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HISTORY OF
ARCHITECTURE
EAST & NORTH
EAST INDIA
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NORTH EASTINDIA
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The Varman dynasty ruled Kamarupa (Assam)
from 350 to 650. Pushyavarman the first
historical ruler[2] of Assam established this
dynasty in c350 AD. This dynasty is sometimes
called the Naraka or Bhauma dynasty since it
traces its lineage to the mythical Narakasura,
Bhagadatta and Vajradatta
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamarupa_(History)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varman_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narakasurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narakasurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varman_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamarupa_(History)7/30/2019 temple.pptx
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Pala Empire was a Buddhist dynasty that ruled from the north-eastern region of
the Indian subcontinent. The name Pala meansprotectorand was used as an ending
to the names of all Pala monarchs. The Palas were followers of
theMahayana and Tantric schools of Buddhism. Gopala was the first ruler from the
dynasty. The empire reached its peak under Dharmapala and Devapala. Dharmapala
extended the empire into the northern parts of the Indian Subcontinent. This
triggered once again the power struggle for the control of the subcontinent. Devapala,
successor of Dharmapala, expanded the empire to cover much of South Asia and
beyond.
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The Mlechchha dynasty (c. 650 - 900) ruled Kamarupa from their capital at
Hadapeshvar in the present-day Tezpur, Assam, after the fall of the Varman dynasty.
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The Eastern Ganga dynasty reigned
from Kalinga and their rule consisted of the whole
of the modern day Indian state of Orissa as well asparts of West Bengal, Andhra
Pradesh and Chhattisgarh from the 11th century to
the early 15th century. Their capital was known by
the name Kalinganagar, which is the
modern Srimukhalingam in Srikakulam District of
Andhra Pradesh bordering Orissa. Today, they are
most remembered as the builders of the Konark
Sun Temple an UNESCO World Heritage
site at Konark, Orissa.
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EAST INDIA
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EARLY PERIOD(750-900 AD)PARASURAMESHWAR TEMPLE
VAITAL DEUL
MIDDLE PERIOD(900-1100 AD)LINGARAJA TEMPLE
JAGANNATH TEMPLE
LATER PERIOD(1100- AD)SUN TEMPLE
RAJARANI TEMPLE
NORTHERN OR INDO ARYAN STYLE
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The temples of Orissa exhibit a majestic grandeur. An Orissan temple (deul) usually
consists of a sanctum, one or several front porches (jagamohana) usually with
pyramidal roofs, a dancing hall (nata mandir) and a hall of offerings (bhog mandir).
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PARSURAMESWAR TEMPLE:Parsurameswar Temple, located in Bhubaneshwar, Orissa, India, is the best preserved
specimen of an early Hindu temple datable to the Sailodbhava period of the seventh
and eighth centuries AD and is the finest testimonial to the architectural work
of Vishwakarma Moharana sculptors.
Parsurameswar is dedicated to Lord Shiva.
It is one of the oldest temples in Orissa.
This temple, built about 650 AD, has all the main
features of the pre-10th century Orissan style of
architecture.
Such elements such as the pine spire that curves up to a point over the sanctum
housing the presiding deity, and the pyramid-covered hall where people sit and pray.
Though small in size, with its deulrising abruptly to a height of 12.80m, it is one of
the most sumptuously decorated temples of the early period. It is the only temple of
the early period with a survivingJagamohana
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The grotesque figures ofvetalas (ghosts) on the pilasters of
itsjaga mohan and on the faces of its vimana are true to their
traditional description.
The figures ofnagas(male serpant) and nagins(female serpant)
and other females show many graceful but chaste poses. Journey
on pilgrimage is the theme of many a scene on its vimana.
Among other descriptive representations on it is the hunting
scene above the central niche on south, where stag upon stag a
bow thrown in is shown in the act of running away from bowman.
On the outermost frame around the latticed window of its jaganamohana are carved
the well known delightful scenes of monkeys playing all manners of pranks.
The temple shows architectural peculiarities of the early order providing an opportunity
to study the early form of theJagamohana.
Temple has no proper plinth, faces west and comprises a Vimana andJagamohana.
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The vimana of the temple is a triratha with a distant semblance of a Pancharatha as
evident from the projecting nichesflanking the central projection.
The bada of the Vimana abruptly starts fromthe Talapatna or Pavement which consists of three
elements only instead of the usual five and encloses not
the usual cubic garbhagriha but one that is parallelopiped.
The temple is ornamented with a bas-relief of processions of horses and
elephant. Latticework covers the windows. In the temple courtyard there are more
exotic carvings of Ganesha , the elephant God, and other deities.
On a corner of the temple compound is the exotically unique "Lingam of one
thousand Lingas" shiva phallic symbol with 1,000 lingas engraved on it.
Sculptural Arrangement
The sculptures of Parasuramesvar temple have an elegance and chastness rarely to be
seen in purely Orissan style. The temple is not so elaborately carved but the sculptures
with the balanced arrangement have a charm and dignity of their own.
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KONARK SUN TEMPLE:Konark Sun Temple is a 13th century Sun Temple (also known as the Black Pagoda), at
Konark,Orissa.
The name Konark is derived from the Sanskrit word Kona (meaning angle) and word
Arka (meaning sun) in reference to the temple which was dedicated to the Sun god
Surya
It was constructed from oxidized and weathered ferruginous sandstone by King
Narsimhadeva I (1238-1250 CE) of the
Eastern Ganga Dynasty.
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The Konark temple is widely known not only for its architectural grandeur
but also for the intricacy and profusion of sculptural work.Famous as much for its imposing dimensions and faultless proportions .
The Sun temple belongs to the Kalinga school of Indian Temple Architecture.
The entire temple has been conceived
as a chariot of the sun god with 24
wheels, each about 10 feet in diameter,with a set of spokes and elaborate
carvings.. The spokes of the wheels serve
as sundials and the shadows cast by these
can give the precise time of the day .
Seven horses drag the temple.
The entrance is guarded by two giant
lions, which are each shown crushing a
war elephant. Each elephant in turn lies
on top of a human body.
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A flight of steps lead to the main entrance.
The pyramidal roof soars over 30 m (98 ft)
in height.
The temple complex also contains erotic
sculptures similar to the temple in Khajuraho .
Around the base of the temple, and up the walls and roof, are carvings in the erotic
style.
The Temple compound measures 857 ft (261 m) by 540 ft (160 m). The alignment of
the Sun Temple is on the East-West direction.
The Main Sanctum which (229 ft. high) was constructed along with theAudience Hall
(128 ft. high) having elaborate external projections.
The Main Sanctum which enshrined the presiding deity has fallen off.
At the entrance of the temple is a NataMandir. This is where the temple dancers
used to perform dances in homage to the Sun God.The NataMandir in front of the
Jagamohana is also intricately carved.
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TheAudience Hallsurvives in its entirety, but only small portions of the Dancing Hall
(NataMandir) and the Dining Hall (Bhoga-Mandap) have survived the vagaries of time.
There are images of animals, foliage, men, warriors on horses and other interestingpatterns.
There are three images of the Sun God, positioned to catch the rays of the sun at dawn,
noon and sunset.
The large structure seen today is actually the mantapa(mandap). Of the main tower,
which once stood in the front, only the remains can be seen. This tower (deul) was
perhaps 200 feet (60 metres) tall, higher than any other temple in India.
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LINGARAJA TEMPLE:Lingaraja Temple is a 11th century CE Temple dedicated to Harihara, another name
for Shiva and is one of the oldest temples of Bhuvaneswar, a revered pilgrimage center
and the capital of the state of Orissa,India.
Architectural styles : Kalingan Architecture.
At 55 metres high, it dominates the landscape with 150 smaller shrines in its pacious
courtyard and is surrounded by massive walls lavishly decorated with beautiful
sculptures.
Temple complex
This temple has actually four parts:
the main temple, the YajnaShala,the BhogaMandap and finally the
NatyaShala.
This temple has images of both Shiva
and Vishnu.
Vishnu is actually present as Sila.
The Shiva idols surround the Vishnu idol.
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Even the temple on the top has neither Shiva's Trishula nor Vishnu's Chakram.
It has only Rama's arrow symbol, probably because Rama was a worshipper of Shiva.
The 'nata mandapa' (dance hall) and 'bhoga mandapa' (offering hall) were later addedto the temple.
This temple was built at a time when the Jagannath cult was at its peak. By the time
Ligaraja temple was built, the Jagannath cult has gained immense popularity all over
India.
This is exemplified by the fact,
that Swayambhu Linga half
vishnu, half shiva, is the presiding
diety here.
There is an element of harmonywithin religion here as is evident
by the presence of all Hindu gods
and goddesses.
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A sculpture from one of
the Shikara.
Temple
dome
One of the noticeable features of the Lingaraj temple is its degrading architectural
beauty, as one retreats from the deul (the Sanctum Sanctorum), away towards the
bhogamandir (the hall of offerings).
This is so, because the Lingaraja temple was built by the rulers of three dynasties,
over a huge span of time.
The deul was built by the prosperous Kesari dyanasty. The Muslim invasion, after
that, left the Ganga dynasty in a position, that they built the bhogamandir at the
cost of its architectural beauty.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lingaraj_Temple,_Bhubaneswar_(4)_-_Oct_2010.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lingaraj_Temple,_Bhubaneswar_(3)_-_Oct_2010.jpg7/30/2019 temple.pptx
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The Jagannath Temple in Puri is a
famous Hindu temple dedicated to
Jagannath and located in the coastaltown of Puri in the state of Orissa,
India. The nameJagannath (Lord of the
Universe) is a combination of the
Sanskrit wordsJagat(Universe) and
Nath (Lord of).
History: The temple was
originally built by the Kalinga
ruler Anantavarman Chodaganga (1078
- 1148 CE).
Much of the present structure was built by King Ananga Bhima Deva in the year
1174 CE. It took 14 years to complete and was consecrated in 1198 CE. It is believed
that the image of Jagannath was buried thrice in the Chilka lake for protection from
invaders.
Established in the 12th century, the temple is dedicated to Lord Jagannath (Lord
Krishna), Lord of the Universe.
JAGANNATH TEMPLE:
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The Temple: The walls are embellished with exquisite carvings. The pillars that
provide support to the temple are adorned with pictures depicting the life of Lord
Krishna.
The vast temple complex occupies an area of over 400000 square feet, and is
bounded by a 20 feet high fortified wall. This complex contains about 120 temples and
shrines. The shikhara of the Jagannath temple towers to a height of 192 feet.
Structurally the temple has four chambers. The outermost is the Bhogmandir, the
next is the Nata-mandir pillared hall for music and dance, the next is the Jagamohana -or the mandapa where devotees gather for worship and the last is the sanctum or
the Deul enshrining the deities.
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Rajarani Temple is an 11th century Hindu
temple dedicated to Lord Siva located in Bhubaneswar,
the capital city of Orissa, India.
Originally it was known as Indreswara and serves as
a shrine to Shiva. It is known as 'love temple,covered
with coyly erotic carvings of women and couples. The
temple is aesthetically endearing with its graceful
sculptures.
It is made from the wonderful red and gold
sandstone, which is locally known as Rajarani and this
is what gives the temple its name of 'Raja Rani'.
Another attraction of this temple is the carvings of
the eight dikpalas (temple guards), who protect the
temple from the different directions. They are Indra
(east) the head of the demigods, Agni (southeast) god
of fire, Yamaraja (south) god of death, Nirritti
(southwest), Varuna (west) god of water, Vayu
(northwest) god of air, Kubera (north) god of wealth,
and Isana (northeast).
RAJARANI TEMPLE:
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Rajarani Temple stands on a raised platform. Its
spire is decorated with clusters of turrets
(replication of the spire itself) emerging form the
rib of the spire. The sculptures have a depth thatwas lacking in the Mukteswara Temple sculptures.
The Jagamohana (porch) though demonstrating a
pyramidal structure is yet to take on as a complete
structure of its own.
The slightly projected entrance is flanked byround thick columns entwined by naga on the
left. The 18m(55 ft) vimana (tower) is clustered
by miniature towers with double crowning
elements and appears round, like the towers
of Khajuraho temples. The flat ribbed
crowning amalaka and kalasa on the tower aresurrounded by four squatting figures.
It is an epitome of elegance and grace. The sculptural images adorning its faade and
interiors are simply outstanding. Females are portrayed in different postures, like holding
the child in their arms, holding mirror in their hand, etc.
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Vaitaadeua or Baitala deuais a 9th
century Hindu temple typical Khakara
temple dedicated to Goddess Chamunda located
in Bhubaneswar, the capital city of Orissa, India.
This is also locally known as "Tini Mundia
Mandira".
Architecture
BaitaaDeuaTemples striking feature is the
shape of its sanctuary tower.
The semi-cylindrical shape of its roof is a leading
example ofKhakhara order of temples whichbears an affinity to the Dravidian Gopuram of the
South Indian temples.
Its gabbled towers with a row of Sikharas reveals
unmistakable signs of southern intrusion.
VAITALA DEULA:
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The plan of the deua is oblong and theJaga mohan is a rectangular structure, but
embedded in each angle is a small subsidiary shrine.
The outer walls are encrusted with panels of Hindu deities, mostly Shiva and his
consort Parvati in her Shakti form, hunting processions, capturing of wild elephants andthe occasional erotic couples.
The facade of the deua above the left of
theJagamohana is dominated by
twoChaitya windows the lower onehaving a beautifully carved figure of Sun
God (Surya) noted for its facial expression,
with Usha (Dawn) and Pratyusha shooting
arrows on either side and with Aruna in
front, driving a chariot of seven horses.
The medallion in the upper Chaitya window houses a 10-armed Nataraja or
dancingShiva.
In front of the flat roofedJagamohana is a stone post relieved with two Buddha like
figures seated in Dharma-Chakra-Pravartana mudra.
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