleet and blockade.

The Battle of the Ironclads,

March, 1862

The Battle of the Ironclads,

March, 1862The Monitor

vs.the Merrimac

The Monitor vs.

the Merrimac

The War in the West

Strategies

• Union holds its ground, despite surprise attack.

Implications

• gave Union greater control of the Mississippi River valley

Battle of Shiloh

Siege of Vicksburg

Battle of Pea Ridge

• Union attacked southern forces at Jackson, obliterating Vicksburg’s reinforcements.

• Fought to protect Union forts in the Midwest.

• gave the Union total control of the Mississippi River, cutting off the western states (AK, LA, TX)

• gave the Union control over Missouri

The Fall of VicksburgThe fall of Vicksburg, Mississippi, was important because it gave the Union control of the Mississippi River and cut the South in 1/2.

The Emancipation Proclamation

• Union Troops Nearby = Slave Escape• Slave Labor Loss Hurt Southern Economy• Some Opposition From Northerners

– Want to Restore Union, Not End Slavery– Some Argue Lincoln Did Not Do Enough

TheEmancipationProclamation

The Southern View of Emancipation

The Southern View of Emancipation

Emancipation in 1863Emancipation in 1863

Freed the slaves in the Confederacy but was ignored by those states

African American and Women’s Contributions to the War

• participated in military service

• served in the workforce

• women provided medical care and ran plantations and farms

African-Americans in Civil War Battles

African-Americans in Civil War Battles

The Famous 54th Massachusetts

Importance of the Battle of Gettysburg• It was a major turning point because General Lee

never again entered the North.• This Union victory took place on the same day as

General Grant’s capture of Vicksburg in Mississippi.• Both these critical victories made northerners

believe that the Confederacy could be defeated.

The Road to Gettysburg: 1863

The Road to Gettysburg: 1863

Gettysburg CasualtiesGettysburg Casualties

that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

Abe Lincoln

Campaigns Launched inVirginia and Lower South

• Wilderness Campaign – May-June 1864• Battle of Cold Harbor – June 1-3, 1864• Battle in Atlanta – Atlanta fell to General

Sherman on September 2, 1864• Sherman’s March to the Sea – ended

December 10, 1864 when Sherman reached Savannah, Georgia

Sherman’s

Marchthroug

hGeorgiato theSea, 1864

Sherman’s

Marchthroug

hGeorgiato theSea, 1864

The End of the Civil War• Trapped and defenseless in Richmond,

Virginia, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865.

• The Civil War had come to an end.

Appomattox CourthouseApril 9th, 1865

General Robert E. Lee (Confederacy) Surrendering to: Ulysses S. Grant (Union)

•Meeting lasted 1 ½ hours•The Confederates were to return home with dignity and respect

McLean Home

… More Surrendering!!

Bennitt PlaceConfederate: Joseph Johnston

Union: William T. Sherman

After four bloody years of civil war, the South was defeated and Reconstruction must begin.

Casualties on Both Sides

Casualties on Both Sides

Over 618,000 military deaths during Civil War.Nearly 20,000 North Carolinians killed in battleOver 20,000 die from other causes (mainly disease)North Carolina has more deaths due to the Civil Warthan any other Confederate State!