temple.pptx

7/30/2019 temple.pptx

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HISTORY OF

ARCHITECTURE

EAST & NORTH

EAST INDIA


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NORTH EASTINDIA


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The Varman dynasty ruled Kamarupa (Assam)

from 350 to 650. Pushyavarman the first

historical ruler[2] of Assam established this

dynasty in c350 AD. This dynasty is sometimes

called the Naraka or Bhauma dynasty since it

traces its lineage to the mythical Narakasura,

Bhagadatta and Vajradatta
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamarupa_(History)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varman_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narakasurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narakasurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varman_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamarupa_(History)


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Pala Empire was a Buddhist dynasty that ruled from the north-eastern region of

the Indian subcontinent. The name Pala meansprotectorand was used as an ending

to the names of all Pala monarchs. The Palas were followers of

theMahayana and Tantric schools of Buddhism. Gopala was the first ruler from the

dynasty. The empire reached its peak under Dharmapala and Devapala. Dharmapala

extended the empire into the northern parts of the Indian Subcontinent. This

triggered once again the power struggle for the control of the subcontinent. Devapala,

successor of Dharmapala, expanded the empire to cover much of South Asia and

beyond.


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The Mlechchha dynasty (c. 650 - 900) ruled Kamarupa from their capital at

Hadapeshvar in the present-day Tezpur, Assam, after the fall of the Varman dynasty.


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The Eastern Ganga dynasty reigned

from Kalinga and their rule consisted of the whole

of the modern day Indian state of Orissa as well asparts of West Bengal, Andhra

Pradesh and Chhattisgarh from the 11th century to

the early 15th century. Their capital was known by

the name Kalinganagar, which is the

modern Srimukhalingam in Srikakulam District of

Andhra Pradesh bordering Orissa. Today, they are

most remembered as the builders of the Konark

Sun Temple an UNESCO World Heritage

site at Konark, Orissa.


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EAST INDIA


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EARLY PERIOD(750-900 AD)PARASURAMESHWAR TEMPLE

VAITAL DEUL

MIDDLE PERIOD(900-1100 AD)LINGARAJA TEMPLE

JAGANNATH TEMPLE

LATER PERIOD(1100- AD)SUN TEMPLE

RAJARANI TEMPLE

NORTHERN OR INDO ARYAN STYLE


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The temples of Orissa exhibit a majestic grandeur. An Orissan temple (deul) usually

consists of a sanctum, one or several front porches (jagamohana) usually with

pyramidal roofs, a dancing hall (nata mandir) and a hall of offerings (bhog mandir).


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PARSURAMESWAR TEMPLE:Parsurameswar Temple, located in Bhubaneshwar, Orissa, India, is the best preserved

specimen of an early Hindu temple datable to the Sailodbhava period of the seventh

and eighth centuries AD and is the finest testimonial to the architectural work

of Vishwakarma Moharana sculptors.

Parsurameswar is dedicated to Lord Shiva.

It is one of the oldest temples in Orissa.

This temple, built about 650 AD, has all the main

features of the pre-10th century Orissan style of

architecture.

Such elements such as the pine spire that curves up to a point over the sanctum

housing the presiding deity, and the pyramid-covered hall where people sit and pray.

Though small in size, with its deulrising abruptly to a height of 12.80m, it is one of

the most sumptuously decorated temples of the early period. It is the only temple of

the early period with a survivingJagamohana


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The grotesque figures ofvetalas (ghosts) on the pilasters of

itsjaga mohan and on the faces of its vimana are true to their

traditional description.

The figures ofnagas(male serpant) and nagins(female serpant)

and other females show many graceful but chaste poses. Journey

on pilgrimage is the theme of many a scene on its vimana.

Among other descriptive representations on it is the hunting

scene above the central niche on south, where stag upon stag a

bow thrown in is shown in the act of running away from bowman.

On the outermost frame around the latticed window of its jaganamohana are carved

the well known delightful scenes of monkeys playing all manners of pranks.

The temple shows architectural peculiarities of the early order providing an opportunity

to study the early form of theJagamohana.

Temple has no proper plinth, faces west and comprises a Vimana andJagamohana.


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The vimana of the temple is a triratha with a distant semblance of a Pancharatha as

evident from the projecting nichesflanking the central projection.

The bada of the Vimana abruptly starts fromthe Talapatna or Pavement which consists of three

elements only instead of the usual five and encloses not

the usual cubic garbhagriha but one that is parallelopiped.

The temple is ornamented with a bas-relief of processions of horses and

elephant. Latticework covers the windows. In the temple courtyard there are more

exotic carvings of Ganesha , the elephant God, and other deities.

On a corner of the temple compound is the exotically unique "Lingam of one

thousand Lingas" shiva phallic symbol with 1,000 lingas engraved on it.

Sculptural Arrangement

The sculptures of Parasuramesvar temple have an elegance and chastness rarely to be

seen in purely Orissan style. The temple is not so elaborately carved but the sculptures

with the balanced arrangement have a charm and dignity of their own.


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KONARK SUN TEMPLE:Konark Sun Temple is a 13th century Sun Temple (also known as the Black Pagoda), at

Konark,Orissa.

The name Konark is derived from the Sanskrit word Kona (meaning angle) and word

Arka (meaning sun) in reference to the temple which was dedicated to the Sun god

Surya

It was constructed from oxidized and weathered ferruginous sandstone by King

Narsimhadeva I (1238-1250 CE) of the

Eastern Ganga Dynasty.


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The Konark temple is widely known not only for its architectural grandeur

but also for the intricacy and profusion of sculptural work.Famous as much for its imposing dimensions and faultless proportions .

The Sun temple belongs to the Kalinga school of Indian Temple Architecture.

The entire temple has been conceived

as a chariot of the sun god with 24

wheels, each about 10 feet in diameter,with a set of spokes and elaborate

carvings.. The spokes of the wheels serve

as sundials and the shadows cast by these

can give the precise time of the day .

Seven horses drag the temple.

The entrance is guarded by two giant

lions, which are each shown crushing a

war elephant. Each elephant in turn lies

on top of a human body.


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A flight of steps lead to the main entrance.

The pyramidal roof soars over 30 m (98 ft)

in height.

The temple complex also contains erotic

sculptures similar to the temple in Khajuraho .

Around the base of the temple, and up the walls and roof, are carvings in the erotic

style.

The Temple compound measures 857 ft (261 m) by 540 ft (160 m). The alignment of

the Sun Temple is on the East-West direction.

The Main Sanctum which (229 ft. high) was constructed along with theAudience Hall

(128 ft. high) having elaborate external projections.

The Main Sanctum which enshrined the presiding deity has fallen off.

At the entrance of the temple is a NataMandir. This is where the temple dancers

used to perform dances in homage to the Sun God.The NataMandir in front of the

Jagamohana is also intricately carved.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chariot_wheel_of_Konark_temple.JPG


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TheAudience Hallsurvives in its entirety, but only small portions of the Dancing Hall

(NataMandir) and the Dining Hall (Bhoga-Mandap) have survived the vagaries of time.

There are images of animals, foliage, men, warriors on horses and other interestingpatterns.

There are three images of the Sun God, positioned to catch the rays of the sun at dawn,

noon and sunset.

The large structure seen today is actually the mantapa(mandap). Of the main tower,

which once stood in the front, only the remains can be seen. This tower (deul) was

perhaps 200 feet (60 metres) tall, higher than any other temple in India.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Konark_Temple_Panorama2.jpg


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LINGARAJA TEMPLE:Lingaraja Temple is a 11th century CE Temple dedicated to Harihara, another name

for Shiva and is one of the oldest temples of Bhuvaneswar, a revered pilgrimage center

and the capital of the state of Orissa,India.

Architectural styles : Kalingan Architecture.

At 55 metres high, it dominates the landscape with 150 smaller shrines in its pacious

courtyard and is surrounded by massive walls lavishly decorated with beautiful

sculptures.

Temple complex

This temple has actually four parts:

the main temple, the YajnaShala,the BhogaMandap and finally the

NatyaShala.

This temple has images of both Shiva

and Vishnu.

Vishnu is actually present as Sila.

The Shiva idols surround the Vishnu idol.


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Even the temple on the top has neither Shiva's Trishula nor Vishnu's Chakram.

It has only Rama's arrow symbol, probably because Rama was a worshipper of Shiva.

The 'nata mandapa' (dance hall) and 'bhoga mandapa' (offering hall) were later addedto the temple.

This temple was built at a time when the Jagannath cult was at its peak. By the time

Ligaraja temple was built, the Jagannath cult has gained immense popularity all over

India.

This is exemplified by the fact,

that Swayambhu Linga half

vishnu, half shiva, is the presiding

diety here.

There is an element of harmonywithin religion here as is evident

by the presence of all Hindu gods

and goddesses.


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A sculpture from one of

the Shikara.

Temple

dome

One of the noticeable features of the Lingaraj temple is its degrading architectural

beauty, as one retreats from the deul (the Sanctum Sanctorum), away towards the

bhogamandir (the hall of offerings).

This is so, because the Lingaraja temple was built by the rulers of three dynasties,

over a huge span of time.

The deul was built by the prosperous Kesari dyanasty. The Muslim invasion, after

that, left the Ganga dynasty in a position, that they built the bhogamandir at the

cost of its architectural beauty.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lingaraj_Temple,_Bhubaneswar_(4)_-_Oct_2010.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lingaraj_Temple,_Bhubaneswar_(3)_-_Oct_2010.jpg


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The Jagannath Temple in Puri is a

famous Hindu temple dedicated to

Jagannath and located in the coastaltown of Puri in the state of Orissa,

India. The nameJagannath (Lord of the

Universe) is a combination of the

Sanskrit wordsJagat(Universe) and

Nath (Lord of).

History: The temple was

originally built by the Kalinga

ruler Anantavarman Chodaganga (1078

- 1148 CE).

Much of the present structure was built by King Ananga Bhima Deva in the year

1174 CE. It took 14 years to complete and was consecrated in 1198 CE. It is believed

that the image of Jagannath was buried thrice in the Chilka lake for protection from

invaders.

Established in the 12th century, the temple is dedicated to Lord Jagannath (Lord

Krishna), Lord of the Universe.

JAGANNATH TEMPLE:


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The Temple: The walls are embellished with exquisite carvings. The pillars that

provide support to the temple are adorned with pictures depicting the life of Lord

Krishna.

The vast temple complex occupies an area of over 400000 square feet, and is

bounded by a 20 feet high fortified wall. This complex contains about 120 temples and

shrines. The shikhara of the Jagannath temple towers to a height of 192 feet.

Structurally the temple has four chambers. The outermost is the Bhogmandir, the

next is the Nata-mandir pillared hall for music and dance, the next is the Jagamohana -or the mandapa where devotees gather for worship and the last is the sanctum or

the Deul enshrining the deities.


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Rajarani Temple is an 11th century Hindu

temple dedicated to Lord Siva located in Bhubaneswar,

the capital city of Orissa, India.

Originally it was known as Indreswara and serves as

a shrine to Shiva. It is known as 'love temple,covered

with coyly erotic carvings of women and couples. The

temple is aesthetically endearing with its graceful

sculptures.

It is made from the wonderful red and gold

sandstone, which is locally known as Rajarani and this

is what gives the temple its name of 'Raja Rani'.

Another attraction of this temple is the carvings of

the eight dikpalas (temple guards), who protect the

temple from the different directions. They are Indra

(east) the head of the demigods, Agni (southeast) god

of fire, Yamaraja (south) god of death, Nirritti

(southwest), Varuna (west) god of water, Vayu

(northwest) god of air, Kubera (north) god of wealth,

and Isana (northeast).

RAJARANI TEMPLE:


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Rajarani Temple stands on a raised platform. Its

spire is decorated with clusters of turrets

(replication of the spire itself) emerging form the

rib of the spire. The sculptures have a depth thatwas lacking in the Mukteswara Temple sculptures.

The Jagamohana (porch) though demonstrating a

pyramidal structure is yet to take on as a complete

structure of its own.

The slightly projected entrance is flanked byround thick columns entwined by naga on the

left. The 18m(55 ft) vimana (tower) is clustered

by miniature towers with double crowning

elements and appears round, like the towers

of Khajuraho temples. The flat ribbed

crowning amalaka and kalasa on the tower aresurrounded by four squatting figures.

It is an epitome of elegance and grace. The sculptural images adorning its faade and

interiors are simply outstanding. Females are portrayed in different postures, like holding

the child in their arms, holding mirror in their hand, etc.


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Vaitaadeua or Baitala deuais a 9th

century Hindu temple typical Khakara

temple dedicated to Goddess Chamunda located

in Bhubaneswar, the capital city of Orissa, India.

This is also locally known as "Tini Mundia

Mandira".

Architecture

BaitaaDeuaTemples striking feature is the

shape of its sanctuary tower.

The semi-cylindrical shape of its roof is a leading

example ofKhakhara order of temples whichbears an affinity to the Dravidian Gopuram of the

South Indian temples.

Its gabbled towers with a row of Sikharas reveals

unmistakable signs of southern intrusion.

VAITALA DEULA:


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The plan of the deua is oblong and theJaga mohan is a rectangular structure, but

embedded in each angle is a small subsidiary shrine.

The outer walls are encrusted with panels of Hindu deities, mostly Shiva and his

consort Parvati in her Shakti form, hunting processions, capturing of wild elephants andthe occasional erotic couples.

The facade of the deua above the left of

theJagamohana is dominated by

twoChaitya windows the lower onehaving a beautifully carved figure of Sun

God (Surya) noted for its facial expression,

with Usha (Dawn) and Pratyusha shooting

arrows on either side and with Aruna in

front, driving a chariot of seven horses.

The medallion in the upper Chaitya window houses a 10-armed Nataraja or

dancingShiva.

In front of the flat roofedJagamohana is a stone post relieved with two Buddha like

figures seated in Dharma-Chakra-Pravartana mudra.


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