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Slavery in America French & Indian War. Colonial Slavery. Distribution of slaves 400,000 of 10 million in NA Most to West Indies and South America Rise of slavery in America Slavery too risky/expensive in pre-Bacon colonies Rising wages in England = less indentured servants - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Slavery in America
French & Indian War
Distribution of slaves
400,000 of 10 million in NA Most to West Indies and South America
Rise of slavery in America Slavery too risky/expensive in pre-Bacon colonies Rising wages in England = less indentured servants Bacon’s Rebellion Royal African Company loses British monopoly of
slave trade
Colonial Slavery
The Slave Chain
The Middle Passage
Africans were often treated like cattle during the crossing. On the slave ships, people were stuffed between decks in spaces too low for standing. The heat was often unbearable, and the air nearly unbreathable. Women were often used sexually. Men were often chained in pairs, shackled wrist to wrist or ankle to ankle. People were crowded together, usually forced to lie on their backs with their heads between the legs of others. This meant they often had to lie in each other's feces, urine, and, in the case of dysentery, even blood. In such cramped quarters, diseases such as smallpox and yellow fever spread like wildfire. The diseased were sometimes thrown overboard to prevent wholesale epidemics. Because a small crew had to control so many, cruel measures such as iron muzzles and whippings were used to control slaves.
Heading for Jamaica in 1781, the ship Zong was nearing the end of its voyage. It had been twelve weeks since it had sailed from the west African coast with its cargo of 417 slaves. Water was running out. Then, compounding the problem, there was an outbreak of disease. The ship's captain, reasoning that the slaves were going to die anyway, made a decision. In order to reduce the owner's losses he would throw overboard the slaves thought to be too sick to recover. The voyage was insured, but the insurance would not pay for sick slaves or even those killed by illness. However, it would cover slaves lost through drowning.
The captain gave the order; 54 Africans were chained together, then thrown overboard. Another 78 were drowned over the next two days. By the time the ship had reached the Caribbean,132 persons had been murdered.
When the ship returned to England the owners made their claim -- they wished to be compensated the full value for each slave lost. The claim might have been honored had if it had not been for former slave Equiano, then living in England, who learned of the tragedy and alerted an abolitionist friend of his. The case went to court. At first the jury ruled in favor of the ship's owners. Since it was permissible to kill animals for the safety of the ship, they decided, it was permissible to kill slaves for the same reason. The insurance company appealed, and the case was retried. This time the court decided that the Africans on board the ship were people. It was a landmark decision.
On another voyage, on another ship, a similar incident occurred. On La Rodeur in 1812, there was an outbreak of ophthalmia, a disease that causes temporary blindness. Both slaves and crew were afflicted. The captain, fearing that the blindness was permanent and knowing that blind slaves would be difficult if not impossible to sell, sent 39 slaves over the rails to their watery death. As with the captain of the Zong, he hoped that the insurance would cover the loss.
The Slave Markets
Slave Codes Servant v. Slave Slavery based on race, heredity, and chattel
The English / Americans invented a new chapter in slavery in human history. Race had never been a defining factor in bondage
– rather it was an economic or political institution.
“Slave market in Rome” by Jean-Leon Gerome
Slave Life Deep South – rice and indigo farming w/ harsh conditions Upper South – tobacco farming Culture - Language (Gullah), music, religion, and weaving
all show blending of Africa and America
Slave Revolts New York City (1712) Stono Rebellion, SC (1739) None equaled the size of Bacon’s rebellion, so African
slaves were seen as a ‘safer’ investment
Slavery exacerbated the gap between rich and poor Hierarchy
Merchant Planters & FFVs (First Families of Virginia) Small Farmers – largest social/economic class Landless whites and indentured servants Slaves & Indians
Plantation economy prevented growth of – Cities and a transportation network Merchant and professional classes Schools and Churches
Colonial Southern Society
Southern, Middle & New England Colonies
Geography Demographics Economics
Colonial Regions
Higher standard of living than Europe Close relationship with environment -
Disease, agriculture, weather Class distinctions grew with economic
growth
Generalizations of British America
New France
Fur Trade / Beavers Befriended Huron
West Indies
Antoine Cadillac – contested English expansion
Detroit - 1701
Louisiana
New Orleans (1718) – Robert La Salle countered Spanish expansion in the Gulf of
Mexico
II. Clash of Empires (European Wars in America)
A. Three wars between 1689 & 1748B. France & Spain (Catholic) v. England (Protestant)C. Britain won Acadia (renamed Nova Scotia) – Queen Anne’s WarD. Louisburg controversy – War of Jenkin’s EarE. French Acadians moved to New Orleans
1688 - 1697 War of the League of Augsburg King William’s War, 1689 - 1697
1701 - 1713 War of Spanish Succession Queen Anne’s War, 1702 – 1713
1740 - 1748 War of Austrian Succession King George’s War, 1744 - 1748
1756 - 1763 Seven Years’ War French and Indian War, 1754 - 1763
1778 - 1783 War of the American Revolution American Revolution, 1775 - 1783
1793 - 1802 Wars of the French Revolution Undeclared French War, 1798 - 1800
1803 - 1815 Napoleonic Wars War of 1812, 1812 - 1814
1914 - 1918 World War I World War I, 1917 - 1918
1939 - 1945 World War II World War II, 1941 - 1945
Dates In Europe In America
The Nine World Wars
French & Indian WarA. Primary Cause – Conflicting land claims in the
Ohio River Valley
GW and His Mess
1. VA governor sent GW to order French out of ‘VA territory’
2. GW confronts French troops near Ft. Duquesne (Pittsburg)
Defeated at Ft.
Necessity
WTF did Georgie Start?
A world war that pitted England, Prussia & Portugal against France, Spain, Austria, and Russia.
Albany Congress
Called by Britain to unite colonial defense Benjamin Franklin & Albany Plan of Union
1st attempt at colonial unity * Plan for colonial self rule Rejected by
Colonists – not enough independence Crown – too much independence
Battle
Braddock’s Defeat – trouble on the frontier
Battle
Louisburg, Nova Scotia Battle of Quebec – 1759 William Pitt – ‘Organizer
of Victory’
North America before the
French &Indian War
1 Treaty of
Paris (1763
France out of North America (except Caribbean & fishing posts)
UK – North America to westward to Mississippi River & Canada; also gained Florida from Spain
Spain – ceded French land west of the MS River
1.
Effects of the War Friction between colonial troops &
British regulars –emergence of an ‘American’ identity
Britain now had large debt & large area to defend
Chief Pontiac’s rebellion against Ohio settlers
Proclamation of 1763 – prohibited colonists from moving beyond the Appalachian Mountains