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Chapter 16Chapter 16
New Birth of Freedom,
1862-1865
Web
Slavery and the Civil WarSlavery and the Civil War
Administration initially did not make slavery an issue in the war Many Northerners, though, wanted abolition of slavery as a goal
Rob Confederacy of advantage of slave labor Military designation of slaves as “Contraband of War” in Spring
of 1861 Legislation authorizing seizure of all enemy property in late summer
Increasing wrangling over emancipation as Union goal Lincoln decision to issue an emancipation proclamation came in
summer of 1862 Had to wait for favorable military situation
Military Situation in 1862Military Situation in 1862
Union increased calls for volunteers and cracked down on dissent Coming closer to a national draft Fostered criticism from Copperheads
Confederates launched campaign in Maryland in fall of 1862 Culminated in Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg)
Doomed Confederate hopes of British and French recognition Hurt Northern Democrats in midterm elections Led to Emancipation Proclamation
– Means toward end of saving the Union– Made Union soldiers an army of liberation
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Lee’s Invasion of Maryland, 1861 and Battle of Antietam, September 17,1862
Rising Discontent in Late 1862-Rising Discontent in Late 1862-Early 1863Early 1863 Military situation causing concern in North
Shuffling top military posts Defeats at Fredericksburg and Vicksburg
Copperheads found ready audience for their criticism Increased calls for ending the war and seeking peace Had powerful effect on Northern morale
Economic conditions in South deteriorating Spurred hoarding, food riots, looting
Draft resulted in tensions in both South and North Confederacy instituted draft in October 1862
Opposition to Twenty Negro Law Union began conscription in March 1863
Commutation fees caused resentment among power men
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Wartime Inflation in the Confederacy
and the Union
Civil War as Laying Groundwork Civil War as Laying Groundwork for Modern Americafor Modern America Important legislative measures in 37th Congress
Homestead Act Morrill Land-Grant College Act Pacific Railroad Act
War effected changes for American women Assumed new burdens in civilian society Most visible role was in medicine
United States sanitary Commission Participation gave impetus to campaign for women suffrage
The Tide of Battle during 1863The Tide of Battle during 1863
Confederates flush with victory after Chancellorsville in May Bruised Northern morale Convinced Southern leaders they could successfully invade the
North Battle of Gettysburg, July 1863
Southern effort to seize Northern territory Greatest battle in American history Great Northern victory
Other Union victories in Mississippi, Louisiana, Tennessee Vicksburg captured July 1863 Chattanooga and Chickamauga in late summer
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Battle of Chancellorsville, May 2-6, 1863
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Battle of Gettysburg July
1-3, 1863
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Vicksburg Campaign, April-July 1863
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Road to Chickamauga, June-September 1863
Role of Blacks in the MilitaryRole of Blacks in the Military
Emancipation Proclamation met mixed reaction in North
Proclamation prompted widespread black enlistment in the military Black soldiers on whole served with courage and distinction
Contribution of some blacks contrasted with white rioting in Northern cities
Changing Fortunes Throughout 1864Changing Fortunes Throughout 1864
Rising opposition to the administration of Jefferson Davis in the South
Military weakness forced Confederate reliance on war of attrition Might thereby defeat Northern will to fight by dragging out war
Frenzied fighting in Virginia in spring of 1864 Huge casualties on both sides Fighting finally reached point of stalemate
Resulted in public frustration in the North
Stalemate seemed to settle in by the late summer in Atlanta as well
Calls for peace in the North
Changing Fortunes Throughout Changing Fortunes Throughout 1864 1864 (cont.)
War of attrition took its toll on civilian morale Abortive schemes for peace throughout Threatened Lincoln’s chances for reelection
Controversy over prisoners of War Northern outrage over Southern policy of murdering captured
blacks soldiers and refusing to include them in prisoner exchanges Southern economic problems resulted in poor treatment of Northern
prisoners Confederate decision in March 1865 to recruit slaves for the
military Act of desperation Generated significant opposition in South War ended before any black regiments could be organized
The War Reaches Its Final StagesThe War Reaches Its Final Stages
Important Northern victories Fall of Atlanta, autumn of 1864 Shenandoah Valley campaign Helped to push Lincoln to reelection
Sherman’s march to the sea From Atlanta to Savannah Brought the war to the confederate civilians like never before
Campaign northward to the Carolinas and Virginia Squeeze tactic worked as planned
Lee’s surrender at Appomattox in April 1865 essentially ended war Peace terms were generous
Abraham Lincoln assassinated just a week later All remaining Confederate resistance had surrendered by June
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Campaign for Atlanta, May-September 1864Web
