View
2
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
T.C.
ERCIYES UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF VETERINARY
MEDICINE
BIOSAFETY GUIDELINES
Kayseri
2021
GENERAL BIOSAFETY RULES AND DEFINITIONS
1. General Biosafety Principles and Instructions to Be Followed in Erciyes University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Although the international definition of the concept of biosafety in the field of veterinary
medicine and animal health is quite wide, biosafety is defined by the World Organization for
Animal Health (OIE) as "the transmission and spread of disease agents that must be taken and
applied by humans, including domestic animals, exotic and wild poultry, and products of these
animals measures to reduce risks”.
Prevention of Infection and Control Approaches in Veterinary Faculties Biosecurity, infection prevention and control, biosafety are essential functions in healthcare and
research organizations and animal hospitals. Good Infection Prevention and Control Practices
(IEPC) are not the only traits that define excellence in veterinary practice and patient care.
However, it is impossible to achieve excellent patient care without applying scientific
procedures for infection control in a logical order. The procedures used in veterinary faculties
aim to reduce the risk of all nosocomial and zoonotic diseases. In this context, biosecurity,
infection prevention and control procedures applied in veterinary faculties have been specially
adapted for infectious disease threats.
Aims of the Biosafety Program Implemented in The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
I. Protecting hospital staff, students and patients from exposure to zoonotic pathogens,
II. Creating an environment in which patient care can be optimized by minimizing the risk of
hospital infection,
III. To establish appropriate infection prevention and control, to monitor continuously with
disease surveillance programs, to increase the educational experience of students on biosafety and
infection control, and to gain a biosafety culture in this way,
IV. To transfer necessary knowledge and experience to patient owners and the public regarding
the control and prevention of infectious diseases in animals and humans,
V. To ensure the continuity of education and hospital services provided in veterinary faculties.
Prevention of Infection and Control Principles
The following principles will guide the development of all the procedures described in
this document. These measures aim to help prevent disease transmission from staff to patient,
between patients, patient to staff and/or staff.
• Provide An Optimized Hygiene Environment: Maintaining optimized hygiene in the
environment through the use of standard precautions, including sanitation and hand washing,
appropriate clothing and barrier protection, minimal unnecessary contact with patients, proper
disposal of infectious materials, and proper cleaning and disinfection.
• Prevention Of the Contagion Cycle: Effective use of hygiene protocols; An
understanding of disease transmission routes will break transmission cycles through the
application of barriers to direct and indirect pathogen transmission. This approach will regulate
the mobility of people (staff, students and visitors) and sick animals in the veterinary faculty.
• Improving Infection Protection and Control Processes: Improvement of infection
prevention and control procedures should be achieved through surveillance and other
investigative procedures.
• Strengthening of Education and Awareness Processes: Raising awareness of hospital-
based and zoonotic risks through training on infection control guidelines and procedures.
Duties of Faculty Biosafety Commission
Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Commission Was Established With The Decision of The Faculty Administrative Board Dated By …..
The Biosafety Commission has an advisory capacity aimed at biosafety within the
framework of its teaching activities (clinics, practical activities and tutorials); Advises the
Veterinary School management on the adoption of biosafety procedures and the handling
of infrastructures containing live or dead animals, animal products and biological
specimens. Within the framework of its teaching activities, the Commission defines and
implements procedures for the assessment and management of biological risks, the
assessment of compliance with biosafety guidelines, and the monitoring of antibiotic
resistance (AMR).
Duties of Faculty Biosafety Commission;
a. Updating the biosafety guides and website, ensuring that regulations are made
regarding infectious diseases, especially in accordance with the new legislation, and
managing the necessary training and information processes in cooperation with the
Faculty Occupational Health and Safety unit.
b. Implementation of a biosafety training program for all staff and students in the
faculty.
c. Evaluation (strategic plan) of the human and logistical means required to achieve
the above-mentioned objectives in collaboration with the Relevant Departments.
d. Elaboration of crisis scenarios.
Members of the Biosafety Commission
The members of the Biosafety Commission are determined by the Faculty Administrative Board
with a 2-year assignment. The chairman of the commission is determined by the members of
the commission for a period of two years. There is one member from each department in the
Biosafety Commission.
Gathering of the Biosafety Commission The Biosafety Commission meets at least three times a year. When deemed necessary, it also
organizes meetings in addition to the planned calendar. Decisions taken by the biosafety
commission are reported and presented to the faculty dean.
Definitions: Antiseptic: Chemical substance or substances that are not harmful to animals, that can be applied to
epithelial surfaces, that cause destruction of microorganisms or inhibit their growth or
proliferation.
Preventive Maintenance Precautions: They are materials used to prevent cross-contamination of patients and their caregivers and
students' bodies, their daily clothes and shoes, as well as to prevent the spread of hospital-
acquired infections to other sick animals. Protective equipment to be used for preventive care
measures is used in all isolation areas (class 4) and for patients with special needs (class 3).
Class 3 and 4 diseases usually present with symptoms such as high fever, diarrhea, vomiting
and stagnation. Some parameters that reveal the clinical status of animals are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Parameters used to determine clinical status
Species Fever
(rectal temperature)
leukopenia
(cell X 103/ml)
neutropenia
(cell X 103/ml)
Cow >39,5 °C <5,0 <0,6
Dog >39,5 °C <6,0 <3,0
Goat >40,5 °C <4,0 <1,2
Horse >38,5 °C <4,0 <2.5
Cat >39,5 °C <5,0 <2,0
Camel >39,5 °C <7.5 <4,6
Sheep >40,0 °C <4,0 <0,7
Contagious Disease: A disease capable of being transmitted from one animal to another.
Disinfectant: Surgical materials, floors, tables and care unit equipment are chemical
substances that kill microorganisms on inanimate surfaces or prevent their growth.
Disinfection: It is the process used to bring the number of microorganisms to a level that
is harmless to health.
Hospital attire: Clothes, shoes, boots, gowns, etc., worn only while working in the
hospital or in the field.
Multidrug resistance: Bacteria have the ability to multiply in the presence of various
antibiotics. Emerging or existing antimicrobial drug resistance in bacteria can reduce or
eliminate the effectiveness of drugs, chemicals, or other substances produced to prevent
infections. While antibiotics can kill bacteria, they can also be toxic to some animals.
Bacteria that can show multidrug resistance include Salmonella enterica, Methicillin-
resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci.
Nosocomial infection: A local or systemic disease state caused by infectious agents or
toxins that did not exist when the patient was brought to the hospital but acquired during
his stay in the hospital.
Personal protective equipment: Equipment used by personnel to prevent exposure to
a toxic chemical, against a microorganism or disease, or to prevent exposure to a toxic
chemical against microorganisms or their infections. Examples of personal protective
equipment are caps, safety glasses, gloves, aprons, masks, examination glasses, overalls
and shoe covers.
Sanitizer: Chemicals that reduce the number of microorganisms to a safe level, but do not
eliminate all microorganisms.
Sterilization: It is the application that removes all microorganisms, including bacterial
spores, from an inanimate object.
Subclinical infection: A disease that is formed in the body by microorganisms but does
not show any signs or symptoms. Subclinical infection may also be an early stage of an
infectious disease or a very mild form in which the symptoms are not clearly observed.
Staff: Describes all people working in veterinary school. Workers, students, visitors,
academics, volunteer workers, etc.
Zoonosis: The term used for diseases that can be transmitted from vertebrates to
humans, from humans to vertebrates.
1.1. Classification of Risk Categories
The classification of microorganisms is gradually divided into four main classes, considering
the economic effects as well as public health and animal health, including the legal regulations
regulating the use of genetically modified organisms in humans, animals and plants.
Risk Class 1: These are the factors that are not likely to be transmitted to the environment and
other animals and do not carry the risk of infection in humans. This class includes opportunistic
pathogens and allergens whose harmlessness has been determined.
Risk Class 2: Factors that can cause disease in animals, can be found naturally in animals, have
limited geographical spread, have little or no cross-species transmission, have limited
importance in veterinary medicine and economics, and effective prophylaxis and treatment
methods are known.
Risk Class 3: Pathogenic microorganisms that can cause serious diseases or epidemics in
animals. They can cause disease in different animal and living species. Some of these pathogens
are agents that are included in the classification of notifiable diseases by the relevant public
health and animal health authorities. These factors have effective prophylaxis and treatment
methods.
Risk Class 4: Pathogenic microorganisms that have a very high morbidity and mortality rate in
animals and can cause serious economic losses in the affected areas and cause serious epidemics
and/or pandemics. In addition, these pathogens can cause epidemics with emerging (emerging)
and/or reemerging characteristics. Unfortunately, prophylactic products that can be used
successfully against some of these factors are not available. Prophylaxis of these pathogens is
possible only with the provision and application of special hygienic conditions (quarantine,
isolation).
Table 1. Examples of microorganisms according to risk classes in humans and animals
Risk Class 2 Risk Class 3 Risk Class 4 Pathogen Human Animal Human Animal Human Animal Bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi X X
Clostridium perfringens X X
Brucella abortus X X
Yersinia pestis X X
Fungus Aspergillus fumigatus X X
Candida albicans X X
Coccidioides immitis X X
Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum
X X
Parasite Fasciola hepatica X X
Toxocara canis X X
Leishmania brasiliensis X X
Taenia solium X X
Virus Feline calicivirus X
Equine infectious anaemia virus X
Rabies virus X X
Venezuelan equine encephalitis X X
Foot-and-mouth disease X Classical swine fever X
Table 2. Classification of risk categories in Animal Hospital
Class 1: Normal Maintenance Conditions Infectious diseases caused by pathogens that are unlikely to be transmitted to other animals and have no potential for human infection.
Class 2: Normal Maintenance Conditions Infectious diseases caused by low-level transmitted pathogens and include non-resistant bacterial infections Class 3: Situations Requiring the Application of Personal Protective Measures In this category, infections are divided into two subclasses. Subclass A: Bacteria with multidrug resistance. They are infections caused by bacteria that have been determined by laboratory analysis to be highly resistant to antibacterials. Subclass B: Infectious infections that are moderately contagious, are both contagious and zoonotic, or have the potential to acquire a zoonotic character. Class 4: Situations Requiring Isolation Infectious diseases with high risk of transmission and serious illness in humans and animals
1.2. General rules
1.2.1. Hand hygiene
Hand hygiene alone is a very important individual measure that reduces the risks of
transmission of microorganisms. Handwashing is very important for the quality and
sustainability of biosecurity. In order for hand cleaning to be effective, hospital staff and
students who come into contact with animals should always keep their nails short and wear
hand jewelry at a minimum.
Hands must be washed in the following cases;
• Before and after each patient contact
• After contact with blood, body fluids, exudates and contaminated materials, with or without
gloves
• Immediately after gloves are removed
• Before each different application to avoid cross-contamination after contact with different
parts of the same patient's body
• After contact with laboratory samples or cultures
• After cleaning animal cages and paddocks
• Meals, breaks, smoking breaks and before leaving work at the end of the day
• Before and after using the toilet
Recommended technique for hand washing
• Hands and wrists up to the elbow are washed with warm water.
• At least 3-5 ml (1-2 pumps) of liquid soap is taken into the palm of the hand.
• Soap is foamed and every part of the hand is thoroughly rubbed for 30 seconds and washed.
• Washing is done with warm water until all soap residues are removed.
• Hands are dried with paper towels or air.
• If it is not possible to wash hands, precautions can be taken with alcohol wet wipes or hand
disinfectants until soap and water are available.
Recommended method for using hand sanitizer
• Take an amount the size of your thumb nail into your palm,
• Disinfectant is rubbed between the fingers of both hands and then the same process is applied
to the back of the hand.
• Hands are rubbed tightly until dry, never washed or dried.
• Faculty/hospital staff and students who come into contact with the patient, or anyone who
comes into contact with biological materials should have short nails and not have jewelery on
their hands.
1.2.2. Protective measures
Protective measures should be appropriate to the procedures performed and the route of
exposure. Cleaning of cages or barns, etc., in working with infected tissues or body fluids, in
animals treated under cage or barn conditions. In such cases, protective measures should be
taken.
• Gloves and protective clothing (bonnet, safety glasses, mask, apron, overalls, shoe covers or
boots, etc.) should be used in contact with patients known or suspected to be infectious or
zoonotic (category 3 or 4).
• Gloves, surgical masks and safety glasses should be used in cases where droplets are formed
and blood and other body fluids are likely to splash.
• Worn and torn gloves should be replaced immediately.
• Washable boots, shoes or shoe covers should be used to prevent the spread of infectious
agents.
• Protective equipment such as face mask or respiratory mask can be used when deemed
necessary.
1.2.3. Standard attire
• It has been proposed to standardize on the clothes that can be worn inside the hospital in order
to facilitate the management of the employees within the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in
terms of professionalism and job description and to support biosecurity studies.
• Blue for veterinarians and technicians in surgical units,
• Green for veterinarians and research assistants in consultation and hospitalization
• Students; At the Cat Dog Clinic (white top and pants),
• Green clinic uniforms in Equine and Livestock Clinics,
• Students wear white lab coats in pathology and anatomy laboratories,
• In the isolation parts; yellow lab coat or disposable aprons.
• Using the clothes used in the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine only in relevant places is the
most important precaution to prevent animal and human pathogens from reaching the home
environment.
• All staff and students working with or in those settings should be encouraged to wear these
clothes and should not be allowed to wear them elsewhere.
• All staff and students are required to wear shoes and aprons, especially in Equine and Farm
Animal Clinics.
• All staff and students who deal with the patient or are in the environment should wear boots
in the Equine and Farm Animals Clinics, and closed shoes suitable for disinfection in the Cat
and Dog Clinic. Shoes and boots should be washed and free of contamination. Footwear from
Equine and Farm Animal Clinics should not be used in the Cat and Dog Clinic.
• It should be ensured that long-haired personnel and students collect their hair so that it does
not come forward and wear bonnets to cover the hair.
• A set of spare protective aprons should always be available for students and staff.
• Students must wear clean clothes during each rotation.
• Staff and students in both Cat and Dog and Equine and Farm Animal Clinics must have
appropriate attire when entering different areas of the hospital.
• Hospital special clothes should be displayed with posters in the relevant parts of the hospital.
1.2.4. Patient care
1.2.4.1. Patient hygiene
• Following the admission of sick animals (non-infected/infected) in accordance with triage
principles, they should be kept in special conditions. It is important to keep non-infected
patients in clean cages or shelters as much as possible, to ensure basic hygiene (an environment
with non-contact surface hygiene, if possible) and to reduce infections. Infected patients should
be treated in biosafety environments required by classes 3 and 4.
• Feed and water buckets or feeders should be clean and changed regularly.
• In the shelters, feces and urine should be cleaned regularly and the floor should be washed.
• The random presence of materials such as medicines or cleaning materials in the shelter and
its surroundings, litter material outside the cage and paddock should not be laid or left randomly
outside the designated storage area. There should be no bench or chair-like materials that will
create seating areas for students and staff in the shelter. Students and staff should leave the
materials they use neat and clean.
1.2.4.2. Avoiding unnecessary contact with patients
• Diagnosis, treatment and care services of sick animals and education-training activities in the
clinics of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine bring along the possibility of transmission of
infectious and zoonotic agents.
• In order to minimize the risk of exposure of staff and students to nosocomial agents, contact
with sick animals should be minimized.
• Trainer clinicians may prudently allow and encourage students' contact with animals for
educational purposes. If there is contact with more than one animal for educational purposes, it
should be ensured that the hands are washed while passing between the animals and the
materials used such as stethoscope and thermometer should be disinfected with alcohol or hand
disinfectant.
• Contact with sick animals known or suspected to be infected with infectious agents should be
limited to relevant personnel only. Contact of students and unrelated personnel with these
patients should be prevented.
• To the extent possible, sick animals can also be monitored with cameras without physical
contact.
• In order to prevent the transmission of infectious agents, the transition of staff and students
between different departments should be minimized.
• Staff and students should not enter the shelters unnecessarily, and should be trained and made
aware of randomly walking around the shelters, touching and petting animals.
1.2.5. Food and drinks
• Food and drink should not be consumed or stored in areas where animals are examined, treated
or kept.
• Staff and students should also be prohibited from eating and drinking in places where
biological material is touched or where drugs or other biological materials are stored,
registration reception areas, corridors, surgical laboratories, examination rooms or waiting
areas.
• Students and staff can only consume food and beverages outside the faculty canteen or
cafeteria, the kitchens of the departments, the rooms of technicians and clinicians, and the
clinical departments;
• Animals, biological materials and drugs should never be allowed in these areas where eating
and drinking is allowed.
• Food and drink should not be allowed in any refrigerator or freezer where biological samples
or drugs are stored.
1.2.6. Medicines
1.2.6.1. Pharmacy, Supply, Storage and Distribution
• Medicines should be stored in a pharmacy environment with constant room temperature and
humidity, clean and special conditions. Medicines should be stored in a dark environment under
conditions that will not be affected by the ambient temperature.
• Medicines should be arranged in accordance with the principles and rules required by
pharmacy science, under the responsibility of a Pharmacist, alphabetically or considering other
ingredient classifications.
• Opened drugs should be stored in a separate room or cupboard with their covers closed.
• Medicine storage areas should be in places where people, children and animals cannot reach
easily.
• Opiate narcotics, ketamine, and euthanasia drugs should be stored in more secure cabinets or
locations and have locked or encrypted access, accessible only by clinicians.
1.2.6.2. Expiration date
• The date of opening or sterility of all drugs, including liquid ones, should be written on with a
water-resistant pen and preserved.
• Medicines that have passed more than 24 hours since they were opened and medicines that have
passed their expiration date should be duly destroyed and never used.
1.2.6.3. Preparation of drugs
• Preparation of drugs should be done by clinicians or technicians in line with their directives.
While preparing drugs, they must be protected from contamination and contamination with
other drugs. The rubber stoppers of the bottles of parenteral drugs should be wiped with alcohol
before being punctured with a needle. In drug applications, separate needles and injectors
should be used for each drug and each animal.
• New and sterile needles should be used for injections.
• Toxic and dangerous drugs should be prepared under safety precautions, without the
participation of people who may have safety problems. During the preparation of these drugs,
personal protective equipment such as gloves, protective glasses and masks should be worn,
and when necessary, the drugs should be prepared in a fume hood.
• Immediately after the drugs are prepared and used, they should be processed into the patient
information forms in the automation system.
• Some drugs (eg sodium penicillin, ampicillin) that cannot maintain their stability for a long
time after preparation should not be prepared beforehand, they should be prepared when they
are to be used, and the rest should not be stored.
• Medicines that will not be used immediately after preparation should be kept by writing the
name, preparation date and time with a water-proof pen after being drawn into the syringe.
• Expired drugs should be disposed of in special waste bags.
1.2.7. Cleaning general considerations
• Sharp and penetrating wastes should be disposed of in special sharps waste bins.
• Before washing, all materials in the pockets of the aprons should be removed.
• Personal materials should not be washed in the laundry room.
1.2.8. Removal of waste
• Required waste bins for different types of waste should be available in all units of the Faculty
of Veterinary Animal Hospital.
• Necessary precautions should be taken to prevent injuries with sharp and piercing tools such as
needles and scalpels. In order to prevent needle injuries, employees and students should be told
to throw the needles in the sharps waste box after the application without putting them back in
their protective covers, and the necessary warning signs in this regard should be hung in the
clinical environment. Training should be provided on the proper removal of scalpels from the
scalpel handles and their direct disposal into the sharps waste box. Necessary precautions
should be taken to prevent injuries caused by other cutting tools. To prevent injury from
needles, staff and students should stay away from containerized needles, intentionally bent-
broken needles, or discarded disposable syringes. Tear-resistant containers should be used for
disposal of cutting materials.
• Sharp and piercing tools should never be thrown into medical or household waste bags.
• Three types of waste bags should be kept in the animal hospital and veterinary faculty
laboratories. Only medical wastes should be placed in red colored bags that are marked as
medical waste. Only household waste should be disposed of in black colored bags, which are
printed as domestic waste. On the other hand, recyclable -not contaminated- glass, plastic and
paper wastes should be thrown into yellow colored bags that are printed on as recycling waste.
Hospital waste from animals with suspected zoonotic or highly infectious agents should be
disposed of in medical waste bags. In addition, the urine, blood, etc. body fluids of sick animals
treated in the infectious unit should be collected in separate waste bins without being given to
the network, and they should be removed by the medical waste process.
• All wastes from the isolation unit should be disposed of in medical waste bags.
• Materials suspected of infectious diseases to be sent to the laboratory for diagnosis should be
placed in sealed sample bags and sent to the diagnostic laboratory by writing the necessary
information.
• While the samples are placed in the bag , contamination to the outer parts should be avoided.
• Bandaging of wounds known or suspected to be infected with infectious agents should be
performed in areas where human and animal movement is minimal. During the dressing of these
wounds, personal protective equipment such as gloves, apron and mask should be worn and
necessary precautions should be taken to prevent the liquids that may gush out of the wound
area from contaminating the environment.
• Biological samples or parts of dead animals (hair, feet, skeleton, etc.) should not be taken out
of the hospital except for medical purposes and disposal.
1.3. Cleaning and Disinfection
• At least 10-15 minutes is required.
• The action spectrum of disinfectants is quite different. Usually Cryptosporidum spp. like
protozoa, bacterial spores, mycobacteria and non-membrane viruses are very resistant to
disinfection.
• While some disinfectants are used for short-term decomtamination activity, some
disinfectants may stay in the areas they are applied for longer. In order for the disinfectant to
be used to be effective, it is important to remove the residues of the previous disinfectant.
1.3.1. General cleaning and disinfection protocol
• When using disinfectant, appropriate clothing should be worn and personal protective
equipment such as masks, face-protecting materials and boots should be used.
• Visible dirt must be removed before starting the disinfection process. If washing will be done
using a hose and pressurized water, precautions should be taken to prevent splashes and aerosol
contamination of possible infectious agents.
• Primarily brushing or mechanical cleaning of dirty/contaminated areas and washing with
water and detergent ensures removal of the film layer and dirt residues that prevent disinfection
processes.
• Since detergents reduce and eliminate the effectiveness of some disinfectants, rinsing should
be done after cleaning with detergent.
• In order not to dilute the disinfectants, the remaining liquids after cleaning should be removed
and dried.
• During disinfection, the relevant area is wetted with disinfectants and the disinfectant is
allowed to come into contact with the surface for 15 minutes.
• At the end of the period, the excess disinfectant is removed by using materials such as water,
paper towels, mops or squeegees.
• After disinfection, disinfectants should be rinsed and allowed to dry before a new patient is
placed in the paddock and cages.
• Areas (examination rooms, tables, etc.) where intensively used animal examinations and
treatments are carried out should be cleaned and disinfected by staff and students immediately
after use.
• During cleaning and disinfection processes, contact of damaged skin and/or mucous
membranes with infected materials should be avoided.
• Personal protective equipment used during disinfection should be removed after the procedure
and hands should be washed.
• Non-routine disinfection operations should only be carried out by trained personnel using the
necessary special clothing.
1.3.2. Disinfectants
• Different detergents and disinfectants can be used to prevent the contamination of infectious
agents.
• Disinfectants have different poisoning and irritation potentials for humans and animals. While
alcohol, povidone iodine and chlorhexidine solutions are used in cases requiring contact with
skin and other tissues, other cleaning and disinfectant agents such as hypochlorite, vircone,
phenols, quaternary ammonium compounds can be used for equipment and surface disinfection.
• While disinfectants can provide the expected effects when applied to clean and smooth
surfaces, they cannot be disinfected with ordinary methods on wooden materials and dirty
surfaces. It is not possible to disinfect smooth surfaces that are dirty, oily, biofilmy and contain
biological materials.
1.3.3. Foot baths/mats
• Infectious agents can be found on the floors of environments with infected animals. Foot baths
should be used to prevent contamination from these areas.
• Foot baths are changed every morning by students, technicians or veterinarians.
• When foot baths or mats become dirty, they should be changed without waiting for the next
day.
• When disinfectants in footbaths or mats are low or dry, they should be refilled.
• Slopes or practices should be made to encourage staff and students to use foot baths and mats.
• Foot mats do not need to be embedded in the entire foot, they are produced with the aim of
disinfecting only the soles and edges of the shoes.
1.3.4. Disinfection protocol for tools and equipment
• All tools and equipment in the Veterinary Faculty Animal Hospital should be cleaned and
disinfected before being placed in storage areas to reduce the risk of contagious disease agents.
Cleaning and disinfection of equipment used in Equine, Farm Animals and Cat and Dog Clinics
will be explained in the relevant sections.
Thermometers
• Glass thermometer should not be used in the animal hospital due to the risk of breakage and
related injury as well as exposure to mercury.
• Electronic thermometers are used as thermometers, and the bunker should be disinfected daily
with alcohol and/or chlorhexidine wipes.
• Plastic thermometers can be disinfected by regularly immersing them in disinfectant solutions.
• Thermometer probes used in situations such as anesthesia where continuous body temperature
measurement is required should be wiped to prevent contamination, and disinfected with
alcohol/chlorhexidine solutions after removal of fecal material.
• In high-risk patients (Class 3 and 4), individual thermometers are cleaned and disinfected after
use.
• Thermometers should be cleaned and disinfected immediately after patient examination.
Endoscopes
• Endoscopes should be cleaned and disinfected by personnel trained in cleaning.
Stethoscopes
• Stethoscopes should be cleaned regularly using soap and water and disinfected with alcohol
or hand sanitizer.
• In high-risk patients (Class 4), individual stethoscopes are used and cleaned and disinfected
after use.
• Stethoscopes should be cleaned and disinfected immediately after examination of a
contaminated or suspected patient (Classes 3 and 4).
1.3.5. Detergents and disinfectants approved for use in veterinary school
• Detergents and disinfectants approved for use in the veterinary faculty were selected from
among the substances approved by international organizations.
• Various lists are presented for Veterinary Faculties.
• Used in veterinary hygiene
• Used in contact with food
• Used in public health
Table 3. Basic detergents and disinfectants used in veterinary medicine
Disinfectant and its dilutions Effects on Organic Material
Effect Spectrum Suggestions
chlorhexidine
It is used as a disinfectant on matters that come into contact with the skin or mucous membranes.
Dilution: 0.06%
Soak barrels: 0.05%
Contact time: at least 15 min
Quick Reducing Mycoplasmas: Very effective
Mycobacteria: Variable
Gram (+): Very effective
Gram (-): Very effective
Pseudomonas: Limited effect
Rickettsia: Limited potency
Inv. viruses: limited effectiveness
Chlamydia: limited effect
Non-Inv. Viruses: Ineffective
Fungal spores: Limited effectiveness
Bacterial spores: Ineffective
Cryptosporidia: Ineffective
Prions: Ineffective
It has a broad spectrum of action against bacteria and is not effective against viruses.
It is used for disinfection of materials that come into close contact with the patient (padan, endoscope probes, etc.).
It is easily inactivated by soaps and detergents.
It has low toxicity: It does not cause irritation at recommended dilutions.
Its bactericidal activity in the skin is faster than many other compounds such as iodophors.
The residual effect on the skin decreases with the regrowth of the skin.
Only limited pH (5-7) works.
It is toxic to fish and should not be thrown into the environment.
povidone iodine
Used for skin decontamination and disinfection (eg surgical preparation)
RATE
Quick Reducer Mycoplasmas: Very effective
Mycobacteria: Limited activity
Gram (+): Effective
Gram (-): Effective
Pseudomonas: Effective
Rickettsia: Effective
Inv. viruses: effective
Chlamydia: Effective
Non-Inv. Viruses: Limited Effectiveness
Fungal spores: Effective
Bacterial spores: Effective
Cryptosporidia: Not effective
Prions: Not effective
Mycoplasmas: Very effective
Mycobacteria: Effective
Broad spectrum of action
Very low toxicity; Suitable for tissue and biological materials such as skin and mucous membranes when properly diluted. Dilution of iodophors increases free iodine concentration and antimicrobial activity. Staining of tissues and plastics may occur. It is stable during storage. It is inactivated by organic dirt. Requires frequent application. It is abrasive.
Gram (+): Very effective
Gram (-): Very effective
Pseudomonas: Effective
Rickettsia: Limited potency
Inv. viruses: effective
Chlamydia: Limited effect
Non-Inv. viruses: ineffective
Fungal spores: Limited effectiveness
Bacterial spores: Ineffective
Cryptosporidia: Ineffective
Prions: Ineffective
Alcohol (90% isopropanol or 70% denatured ethanol)
Disinfectant (padans, equipment, hand sanitizers) for staff, students and those in close contact with patients
reducer Mycobacteria: Limited activity
Broad spectrum of action
It has very low toxicity.
Appropriately diluted solutions are suitable for use on materials that come into contact with tissues or skin and mucous membranes.
There is no residue problem on the contact surfaces.
Fast acting
Fast volatile
It is flammable.
Sodium hypochlorite
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Oxidizing agents: Hydrogen Peroxide
Phenols
1.3.6. Breaking the Contagion Cycle
General rules
• Smoking is prohibited in the workplaces.
• Dogs must be on a leash in the faculty.
• University personnel should be prevented from keeping pet animals in the faculty except for
medical purposes.
1.3.7. Visitors at veterinary faculties
• Animal hospitals play an important role in enabling people to have information about the role
of veterinarians for public health. However, while there may be a risk that visitors may be
exposed to infectious agents during their stay in the hospital, there is also the possibility of
mediating the spread of infectious agents within the clinic.
• Visitors should not be allowed to wander around the faculty or hospital environment on their
own. They should not be allowed to come into contact with animals other than their own
patients. Group visits to the hospital and faculty should be coordinated by faculty officials and
toured by trained personnel.
• Visitors should never be allowed to enter any isolation unit.
• Faculty staff should inform visitors about the danger of zoonosis and nosocomial disease
associated with hospitalized animals.
• Normal visitors should not be allowed to enter anesthesia rooms, emergency departments and
surgical units.
• Visiting scientists or veterinarians may be allowed inside the hospital with the permission and
knowledge of the hospital management and biosecurity officer.
• Visitors should not be allowed to gather in the care areas.
• Visitors should not be allowed to eat, drink and smoke inside the hospital.
• Visitors should not be allowed to bring pets, such as cats and dogs, other than sick animals.
1.3.8. Patient owners in the faculty
• Patient owners can enter waiting rooms, restrooms, library and cafeterias on their own.
• Patient owners cannot enter laboratories, classrooms and areas that may be considered risky
where animals or biological materials may be found.
• The biosafety officer may limit their access to treatment areas at risk of zoonotic and
nosocomial infections. In addition, clinicians may remove the patient owners from the relevant
area, if they deem necessary, for reasons such as not disrupting their work during the treatment
and safety.
• In areas where patients are first examined, the patient's owner may be present, but they should
be prevented from entering the treatment and patient care departments. In addition, patient
owners should be informed that contact with other animals is prohibited.
• Patient owners should not be allowed to visit their animals in the isolation unit. Permits can
only be granted in special circumstances such as euthanasia and agony.
• It should be ensured that the patient owners use the necessary personal protective equipment
during their visits.
• Visiting hours are determined by the hospital management in line with the approval of the
physician.
• Faculty staff and students responsible for patient treatment should inform the owners of the
danger of zoonosis and nosocomial diseases.
1.3.9. Kids in faculty
• There may be risks related to safety and health around the hospital. Therefore, it is
unacceptable for children to become ill or harmed.
• If there are risks of zoonotic diseases, biosecurity personnel may close the entrance to the
patient treatment areas, and children under the age of 18 may be removed from the hospital
environment, upon the recommendation of the clinicians, in order to ensure the safety of the
environment or the working environment.
• Children of hospital staff (also for students' children) under the age of 18 are not allowed to
be in the hospital, only under the supervision of an adult.
• Children visiting the faculty must be under the supervision of an adult at all times in the
faculty.
• All visitors should be prohibited from touching any animal except their own. This is
particularly important for children's risks of zoonotic disease and physical injury.
1.3.10. Presence of pet animals in the faculty
• Due to the significant safety and health risks associated with the presence of non-sick animals
in the hospital environment, faculty policies should not allow animals other than sick animals
to be in the clinics.
• Only animals that come to the faculty for illness or blood donation, research projects and
educational purposes are allowed. However, contact between healthy and sick animals should
be avoided and they should be kept in separate compartments.
• Staff and students must comply with hospital rules in their contact with animals and their
administration.
• Pets are not allowed in staff offices, classrooms or canteens unless for educational purposes.
1.3.11. Disease transmission routes
• Many disease agents can survive for long periods in the air, on surfaces and in organic
materials.
• Disease agents; They can be transmitted between animal-animal, animal-human, human-
human, human-animal through direct and indirect ways.
• Direct contamination; can occur through direct contact or skin, inhalation, fecal/oral route,
venereal route, food and water, contact with nasal or eye mucous membranes, soil
contamination.
• Indirect contamination; pathogenic microorganisms can be transmitted by contact with other
vectors, especially blood-sucking arthropod vectors, and/or by contact with pathogens,
contaminated tools, equipment, materials (fomites).
• Knowledge of these transmission routes of diseases may be important in reducing their
potential impact.
1.3.11.1. Aerosol contamination
• Contamination in this way occurs when infectious agents that are transmitted between
susceptible species are present in the respiratory air.
• Most pathogenic agents cannot survive for long in respiratory air and disease transmission can
only occur in susceptible animals. The risk of transmission will be minimal as the distances
between animals increase.
• Aerosol contamination may occur in hospital through close contact of animals and/or people.
Infectious agents can be instantaneous, such as when cats sneeze, or in aerosol form during
high-pressure washing of cages, kennels or contaminated materials (Coxiella burnetti).
• Temperature, humidity and ventilation are important in aerosol transmission of pathogens.
1.3.11.2. Oral transmission
• Oral transmission includes exposure to infectious agents through the gastrointestinal tract. It
can also be in the form of accidental ingestion of aerosolized material and ingestion of material
in the nasopharynx.
• An animal may lick or chew contaminated materials in the environment. Feed and water
contaminated with faeces and urine is the most common cause of oral transmission of disease
agents.
• Oral contact with contaminated hands is the most important part in the transmission cycle of
oral-fecal agents in humans. Proper handling and segregation of patients with diarrhea will help
control contamination of fecal infectious agents.
1.3.11.3. Direct and indirect contact contamination
• Transmission in this way requires direct or indirect contact with an infected animal or human
• Therefore, contact contamination occurs by contact with contaminated surfaces and materials
with different substances (blood, salivation, feces, etc.).
• It is important to be reminded that hospital patients are likely to be infected with infectious
pathogens, and floors in the facility are likely to be contaminated with infectious agents.
• Patients from different populations (such as inpatient-outpatient) should be segregated due to
the possibility of direct contact with animals, as not all infected animals show signs of illness.
1.3.11.4. Fomite (any object that can transmit infection) contamination
• Fomites are intermediary bodies in the contact-contamination cycle. In fact, any object, even
a caregiver, can be a fomite. For example, door handle, key, telephone, clothes, thermometer,
stethoscope, hose, brush, etc. All objects such as can be contaminated with infectious agents
and may be important causes of infectious disease transmission.
• The important thing about fomite contamination is that because these objects are portable,
they can be contaminated near a patient and then become a source of illness for staff and
students in other parts of the hospital. The most important way of controlling contamination
with fomites is proper cleaning and disinfection procedures, preventive medicine measures and
separation of equipment from sick animals.
• If possible, healthy animals should be examined and treated first, and then sick animals should
be examined and treated.
1.3.11.5. Contagions with vectors
• Transmission by vectors occurs when an insect or arthropod transmits a pathogen from one
animal to another. Heartworm and West Nile viruses are examples of vector-borne diseases.
• Fleas, ticks, flies and mosquitoes are important biological vectors that transmit diseases.
• The most effective measure for vectors is their elimination or reduction or removal of vectors
from the host.
1.3.11.6. Zoonotic infections
• While the risk of contracting a zoonotic disease in the general population is low on average,
veterinarians and other people who come into contact with animals have a high risk of exposure
to zoonotic disease agents.
• Any exposure to a zoonotic disease, whether suspected or detected, should be documented
and reported to the Biosafety Committee by owners, veterinarians, students, and personnel who
come into contact with it.
• The chairman of the Biosafety Committee and the relevant clinician should work together to
contact the exposed individuals and apply to official health institutions.
• When a suspected or diagnosed infectious condition is encountered, it should be ensured that
the authorized clinician applies to the hospital for medical support with the reports.
• Likewise, when a zoonotic disease is suspected or diagnosed, the principal clinician should
notify the Chief Physician and the Chairman of the Biosafety Committee.
• The Hospital Chief Physician should provide the physician with specific information on
zoonotic diseases and occupational exposures.
• All personnel and students related to exposure to zoonotic agents should be provided to contact
health institutions. Since the friends or family members of the staff and students in the faculty
are also in the high risk group, necessary information should be provided.
1.3.12. Specific infectious disease risks
• Persons with compromised immune systems, owners and students are at high risk of exposure
to zoonotic disease. The immune system is affected by various conditions, and especially
children under the age of 5, pregnant women and the elderly are considered to be in the high
risk group.
• While AIDS suppresses the immune system most, other diseases such as pregnancy, organ
failure, diabetes, alcoholism, liver cirrhosis, malnutrition and autoimmune diseases can
compromise or alter the immune system.
• Treatments performed as immunosuppressants such as radiation therapy, chemotherapy,
chronic corticosteroid therapy, immunosuppressive treatments such as organ transplants,
implant treatments and long-term dialysis treatments may also collapse the immune system.
• All personnel, including students, should be informed about their special health conditions by
authorized persons and hospital management and should be informed before examining an
animal with zoonotic disease.
1.4.2. Cat Dog, Equine and Farm Animal Clinics
• Cages or paddocks of sick and communicable patients should be clearly marked with
communicable disease labels. These tags must include;
• Class of the disease according to the risk classification system (see Table 2)
• Appropriate disinfection procedures for the control of the risk factor
• Required personal protection and hygiene practices
• Whether there is any zoonotic health risk
• Name of known or suspected condition
• Preventive medicine measures must be visible enough to notice special cases.
• Special care needs of staff and students responsible for communicable diseases should be
provided so that they do not infect their environment or others working with patients.
• Staff and students responsible for infectious patients should be placed on the Biosafety
Commission's email list.
1.4.3. Protocol for hospital advisory staff
• Triage principles are based on patient admission. Accordingly, patient cases are classified as
non-infected and suspected infection first.
• If the owner specifies acute vomiting, diarrhea, ataxia, abortion, cough or any other suspected
infectious disease; advisory staff should only make appointments with a clinician's approval
and if an isolation unit is available.
• Complaints such as “acute diarrhea”, “acute vomiting”, “acute cough” etc. in the appointment
schedule. should be specified. Complaints must be accompanied by the phrase "contagious
disease suspected".
• Owners of patients should be told to keep their animals outside until they are checked.
• Following the check, a rapid clinical impression should be made by an intern or clinician
before entering the hospital or emergency room to assign the animal to a particular risk
category.
• Depending on the risk categories or the situation, the animals should either be taken directly
to the examination room or taken to the isolation unit.
• In cat and dog cases, transport should be by wheelbarrow to reduce hospital contamination.
• If a patient with evidence or history of an infectious or possibly communicable disease comes
directly to counseling, the advisory staff should immediately contact the appropriate clinic and
refer the sick animal to the infection treatment unit to minimize hospital contamination.
1.4.4 Student protocol
• When an infectious disease suspected case arrives, the following will be done.
• Complaints presented to the program will be written as "acute diarrhea", "acute vomiting",
"acute cough" etc.
• The phrase “suspected infectious disease” will be written next to these complaints.
• Owners of the sick will be told to keep their animals outside until the disease is confirmed.
• Afterwards, a rapid clinical impression will be made to categorize the animals before they are
taken to hospital or emergency rooms by interns or clinicians.
• Depending on the risk categories, animals can be taken directly to the examination room or
isolated. In Cat Dog cases, a stretcher should be preferred for transport to reduce hospital
contamination.
• All procedures should be done to reduce direct contact between the patient and other patients
in the faculty.
• In order to reduce the risk of students and other animals, only the minimum number of students
determined by clinicians should be allowed to follow the consultation/examination of possible
cases of infectious disease.
• After leaving the examination room, areas and equipment contaminated with faeces,
secretions or blood should be quickly cleaned and disinfected by the responsible student or
staff.
• Appropriate signs should be hung on the doors of the rooms to prevent them from being used
until they are cleaned and disinfected.
• Students should be required to follow and know the procedures outlined in biosafety protocols
when they come into contact with infectious disease cases (video tutorial, course and faculty
website)
1.4.5. Rejection criteria from admission and/or hospitalization
• In the case of a notifiable disease (such as rabies), or in cases of illness with a risk of infecting
staff or other animals in the hospital, special conditions apply to the admission of the animal to
the hospital.
• If the case is suspected of a notifiable disease, relevant legal regulations (such as relevant
regulations) are applied, the case is temporarily kept in the observation unit and hospitalization
is not performed.
• If the patient's case is suspected of an infection other than notifiable diseases, then the patient's
treatment is completed in the infection clinic.
1.5. Biosafety audit
This program was created to identify and control the spread of infectious diseases in the Faculty
of Veterinary Medicine.
Environmental and patient samples were cultured to identify specific microorganisms, general
environmental contaminations, and diseases with the potential for potential nosocomial
infections and complications.
Generally;
• Clinicians should report known or suspected nosocomial cases to the Biosafety Commission
as much as possible,
• The Biosafety Commission should be alarmed in suspected nosocomial cases, even if the
clinical results are uncertain,
• The Biosafety Commission should be alerted to known or suspected zoonotic infections
thought to result from exposure at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
• Clinicians should be supported in using appropriate diagnostic techniques to determine the
etiology of nosocomial events, even if they do not affect clinical outcomes for the patient.
• Monitoring of infected animals and animals in contact with them is extremely important in
terms of biosecurity.
• All data of all cases entering the computer program available in Equine, Farm Animals and
Cat and Dog Clinics in the hospital, the information given by the patient owner or the referring
veterinarians, and the drugs they use should be recorded.
• Clinicians, technical staff and students are expected to receive reliable information on cases
and possible infectious or communicable diseases. In the future, attention should be paid to
purchasing clinical programs that will link with other services to optimize and improve patient
follow-up.
1.5.1 Descriptive tests required in suspected infections
• Tests that identify specific infectious and/or zoonotic agents provide information necessary
for the appropriate clinical management of infected patients.
• In addition to providing direct benefits to the patient, these tests are also useful in managing
other animals in the herd and protecting their owners. They also provide essential information
in the appropriate management of disease risks for all patients, staff and students in the faculty.
• If the cost of diagnosing infectious diseases caused by specific infectious or zoonotic agents
is affordable, these tests should be applied to all hospitalized animals.
• These descriptive tests are required in the management of cases in the faculty, and if there is
clinical suspicion but the owner is unwilling to pay for the test, patients will be considered class
4 and subsequent financial reimbursements will be billed to the owner.
• The senior clinician is responsible for ensuring appropriate communication with the patient's
owner regarding infectious and/or zoonotic agents and for patient care.
• It is the senior clinician's responsibility to obtain appropriate specimens for these tests and to
take appropriate biosafety measures in these patients.
1.5.2. Diseases for which tests are mandatory
If the following diseases or conditions are present, appropriate samples must be tested. A full
description of the tests, management, diagnosis and potential treatments are available on the
OIE website. Situations that require special attention in the faculty;
• Acute diarrhea of cats and dogs (Salmonella, Campylobacter, Parvovirus, Cryptosporidium,
Giardia)
• Canine Distemper virus
• Chlamydophila psitti (Avian)
• Neural form of Horse Herpesvirus type 1
• Bird flu
• Leptospirosis
• Rabies
• Streptococcus equi subsp. equi
• Salmonella (Large animal)
1.5.3. Environmental Salmonella surveillance in Equine and Livestock Clinics
1.5.3.1. Sampling and analysis from barns and cages
Salmonella spp. Barns and cages containing culture-positive animals should be cultured after
routine cleaning and disinfection and before use for another patient. Patient veterinarians or
barn-cage technicians should notify the Biosafety Commission when these barns and cages are
emptied for sampling. Faculty staff should inform the members of the Biosafety Commission
responsible for barns and cages as soon as the culture results are received. These results are
routinely summarized and reported by the Biosafety Commission.
1.5.3.2. Routine environmental inspection
Electrostatic dust collection wipes are used for routine environmental inspection on all smooth
areas of the hospital and on hand-touched surfaces. Samples were collected every 6 months for
most areas, Salmonella spp. It is planned more frequently (isolation every 3 months) in areas
that may be contaminated with Faculty staff responsible for positive fields
A. Diseases of land animals
1- Food and Mouth Disease (FMD)
2- Bovine brucellosis
3- Bovine tuberculosis
4- Rabies
5- Bluetongue
6- Rinderpest
7- Bovine spongio Encephalopathy (BSE)
8- Sheep goat brucellosis
9- Sheep and goat plague (PPR)
10- Smallpox
11- Anthrax
12- Scrape
13- Avian influenza
14- Newcastle
15- Pullorum
16- Poultry typhoid (Chicken typhoid)
17- Ruam
18- Durin (Horse syphilis)
19- Infectious anemia of horses
20- Equine encephalomyelitis
21- African horse plague
22- African swine fever
23- Classical swine fever
24- Vesicular disease of pigs
25- Aethina tumida
26. American foulbrood of bees
27- Tropilaelaps mite (Tropilaelaps mite)
28- Feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE)
29- Nodular exanthema of cattle (Lumpy skin)
30- Infectious stomatitis (Vesicular stomatitis)
31- Rift Valley fever
32- Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
33- Enzootic bovine leukosis
34- Epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer (EHD)
B. Diseases of aquatic animals
1- Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis
2-Epizootic ulcerative syndrome
3-Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS)
4-White spot disease
5-Yellowhead disease
6- Taura syndrome
7-Infectious hematopoietic necrosis of fish (IHN)
8-Infectious salmon anaemia
9-Infection with Perkinsus marinus
10- Microcytos mackini
11- Marteilia refringens
12- Bonamia ostreae
13- Bonamia exitiosa
14-Koi herpes virus disease
15-Spring Viraemia of Carp (SVC)
16-Crayfish plague
17-Bacterial kidney disease (BKD)
1.4. Education and research animals
Staff and students using teaching and research animals on the faculty should adhere to all
applicable biosecurity measures.
Approval from the faculty dean must be obtained before these activities begin.
Education and research animals cannot be kept in the departments of the faculty where sick
animals are kept, except for extra situations and medical reasons.
CHAPTER 2:
BIOSAFETY GUIDELINES FOR THE EQUİNE CLINIC
2.1. Admission, Examination and Hospitalization of Sick Animals
The animal owner must be asked to register first. After registration, a rapid clinical examination
by an intern or clinician should be performed to see if the animal is in a certain risk class.
According to the classification results, the animal should be sent to the parking area and sent to
the examination room or isolation unit. A paddock should be determined by the clinician and
the stable staff for the patients who are decided to be hospitalized after the examination. The
records of the hospitalized patient (clinical findings, treatment procedures, etc.) should be
recorded on the patient information forms hanging in front of the paddocks. These records
should be consultable by students, interns and clinicians. During the hospitalization, the change
in the patient's condition should be written on the information forms. Medicines or other
materials used in the treatment of patients should be kept in the pharmacy (medicine and other
medications) or in a small cabinet attached to the wall of the paddock (ophthalmological
equipment, creams/pomades, alcohol and syringes). Treatment directions should be indicated
on the patient information sheets on the wall of the paddock. The card showing the disease
category of the patient should be placed in the paddock and unit. This process is mandatory for
students and staff to better recognize the harmful infectious disease and to take precautions for
the patient. Which grass and/or concentrated feed the inpatient eats and the frequency of eating
should be clearly written on the paddock card. Students, interns and clinicians are responsible
for bedding and feeding the patients in the paddocks. Full paddocks should be cleaned every
morning by hospitalization personnel, and new litter straw or sawdust should be laid. If the
paddock is determined to be damp or wet at other times, the student, clinician or technical staff
is responsible for cleaning and placing new pads. If hospitalized patients or staff are at risk of
contracting the disease, this is much more important than the animal's own health, and the
animal may be denied admission or hospitalization.
2.2. General Rules for Equine Inspection Hall
• It is mandatory for all personnel to wear clean and appropriate clothes for the job.
• Students, interns and clinicians should wear gowns or overalls with name cards attached. If
he does not have suitable clothes, he should be removed from the clinic. Cleaning personnel
and technical personnel are required to wear clothes with name cards.
• All personnel should wear durable boots or shoes at all times. Shoes should be easy to clean
and disinfect.
• At the entrance to the examination room, it is absolutely necessary to enter by pressing the
disinfectant foot mats.
• The student, intern or clinician in charge of the patient's examination should first wash their
hands with soapy water before and after the patient's examination, and then clean them with an
alcohol-based hand disinfectant.
• Clean examination gloves should be worn when handling risky patients (eg suspected
infectious diseases or newborn foals) or before touching secretions, discharges and wounds.
• It is mandatory to wash hands after wound treatment, bandage change, ophthalmological care,
catheter placement, endoscope application and contact with risky patients. Hands should also
be washed in other cases where hands are soiled.
• After the examination is over, the instruments and equipment (stethoscope, thermometer,
probes, endoscopes, etc.) used in the patient examination must be cleaned and disinfected before
being used on another patient.
• Residue materials formed in this area during the examination should be thrown into household
waste bags in the trash cans in the hall, sharp, piercing and stinging materials (scalpel, injector
tips and cannulas) should be collected in special yellow boxes. should be cleaned and
disinfected in a timely manner. This is particularly important for patients suspected or known
to shed important infectious agents.
• All staff and students must leave the material in its original form after use. All staff working
in the hospital are responsible for maintaining the cleanliness of the hospital and the proper
hygiene of the staff.
• It is forbidden for students and staff to consume any kind of food and drink in the examination
halls.
• Before leaving the examination room, the hands should be washed again after the gloves and
disposable aprons used are thrown into the appropriate trash cans, and the salon should be exited
by pressing the disinfectant mats in front of the doors.
2.3. Equine Hospitalization Unit, Cleaning and Maintenance of the Unit
• Infectious or non-infectious diseases (patients with no fever, no respiratory problems, no fever
and respiratory problems in the last 6 months, trauma and injuries, patients with colic,
ophthalmological patients, non-infectious diseases) caused by agents that are not likely to be
transmitted to other animals and do not pose a risk of infection in humans equids with
newborns) are normally hospitalized.
• Paddocks for the care of inpatients are determined by the clinician and hospitalization staff.
• Disinfectant foot baths must be used at the entrance and exit to the hospitalization unit.
Therefore, waterproof shoes should be worn.
• If a equines is decided to be hospitalized, feces and dirty wastes in the environment should be
removed before this animal is taken to the paddock.
• The horses in the paddocks are collected daily by the barn staff and new mats are laid in their
place. There is a garbage can in a suitable place outside the paddock, and care should be taken
not to overflow the garbage.
• Paddocks and hospitalization corridors should be cleaned and disinfected regularly by the
personnel assigned in the hospitalization. When there is contamination in the paddocks outside
the working hours of the barn staff, students, interns and/or clinicians should remove feces and
wet/dirty bedding and lay new bedding.
• In the presence of newborn animals, patient hygiene is much more important and accumulated
feces and litter should be removed from the area as soon as possible by interns or students.
• Residue materials formed during the examination of an inpatient should be thrown into
household waste bags in the trash cans in the corridor, and sharp, piercing and penetrating
materials (scalpel, injector tips and cannulas) should be collected in special yellow boxes.
• Feeders and drinkers in paddocks should be checked regularly and cleaned before a new
patient is introduced. The information about whether the hospitalized patient consumes feed or
water should be reported to the responsible clinician and if he does not eat the feed, the feed
should be removed from the manger.
• The animals taken to the paddock should be cleaned daily, groomed regularly, and their
secretions and streams should be removed from the paddock as soon as possible. Especially the
stool and urine that he has made in the paddock or walking area should be removed
immediately.
• If the emptied paddock belongs to a horse with a contagious disease, the paddock should be
stated as “to be disinfected” by the intern or clinician. If the infectious agent is known or
suspected, an effective disinfectant should be determined and disinfection should be applied as
soon as possible.
• Cleaning materials used for patients in the non-risk group should be disinfected once a week,
and cleaning materials used in patients with known or known risk of infectious diseases should
be cleaned and disinfected after use.
• The floors of the feed rooms in the hospitalization unit should be cleaned and disinfected
before new feed sources are introduced. Whole grains or other feed sources tight lid
2.4. Isolation Unit
• Special precautions are required when managing patients known or suspected to be infected
with infectious disease agents. Because of the potential for nosocomial transmission, acute
gastrointestinal disorders (eg, diarrhea without fever and/or leukopenia), acute respiratory
infections, patients with acute neurological diseases or abortion, dermatophytosis,
dermatophilosis, etc.) should be isolated from the general population of the hospital.
• Clinicians, interns or students should perform the initial physical examination of these patients
to assess their risk of infectious disease.
• Personnel should take personal preventive care measures until it becomes clear that there is
no risk of contagious disease when examining these patients.
• When it is determined that the risk of infectious disease is high in patients or these problems
develop during hospitalization, the Biosafety Commission should be informed immediately.
Only the Biosafety Commission or the Chief Hospital Physician is authorized to allow hospital
isolation of patients known or suspected to be at high risk of infectious disease.
• Barrier protection measures should always be used for this class of patients. The doors of the
paddock unit where these patients stay should be closed and cordoned off. Cleaning staff and/or
clinicians are obliged to comply with all the rules regarding clothing in the isolation unit.
• Unless necessary, these units should not be accessed. Responsible clinicians may make a
personal decision to allow students to enter the paddock for educational purposes, but this
should be as minimal as possible and all personnel entering should take appropriate protective
measures.
• Disinfectant foot mats should be used at the entrance to the isolation area, and disposable
aprons and gloves should be worn. Thermometer, stethoscope and other tools and materials
used should be cleaned and disinfected by wiping with alcohol. Materials such as apron and
gloves used should be removed.
• During the examinations of the patients staying in the isolation unit, the waste materials
formed in this area should be thrown into the household waste bags in the trash cans in the unit,
cutting, piercing and stinging materials (scalpel, injector tips and cannulas) should be collected
in special yellow boxes, stools or secretions should be collected by the personnel responsible
for the patient as soon as possible.
• Before removing the patient from isolation, the patient's hoofs should be brushed with 0.5%
chlorhexidine solution. Personnel carrying the patient must wear all appropriate clothing and
take barrier precautions. Personnel in contact with the patient, doors, exits, etc. during the
transport of the patient. Avoid contaminating areas with contaminated gloves or hands, and
contact surfaces should be cleaned and disinfected effectively to minimize the possibility of
nosocomial transmission.
• Diagnosis and treatment procedures to be done in the main hospital building for isolation
patients should be planned at the end of the day. All kinds of tools and equipment used for
examination should be cleaned and disinfected according to the relevant procedure after the
procedure.
• Cleaning and disinfection of surfaces contaminated with feces or body fluids during the
transport of the patient should be done very quickly.
2.5. Equine Paddock, Anesthesia Field and Surgical Unit
2.5.1. Anesthesia area
• The anesthesia preparation area has been designed to facilitate the entry of students, staff and
clinicians into the operating room.
• Before entering the anesthesia area, patients' feet should be thoroughly brushed or washed.
The patient's mouth should be rinsed outside the induction area. For unusual emergency
surgeries, the patient should be cleaned as much as possible.
• Barrier protective measures should be taken in this area as well, and fecal material should be
urgently removed from the anesthesia preparation area or other areas of the surgical unit.
• As much as possible, the apparatus on the equine should be removed before entering this area.
• Agents required for intravenous administration should be prepared aseptically and the catheter
should be placed aseptically in accordance with its technique. Clean gloves should be worn for
this procedure.
2.5.2. Surgical unit
• A high standard of cleaning and hygiene should be provided in the equine surgery unit.
• All personnel, including cleaning and maintenance personnel, are obliged to comply with all
the rules of dress in the surgical unit. All personnel should wear shoe covers (overshoes) or
shoes designated for use in "clean" surgical areas.
• The operating team and the operating room should be prepared aseptically. Aseptic techniques
should be maintained during surgery. Personal, patient and environmental hygiene standards in
the surgical and perioperative areas should be of the highest level.
• All kinds of auxiliary and technical materials (eg anesthesia machines, endotracheal tubes,
shackles, etc.) used during and after the surgical procedure should be cleaned, disinfected and
sterilized at the end of the procedure. Blood and other dirt on the floor should be washed first
and then wiped with disinfectants.
• Cutting, piercing and penetrating materials (scalpel, injector tips and cannulas) used during
the surgical procedure should be collected in special yellow boxes, and stool or secretions
should be cleaned by the personnel responsible for the patient as soon as possible.
• The doors must always be closed during, during and after the operation.
• Tools and equipment in the hall and sewer channels should be cleaned and disinfected once a
week during non-operational times.
2.5.3. Postoperative Care (Healing) paddock
• The precautions to be taken in the recovery paddock should be the same as the protective
methods applied for normal paddocks.
• Be sensitive to secondary infections that may occur during the healing process, and
postoperative care should be done as carefully as possible.
• Residue materials formed in this area during the treatment should be thrown into household
waste bags in the trash cans in the hall, sharp, piercing and stinging materials (scalpel, injector
tips and cannulas) should be collected in special yellow boxes, stools or secretions should be
cleaned by the personnel responsible for the patient as soon as possible.
• All kinds of materials used in postoperative care should be cleaned and disinfected after use.
• When the patient leaves the paddock, the floor of the paddock should be cleaned and
disinfected.
2.5.4. Management of surgical patients with infectious diseases
• Clinicians and interns assigned to surgical cases should have the responsibility to identify and
inform cases with known or suspected infectious disease.
• Actions regarding these cases should be planned towards the end of the day or done in the
isolation unit whenever possible.
• Clinicians and students assigned to these cases are responsible for reporting that the anesthesia
area and recovery paddock are contaminated with potentially infectious pathogens. Thus, it
should be ensured that these areas are properly disinfected before other patients can use them.
• When the patient leaves the paddock, the floor of the paddock should be cleaned and
disinfected.
2.6. Colic Horses and Pain Paddock
• Patients with colic should be hospitalized separately from other patients and managed with
strict biosecurity measures because of the risks of spreading Salmonella.
• Protective clothing should be worn in the pain pad as in other parts of the hospital.
• Foot bath should be used when entering and exiting the pain unit.
• Staff should not enter the pain pad unless contact with patients is required.
• Before and after touching the patient, hands should be washed or hand disinfectants should be
used.
• When it is necessary to examine the painful horse with special methods (radiology,
ophthalmology, etc.), the personnel should follow the same protective measures when
transferring the patient to the relevant unit.
• If there are materials used in the painful patient (nasogastric tube, bucket, syringe, etc.), all
necessary equipment should be placed in front of the pain pad.
• If the patient no longer needs the equipment, the materials used should be thoroughly cleaned
with soap and water, then taken by a staff member and taken to the relevant unit for sterilization.
• The residual materials formed in this area during the examination should be thrown into the
household waste bags in the garbage cans in the hall, cutting, piercing and stinging materials
(scalpel, injector).
2.7. Cleaning and Maintaining the Equine paddocks
• These areas should be cleaned daily on routine working days (Monday-Friday) by the
technical staff/barn staff. Crossing areas between buildings should be cleaned daily (eg
sweeping and washing) and disinfected once a week.
2.8. Discharge of Patients
• Animals that have recovered as a result of the treatment procedures should be discharged and
the date of discharge should be written in the patient registration department.
• When the patient is discharged, the patient card in the paddock should be cleaned, it should
be stated that he will not be hospitalized anymore, and all records should be collected in the
patient registry unit.
• Empty paddocks should be cleaned before a new patient is brought in (stool and wet litter
should be removed), while paddocks where patients with suspected or known infectious
diseases stay should be identified with the note “will be disinfected”. No other animals should
be allowed to enter this paddock prior to cleaning and disinfection.
• When the patient is discharged, all materials used in the patient (such as halter, lanyard,
blanket, etc.) should be cleaned and disinfected with chlorhexidine solution.
• All medical supplies to be disinfected should be placed at the entrance of the units, then the
relevant personnel should collect these materials for cleaning and disinfection and for storage
afterwards.
2.9. Deceased Patients
• Patients who died during hospitalization should be reported to the relevant person by the barn
staff.
• When the patient dies, the paddock card should be cleared and all records collected in the
patient registry.
• Paddocks used by deceased patients must be cleaned (remove manure and wet bedding) before
a new animal enters the paddock. However, paddocks used for patients with known or suspected
infectious agents should be marked with the "to be disinfected" sign. No other animals should
be allowed to enter these paddocks before cleaning and disinfection.
• When the animal dies or is euthanized, the cadaver should be removed from the paddock as
soon as possible (same day on weekdays, the next morning in the evening or on weekends, or
Monday morning) and taken to the necropsy by forklift or a sheltered transport vehicle.
• If the animal has been euthanized in the recovery paddock, the cadaver should be removed
from this paddock as soon as possible. The healing pad should then be cleaned and disinfected.
• If possible, the animal should be euthanized in the autopsy room.
• After transporting a cadaver, the forklift must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected in the
necropsy department.
2.10. Visiting Pet Owners
• Regardless of the reason, animal owners are not allowed to stay overnight in the hospital with
their patients.
• Only after getting permission from the hospital management and an officer to accompany
them can they visit their patients within the specified hours.
• Patient owners must comply with all barrier protection measures necessary to touch their
animals or enter paddocks.
• The general public should not be allowed to enter the hospitalization areas of the hospital,
except for their owners.
• Visiting patients in the isolation unit is prohibited. In exceptional cases, such as euthanasia,
this may be permitted provided that biosecurity measures are taken.
• Dogs and other pets should not be allowed to enter hospitalization areas.
CHAPTER 3:
BIOSAFETY RULES FOR THE FARM ANIMAL CLINIC
3.1. Dressing for Farm Animal Clinic
Boots
In the Farm Animals Clinic, it is mandatory for all students and personnel in all categories to
wear washable, clean boots in the patient examination/treatment care area. Boots should be
strong enough to protect the foot against trauma. It is not allowed to enter offices and classrooms
in boots, and to walk around non-clinical areas. Personnel and students without boots are not
admitted to the clinic. Boots should be cleaned and disinfected regularly or when visibly soiled
or contaminated. Every clinic should have a hygiene unit for washing and disinfecting boots
without using hands. The owner or caretaker who helps the animal restraint must comply with
these rules.
Clothes
To prevent the transmission of infectious agents to humans and animals outside the clinic, it is
mandatory to wear a clean gown during procedures in the clinic. Aprons should be changed
daily or when soiled/contaminated. The Animal Hospital is responsible for washing the aprons
of the staff, and the students are responsible for washing the aprons of the students. Washing
should be done at 60-90 C.
Dressing for Surgical Procedures
All staff and students must wear clean, blue operating room gowns. Clean and easily
disinfectable, waterproof aprons should be worn in laparotomic operations performed on
standing cattle. A clean white coat should be worn over the operating room gown for
preoperative and postoperative patients.
3.2 General Cleaning and Hygiene
Before and after examining each patient, hands should be washed in accordance with the rules
and disinfected with alcohol-based hand disinfectant. Clean gloves should be used in the
examination and treatment of patients with high risk levels such as infectious diseases or
newborn calves. Surfaces and equipment contaminated with faeces, urine, blood, and other
secretions should be promptly cleaned and disinfected by the personnel caring for the patient
or the personnel assigned for this task. It is mandatory for all personnel to use disinfectant-boot
bath or antimicrobial mats, which are placed at the necessary places in the hospital. In boot
baths, not only the sole of the boot, but the whole of the boot should be immersed in the solution.
In order to clean the boots that are contaminated with feces or similar substances, they should
be washed with a brush before disinfection. Necessary apparatus or equipment for this should
be available at the clinic entrances. Rumen probes, pads, endoscopes and thermometers should
be disinfected after use before being used on another patient. Tools such as buckets, probes,
funnels, speculums should be cleaned after each use and disinfected with 0.5% chlorhexidine.
Instruments suitable for sterilization should be sent for sterilization. Wheels and sides of
equipment contaminated with faeces or patient exudates should be cleaned and disinfected. The
desks, tables and floor in the meeting room or classroom open to students should be kept clean
at all times. Rectal thermometers, stethoscopes, hemostats and scissors used in the clinic should
be disinfected with 70% isopropyl alcohol or 0.5% chlorhexidine before use on each patient.
3.2.1. Cleaning of patient paddocks
Sick animals should be housed in paddocks where basic hygiene is provided. The litter must be
changed before a new patient is accepted. The paddocks and halls of the personnel in charge of
this work should be washed twice a day. Feces or wet litter in newborns' compartments should
be removed immediately.
3.2.2 General disinfection protocol of contaminated paddocks
When using disinfectants, gloves or similar protectors should be used. Latex gloves used in
patient examination are sufficient for this job. In situations where there is a possibility of
splashing, such as using pressurized water, other protective instruments such as laboratory
goggles or a face shield should be used. All feces and litter material must be removed before
starting disinfection. If pressurized water is to be used, care must be exercised as water splashes
will contaminate other areas. Walls, doors and floors should be washed with a brush, using soap
or detergent. Brushing or similar mechanical cleaning is very important to remove the formed
films or residual dirt. After cleaning with detergent, the surfaces should be rinsed thoroughly.
Care should be taken not to leave any detergent residue. These residues can destroy the
effectiveness of disinfectants. Before applying disinfectant, it should be ensured that no water
remains. This buildup can dilute the disinfectant solution. All surfaces should be washed with
a suitable disinfectant (for example, 15 minutes with quaternary ammonium compounds
prepared in appropriate concentrations) and it should be kept in contact with the surface for an
appropriate time. At the end of the period, the disinfectant should be rinsed off. After
disinfection, the clothes used by the personnel should be removed and hands should be washed.
It is the same practice in multi-purpose areas such as the examination room where animals are
examined and treated.
3.2.3. Boot baths and antimicrobial mats
The solutions of these baths or mats should be changed every morning by the staff or interns.
In case of excessive contamination or reduced amount of solution, it should be changed
immediately. It is essential that the boots are completely immersed in the boot baths. For these
reasons, it should be ensured that there is a sufficient level of solution. Staff and students should
wear waterproof shoes or boots.
3.2.4. Disinfection protocol of tools and equipment in clinics
All kinds of instruments and equipment (probes, scissors, knives, stethoscopes, thermometers,
endoscope, shaver, speculums, etc.) used in different patients must be disinfected before being
used in the transition from patient to patient. Surgical materials sterilized before use should be
cleaned with soapy water after each use, disinfected with 0.5% chlorhexidine, and then sent to
the sterilization unit.
Stethoscopes
Stethoscopes owned by clinicians and students can be used in non-infectious areas and should
be disinfected regularly with alcohol or hand sanitizers. If there is visual dirt or a risk of class
3-4 infection is suspected, it should be disinfected immediately. Stethoscopes belonging to the
faculty should be available to be used in the examination of high-risk patients. These
stethoscopes should be cleaned and disinfected immediately after use.
Thermometers
• Glass thermometers should not be used in the Livestock Clinic due to the risk of breakage and
mercury contamination.
• Electronic thermometers should be used. After each use, alcohol or chlorhexidine should be
wiped with wet wipes or cloth/cotton.
• Thermometers used in animals with suspected enteric infections such as BVD, Salmonellosis
should have boxes.
• Patients with suspected Class 4 infection should have a separate thermometer.
Other equipment
• Other equipment such as scissors and hemostatic forceps used in patients should be disinfected
with 70% isopropyl alcohol or 0.5% chlorhexidine.
• Tables, benches, sinks, floors, meeting rooms in clinics should always be kept neat and clean.
• Students should not have bags in the clinics. They should keep their bags in their lockers.
Food and beverages
• No food or drink is allowed in any part of the Farm Animal Clinic.
• Computer rooms and pharmacies are included in this ban. Meals can be eaten in the lounges.
3.3. Patient Admission in Farm Animals Clinic
3.3.1. Outpatient Admission
• Patients who do not show signs of notifiable disease are directed directly to the download
ramp.
• Transport vehicles should not be left in front of the hospital in a way that hinders entry and
exit.
• Outpatients can be watered with disinfected buckets belonging to the faculty, but should not
be fed. Buckets should be cleaned after each use and disinfected with chlorhexidine.
3.3.2. Inpatients
• The paddock where the patient will lie down is determined by the clinic staff.
• The animal's halter and rope should be sent home with the owner.
• After the patient enters the paddock, a paddock card containing the following information
should be prepared and placed at the paddock entrance.
• Patient/pet owner information
• Names of responsible students and clinicians
• If there is a detected or suspected contagious infectious disease, an explanation should be
written.
• Feeding instructions
• Clean tap water should be provided to each patient, unless restricted by the clinician.
• There should be treatment/instruction cards at the paddock door.
• It is the duty of the clinic staff or the assigned student to fulfill the feeding instruction.
• The clinical staff or the student in charge should clean the paddocks every morning and lay
new mats when necessary.
3.3.3. Allocation of paddocks
• Paddocks in the hospital should be allocated in advance for adult cattle, bedridden cows and
calves.
• Appropriate paddock should be allocated for Class 3 infected animals.
• Patients with suspected Class 4 notifiable disease should be housed in the isolation
(quarantine) section.
3.3.4. Feed and water
• All grain feed and feed additives should be stored in tightly closed plastic containers.
• Minimal litter, roughage and concentrates should be kept in the animal hospital to reduce the
possibility of contamination and prevent wild animals from nesting.
3.3.5. Base
• It is the responsibility of students, caregivers and clinicians to lay the pad on the paddock
when patients arrive.
• The paddock in use is cleaned by the paddock attendants in the morning and evening and a
new mat is laid.
3.4. Cleaning Protocols
3.4.1. Animal trailer (Ambulance)/Parking area
• The animal transport trailer belonging to the Farm Animals Clinic should be cleaned and
disinfected after each transport.
• The lowering ramp should be cleaned once a day. If animals defecate or urinate, they should
be cleaned immediately.
• Covered transition areas (halls or transitions between buildings) should be swept twice a week,
cleaned with pressurized water and disinfected.
3.4.2. inspection area
• The area contaminated with feces, urine, blood, saliva or secretions should be cleaned and
disinfected immediately by the assigned personnel.
• The on-duty clinician should ensure that cleanliness is maintained in this area.
3.4.3. Hospitalization unit
• From Monday to Saturday, the staff should change the mats in the morning and evening.
• On Sundays or holidays, the staff on duty should undertake this task.
• Patients should be fed with hay and concentrated feed by the staff, milked in the morning and
evening unless otherwise stated, and the hospital halls should be swept after the morning
feeding.
• All grain feed and concentrates should be stored in capped plastic containers (eg clean garbage
drums).
• Equipment whose wheels or side surfaces are contaminated with feces should be cleaned and
disinfected before leaving the hospitalization unit.
3.5. Routine Paddock Cleaning
3.5.1. General principles of cleaning
• The principle that should not be forgotten about disinfectants: Applying more disinfectants
than necessary does not provide much benefit.
• It should be known that the use of appropriate dilutions of disinfectants ensures optimum
disinfection.
• Excessive use of disinfectants can trigger resistance and biofilm formation.
• For disinfectants to be effective, surfaces must be clean.
• Biofilms form in areas with waterlogging and where disinfectants are applied to dirty surfaces.
• Care should be taken against the possibility of contamination when working in high-risk areas.
3.5.2. General procedures for cleaning the paddocks used by the patient
• All litter material should be disposed of in the trash.
• Dust and other small substances on the floor should be swept.
• Floor and walls should be washed with water, dirty areas should be cleaned with detergent
and brush.
• The entire paddock must be rinsed.
• Paddock floors and walls should be disinfected with quaternary ammonium compounds.
• Then the paddock should be left to dry.
• Adjacent areas and halls should be cleaned and disinfected in the same way.
• Tools and equipment used in cleaning should be cleaned and disinfected daily.
3.5.2. Cleaning and disinfecting while the patient is in the paddock
• Overalls should be worn while cleaning.
• Appropriate garbage bins should be used.
• Care should be taken that sick animals do not come into contact with garbage bins.
• Cleaning materials should be cleaned and disinfected when passing from one paddock to
another, when necessary.
• Garbage bins used for food animals should not be used in Equine Clinic. The reverse is also
true.
Weekly routines
• The floors of the feed tanks should be cleaned (sweep, rinse, brush and rinse with detergent).
Sewer drains in sinks and halls should be cleaned and disinfected with quaternary ammonium
compounds.
• Paddocks that have not been used in the last 1 month should be washed with pressurized water
against dust accumulation.
Monthly routines
• Areas that are not used frequently (tops of walls, scales, etc.) should be washed with
pressurized water against dust.
• Tools used in cleaning and disinfection should be maintained.
6 month routines
• All surfaces in the hospitalization area, whether used frequently or not, should be cleaned and
disinfected with quaternary ammonium compounds.
• Calf boxers should be cleaned and disinfected from head to toe with a brush and detergent.
• Sewage drains in isolation units should be cleaned and disinfected.
Annual routines
• The entire hospital should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected once a year, including all
equipment.
General cleaning
• Wheels of tractors or forklifts should be brushed with quaternary ammonium compounds
before entering and leaving the hospital.
• When using a forklift to transport deceased animals to autopsy, the forklift must be thoroughly
cleaned and disinfected before returning to the hospital.
• Pest control should be provided in feed storage rooms.
Routine Environmental contamination inspection (Surveillance):
• The ground, hand-contact surfaces should be analyzed for the presence of Salmonella every 6
months, and isolation units more frequently.
• Positive results should be reported to the hospital Biosafety working group.
3.6. Management of Suspected Infectious Disease Patients
• Special precautions should be applied in the management of patients with detected or
suspected communicable diseases.
• Diseases to be considered in particular are acute gastrointestinal diseases, acute respiratory
diseases, BVD, bacterial infections with multiple antibiotic resistance.
• Patients at high risk of communicable diseases should be considered as outpatients or
hospitalized in an isolation unit.
• Appropriate preventive medicine rules should be applied when a patient with a risk of
infectious disease is admitted to the inpatient department.
• Inspection of animals with suspected infectious enteric, respiratory disease, BVD should be
done in the transport truck or trailer used as an ambulance.
• The examining clinician is responsible for deciding whether the patient should be hospitalized
and/or accepted for treatment.
• Any three of the following clinical findings suggest infectious enteric disease
• Diarrhea
• Septic mucous membranes
• Fever
• Weight loss
• Hypoproteinemia
Any three of the following clinical findings are suggestive of infectious respiratory disease.
• Tachypnea – dyspnea
• Runny nose
• Fever
• Hoarse voice
• Cough
In case of suspicion of a notifiable disease, the Animal Diseases Department of the Provincial
Directorate of Agriculture should be informed.
CHAPTER 4:
BIOSAFETY RULES FOR THE CAT AND DOG CLINIC
All clinicians, students and hospital staff are required to follow basic hygiene rules and protect
themselves personally. All staff working in the Cat and Dog Clinic are responsible for
maintaining cleanliness.
4.1. General Clothing
All staff and students should wear hospital-specific clothing to reduce the risk of carrying an
infectious disease. All staff and students must have clean clothes and wear clean and appropriate
shoes. Shoes should be closed, easy to clean and disinfectable. Protective clothing (aprons, etc.)
and shoes should be changed or cleaned when contaminated with stool, urine, blood, nasal
exudate and other body fluids.
4.2. Patient Hygiene
• Cage hygiene is very important for the patient staying in the Cat and Dog Clinic. Before a
new animal enters a cage, stool, blood, urine, all organic material and dirt must be removed.
Cleaning staff should clean cages and aisles daily. When dirt is seen in the cage, a "Clean"
warning should be posted on the cage.
• Since hygiene is very important for newborns, the cage should be cleaned and disinfected
when wetness-moisture is detected in the stool or bedding.
• If the animal is discharged, the cage should be cleaned as soon as possible.
• The phrase “Disinfect” should be hung in the cage of an animal with an infectious disease or
suspected.
• Cleaning personnel should empty, clean and disinfect the cage as soon as possible.
• The cage should be considered as an infectious area until it is disinfected and there should be
no animal entry before the cleaning-disinfection process.
• Cages used by non-communicable animals should be regularly emptied, cleaned and
disinfected.
• Cages should be cleaned-disinfected between the use of different animals and at least once a
day.
• During the hospitalization of the animal, feed and water containers should be cleaned regularly
(when needed or at least 2 times a day) and cleaned and disinfected between uses of different
animals.
• The water in the water container should be checked at regular intervals and filled with clean
water at least 2 times a day after cleaning the container.
• The animal's appetite should be noted on the patient card. Food should be put in suitable
containers for animals (Here, different colored containers are used for infectious and non-
infectious patients).
• Animals should be kept as clean as possible, and all discharges and secretions should be
removed from the contaminated area. Dirty animals should be washed and all animals should
be combed regularly.
• The area around the cage should be clean and tidy. Medication material, cage mat and student-
worker clothes etc. around the cage. should not be.
• If the animal defecates outside the cage, stool should be removed immediately. When the
animal urinates inside the building or on a hard floor, the urine should be removed immediately
and the floor should be cleaned, disinfected and dried.
4.3. Food and Liquid Consumption
• People should not consume food and liquids in the Cat and Dog Clinic.
• Food and liquids should not be allowed to be stored.
4.4. General Cleaning and Hygiene
4.4.1. Proper cleaning
• All staff and students are responsible for their personal hygiene and cleaning of the Cat and
Dog Clinic.
• Before and after contact with each patient, hands should be cleaned or washed with an alcohol-
based hand disinfectant.
• Hands should also be cleaned or washed in the same way when outside the Cat and Dog Clinic.
• Clean examination gloves should be worn when handling high-risk patients, such as animals
at risk of infectious disease or immunocompromised.
• Clean examination gloves should also be worn when coming into contact with discharge,
secretions or wounds.
• Surfaces or equipment contaminated with stool, secretions and blood should be cleaned and
disinfected.
4.4.2. General disinfection protocol
• All equipment (mouthpiece, speculum, forceps, etc.) should be cleaned and disinfected
between patients using 70% isopropyl alcohol or 0.5% chlorhexidine.
• Equipment such as stethoscopes that students have should be routinely cleaned and
disinfected.
• All organic material must be removed before disinfection.
• Contaminated cage, walls, doors, water and feed containers should be scrubbed with water
and detergent or soap or cleaned mechanically.
• The cleaned area should be rinsed to remove detergent residue. The rinsed area should be
allowed to drain or dry if possible.
• The surfaces of contaminated cages, walls, doors, water and feed containers should ideally be
in contact with disinfectant for 15 minutes.
• Excess disinfectant should be removed with water. The disinfectant should then be rinsed
from all surfaces.
• After the disinfection process, the person cleaning should take off the protective clothing and
wash their hands.
• All multi-purpose areas such as examination rooms should be arranged between patients,
cleaned and disinfected.
4.4.3. Mats and foot baths
• The mats are located at the entrance to the animal isolation area and should be changed every
morning.
• Foot bath solutions should be changed every morning.
• It should be re-prepared immediately when the footbath solution becomes dry and decreases.
• Staff and students should use mats and foot baths wherever they come across.
4.4.4. Equipment disinfection protocol
• Gastric tubes, mouth pads, endoscopes, etc. All equipment or other objects containing
equipment must be cleaned and disinfected or sterilized for use between different patients.
• Sterilized equipment such as surgical equipment should be cleaned with soap and water after
use and disinfected with 0.5% chlorhexidine solution.
• The equipment must then be sterilized.
• Surfaces contaminated with stool, secretions or blood should be cleaned and disinfected
immediately.
• This practice is especially important in animals with or suspected infectious disease.
• Infectious Disease Animal Boxes: All equipment used on such a patient should be specific
to that patient and should be stored in a box for each patient.
• After each application, the material should be cleaned with 0.5% chlorhexidine solution.
Collars used on these patients should only be used on them and not on other patients.
• These collars should be disinfected by dipping them in 0.5% chlorhexidine solution at regular
intervals.
• These boxes should be checked, cleaned once more and disinfected before being used on a
new patient.
Stethoscopes
• Stethoscopes owned by the personnel used in the non-communicable diseases department
should be disinfected with alcohol or hand sanitation solution at regular intervals (at the
beginning and end of the day).
• Stethoscopes that are visibly soiled or come into contact with an infected or suspected patient
should be disinfected immediately.
Thermometers
• Electronic thermometers should be well disinfected daily with alcohol and/or chlorhexidine
wipes.
• Plastic thermometer covers should be dipped in disinfectant solution at regular intervals.
Infectious diseased or suspected animals should have individual thermometers dedicated to
them. These should be kept on their boxers during hospitalization.
• If they are visibly soiled, they should be disinfected after each examination and after the
patient is discharged.
• Other equipment owned by the staff, such as scissors, can be used on many patients, but should
be cleaned and disinfected with 70% isopropyl alcohol or 0.5% chlorhexidine solution for inter-
patient use.
4.4.5. Walking area
• This area should be cleaned regularly every day and directly after each defecation.
4.5. Rules for the Management of Animals Coming to the Cat and Dog Clinic
4.5.1. Outpatients
• Patients without signs of communicable disease can be found in the waiting room with their
owners.
• Patients with acute vomiting, cough, runny nose or diarrhea should stay in their car until a
student or veterinarian checks it out.
• Patients at risk of communicable diseases should not be taken directly into the examination
room. The patient should be transported here by means of a stretcher or a cage.
• If such a patient is brought directly to the consultation desk, the person responsible for the
consultation should immediately contact the veterinarian concerned and take the patient to the
examination room immediately.
• The patient should be transported to the examination room by the shortest route.
• The examination room where such a patient is placed should be closed, no one other than
those in charge should enter, and the phrase “Do not use” should be posted on its door.
• After the patient's procedure is finished, the room should be cleaned and disinfected.
4.5.2. Inpatients
• Infected and non-infected hospitalized patients are kept in separate units.
• Inpatient cages are determined by the responsible veterinarian. The cage allocated must be
clean.
• Animal's accessories such as litter and leash are given to the patient owner. If the owner insists
that these accessories remain, they are informed that they cannot be returned.
• An information note about the owner and the patient is written in the cage where the patient
is placed.
• Suspected or confirmed infection status should be written on the information card.
• During risk of bite of patient, Leptospirosis, etc. If there is a special situation, such as, an
information note is hung in the cage.
• Food such as raw meat or bone is not given to the patient and water is not given until told
otherwise.
• Transporting patients from cage to cage is prohibited. The cage is cleaned as the patient is
taken out of the cage and walked.
• When the patient is discharged, a “clean” warning is posted on the cage.
• There is a file containing the patient's status and the patient's owner's information on the
hospitalization entry desk.
• The name of the student responsible for the patient, the estimated time of discharge, and what
should be done in the treatment should be written on the whiteboard in the hospitalization
department.
• Foods are stored in suitable bags, cans or plastic containers.
• The smallest possible amount of food is stored in the small animal hospitalization refrigerator.
• All staff, students are responsible for the cleaning and disinfection of the cages during the
hospitalization.
• Full cages are cleaned by the cleaning staff at least 2 times a day and, if necessary, properly
prepared again.
• Again, all personnel are responsible for warning, cleaning and re-preparing the dirty cage.
4.5.2.1. Principles and rules to be followed in the kitchen
4.5.2.2. Discharge
• Before discharge, patient owners should be warned about the dangers of infectious diseases
and how to control these dangers.
• Estimated time of discharge should be written on the whiteboard at hospitalization.
• When the patient is discharged, a “clean” warning should be posted in the cage. The cage
should also be cleaned as soon as possible.
• Before the patients are discharged, their owners should be informed about infectious diseases
and their controls.
• The cages of the discharged patients should be marked “Clean” and the cages should be
disinfected as soon as possible.
4.6. Cleaning Protocol of the Cat and Dog Clinic
• The parking area and its surroundings should be checked regularly on a weekly basis and all
dirt should be cleaned.
• Routine cage cleaning: Dirty cage, walls, doors, water and feed containers should be cleaned
mechanically using water and detergent. The cleaned area should be rinsed to remove detergent
residue. The rinsed area should be allowed to drain or dry if possible. The surfaces of
contaminated cages, walls, doors, water and feed containers should ideally be in contact with
disinfectant for 15 minutes. The disinfectant should then be rinsed from all surfaces. After the
disinfection process, the person cleaning should remove the protective clothing and wash their
hands.
Daily routines
• Basically dirty cages should be cleaned immediately.
• All dirty places seen in the clinic should be cleaned immediately.
Weekly Routines
• All examination rooms and hospitalization area should be cleaned and disinfected.
Monthly Routines
• All cages that are not used within a month should be cleaned.
• Less used or unused areas (such as ceilings) should be cleaned within a month.
• The isolation unit must be cleaned and disinfected.
Annual Routines
• The entire Cat and Dog Clinic should be cleaned and disinfected.
4.7. Administration of Suspected Infectious Disease Patients
• Animals with suspected communicable diseases should be treated as outpatients or
hospitalized whenever possible.
• Patients with acute vomiting, cough, runny nose, diarrhea and fever should stay in their car
until a student or veterinarian checks it out.
• Patients at risk of communicable diseases should not be taken directly into the examination
room. The patient should be transported here by means of a stretcher or a cage.
• If such a patient is brought directly to the consultation desk, the person responsible for the
consultation should immediately contact the veterinarian concerned and take the patient to the
examination room immediately. The patient should be transported to the appropriate
examination room as soon as possible.
• The examination room where such a patient is placed should be closed, no one other than
those in charge should enter, and the phrase “Do not use” should be posted on its door.
• After the patient's procedure is finished, the room should be cleaned and disinfected. The room
should not be opened for use before the disinfection process is completed.
• “acute diarrhea”, “acute vomiting”, “acute cough” or “possibility of infectious disease” should
be written in the patient's file.
• The areas where the treatment and diagnosis of the animal suspected of infectious disease,
hospital equipment, personnel and student clothes should be cleaned and disinfected
immediately after contact with the animal, regardless of contamination.
• It is forbidden for owners of animals with contagious diseases to visit their patients, except in
cases such as euthanasia. Visiting hours of other patients are determined by the hospital
management and are made within the framework of general hygiene rules.
4.7.1. Hospitalization of animals suspected of infectious disease
4.7.1.1 Movements of high-risk patients
• Animals with suspected communicable diseases that require isolation should be sent directly
to the isolation unit.
• Care should be taken to minimize contamination during this transport.
• The carrier must wear the necessary protective clothing.
• Areas contaminated with infectious material during transportation should be cleaned and
disinfected immediately.
• Transport should be done with a cage or a stretcher.
4.7.1.2. Diagnostic tests required in patients with infectious disease
• Diagnostic tests for some infectious and/or zoonotic diseases provide necessary information
for diagnosis and treatment.
• This is in favor of patient owners to protect themselves and their families. Therefore, tests for
the diagnosis of these diseases are mandatory.
• Students are responsible for taking appropriate samples from the patient, provided that the
clinician, veterinary technician and instructor are responsible.
• It is mandatory to use personal protective equipment (gloves, protective clothing, masks,
goggles, etc.) when handling animals with suspected infectious diseases.
• Samples for diagnostic testing should be taken either in the infectious disease examination
room or in the isolation unit.
• Specimens from these patients should be placed in ziplock bags and the carrier should wear
the necessary clothing, gloves and mask.
• Suspicion of an infectious disease or having an infectious disease should be written on the
samples.
4.7.1.3. Isolation
• All patients with parvovirus or confirmed infectious disease should be kept in a small animal
isolation unit.
• Entries and exits to this section should be minimized, except for essential situations.
• The personnel working in the isolation unit should be informed about the patient.
• There should be foot baths at the entrance and exit of the isolation unit.
• The use of hygiene and personal protective equipment is very important for the isolation unit.
• Hands should be washed and rinsed with an alcohol-based sanitizing solution before and after
each patient in this section is examined.
• Clean examination gloves should be worn in the isolation unit. All personnel are responsible
for environmental hygiene. The environment should not be polluted with dirty hands or
equipment.
• Patients in the isolation unit should not be moved around in the common area.
• Students who come into contact with a patient with an infectious disease should not come into
contact with an immunosuppressed animal, a young or very old animal, an animal with diabetes
mellitus.
• Only clinicians, responsible students and responsible personnel should enter the isolation unit
for the care, cleaning and treatment of the patient. Appropriate personal protective equipment
(gloves, mask, rubber boots, disposable apron, etc.) should be used while working in this unit.
• Necessary warnings should be written on the cages and hung.
• Any material in the isolation unit should not be returned to the main clinic building.
• Contaminated surfaces, equipment should be cleaned in accordance with the rule.
• Equipment used on a patient should only be used on that patient.
• The drugs used in the patient should be sent with the patient's owner when the patient is
discharged and the drugs should not be taken back to the pharmacy.
Entrance to the Isolation Unit
• The clinical gown must be removed outside the isolation unit. All necessary equipment should
be with the clinician to minimize entry and exit to the isolation unit. Foot mats or baths should
be used at entrances and exits. Hands should be washed and disinfected with hand sanitizer.
Personal protective equipment (overshoes, disposable apron, mask, gloves, bonnet) should be
worn.
• Procedures that will contaminate the environment (such as rectal touch, rectal temperature
measurement, abscess manipulations) should be done at the end of the examination and
controls.
• Care should be taken not to spread organic material (urine, stool, etc.) in the room. Sharp or
penetrating material should be handled appropriately and disposed of in sharps waste bins
(yellow boxes) after the procedure is over.
• Contaminated surfaces should be cleaned and disinfected after patient care is finished.
• After the procedure is finished, the thermometer, stethoscope and other material should be
disinfected with 70% isopropyl alcohol or ethyl alcohol.
• Personal protective equipment should be removed at the exit from the unit and disposed of in
a medical waste bag. Hands should be washed or disinfected.
• Door handles in the isolation unit should be disinfected daily.
• Patient transfer from the isolation unit to the clinic depends on the permission of the
responsible physician and the approval of the Hospital Chief Physician.
• If these patients will be treated in the Cat and Dog Clinic (ultrasound, x-ray examination,
surgical operation, etc.), their intervention should be left to the end of the day.
• Patients should be transported in a way that will least contaminate the environment. All
surfaces that these animals come into contact with must be cleaned and disinfected.
• After the ultrasonographic examination of the patients, the ultrasound should be cleaned and
disinfected with 0.5% chlorhexidine or 70% isopropyl alcohol.
• If an ECG has been performed on patients, the ECG should be cleaned and disinfected with
0.5% chlorhexidine or 70% isopropyl alcohol.
• All material used in the surgical intervention of animals in the isolation unit must be cleaned,
disinfected and then sterilized, and this material must be stored in ziplock plastic bags.
• If patients who will undergo surgery or anesthesia have infectious diseases or are suspected
of having an infectious disease, this should be written on their forms.
• Anesthesia machine should be cleaned and disinfected after application.
• Tissue residues in the oxygen delivery apparatus should be cleaned with soap and water and
then rinsed.
• Then it should be kept in chlorhexidine solution for 15 minutes and then rinsed.
4.7.1.4. Anesthesia and surgical procedures of patients in the isolation unit
• Staff or students who will come into contact with patients in the isolation unit should wear
appropriate personal protective equipment.
• Surgical procedures of animals with infectious diseases should be postponed to the end of the
day, if possible.
• After the surgical procedures of the patients in the isolation unit, all surfaces should be cleaned
and then disinfected.
• All surgical equipment should be cleaned and disinfected. All surgical equipment should then
be placed in a ziplock plastic bag.
• Information about being infected or suspected of being infected should be written on this bag.
4.7.1.5. Small animal surgery and anesthesia procedures
• Clean surgical gowns, caps, shoe covers and masks should be worn before entering the
surgical unit areas.
• A high standard of hygiene and cleanliness should be provided in the surgical unit.
• The area to be operated should be prepared aseptically, and asepsis should be maintained
throughout the operation.
• Unnecessary entrances and exits should be prohibited.
• Transitions between the anesthesia area and the surgical area should be minimized.
Preparations for surgery of animals with infectious disease or suspected:
• Preparing for surgery of animals with infectious diseases or suspected infectious diseases
should be carried out in the animal's cage or in the appropriate examination room for patients
with infectious diseases.
• Material residues used here should be thrown into medical waste bags and all surfaces should
be cleaned, disinfected and dried.
• Hands should be washed before patient-to-patient contact.
• Contaminated areas should be cleaned immediately after stool removal.
Anesthesia procedures of animals with infectious disease or suspected:
• The patient should be premedicated in the cage or isolation unit. It should be brought to the
anesthesia preparation department just before the application of anesthesia.
• A cage or stretcher should be used during the transport process.
• All contaminated equipment should be cleaned, disinfected and then sent for sterilization.
• Situations of animals with infectious diseases or suspected should be written on the anesthesia
form.
Anesthesia application area:
• Shaving should be done just before the operation to prevent bacterial colonization of the
surgical area before the operation.
• Unless decided otherwise, surgical patients should be brought to the anesthesia application
area one hour before the operation. The intravenous catheter should be placed aseptically.
• After the operation, contaminated clothes should be placed in the laundry basket in a plastic
bag and sent to the cleaning unit.
• After the operation, patients who do not have an infectious disease or suspicion can be
awakened in the anesthesia preparation or recovery department. Those with infectious diseases
are awakened in their cages in the isolation room.
• The stretchers should be cleaned, disinfected with 0.5% chlorhexidine or 70% isopropyl
alcohol (15 minutes contact time) and then rinsed with clean water.
• The tissue residues in the oxygen delivery apparatus should be cleaned with detergent water
and then rinsed, then rinsed by keeping it in chlorhexidine solution for 15 minutes.
• The anesthesia device should be cleaned and disinfected between cases.
• After the operation, the surgical room should be cleaned and disinfected. All contaminated
surgical equipment equipment should be cleaned, disinfected and placed in plastic bags and
sent to the cleaning and sterilization unit.
4.7.1.6. Surgical procedures of patients with infectious diseases
• Surgical procedures of animals with contagious diseases should be avoided as much as
possible. If it is necessary for the surgical procedure, this procedure should be done at the end
of the day.
• Minimum entrance and exit should be provided in the surgery room and measures should be
taken to reduce contamination.
• After the operation, contaminated clothing should be placed in a plastic bag and sent to the
cleaning unit with a warning that it is infected.
4.7.1.7. Additional exceptions
• Tests for Distemper virus, Canine Influenza virus, Giardia, Leptospirosis, Parvovirus in dogs
should be encouraged.
• Patients with suspected or confirmed feline leukemia virus should be hospitalized with a cage
space from other patients.
• Staff or students handling this patient should not touch other cats.
• Patients with suspected or diagnosed feline panleukopenia virus should be hospitalized away
from other cats.
• At least 1 cage space should be left. Staff or students handling this patient should not touch
other cats.
• This situation should be written in the cages of patients with suspected canine parvovirus.
When the disease is confirmed, the suspect status should be changed to Canine Parvovirus.
• Staff and students who come into contact with these patients should not come into contact
with risky dogs under the age of 1.5.
CHAPTER 5:
BIOSAFETY RULES FOR POULTRY AND EXOTIC ANIMAL
CLINIC
5.1. General Cleaning and Hygiene
• All staff and students should be made aware of cleanliness and hygiene.
• Before and after each examination, hands should be cleaned with an alcohol-based antiseptic.
• Equipment and surfaces contaminated with feces, saliva and blood should be cleaned and
disinfected by the personnel responsible for the patient. Especially in patients with infectious
diseases, this procedure should be given more importance.
• Equipment such as mouthpiece, speculum and forceps should be disinfected with 70%
isopropyl alcohol or chlorhexidine. Equipment should be sterilized in a sterilizer and made
ready for use.
5.2. General Rules for Poultry and Exotic Animal Clinic
• Clinic-specific clothing should be used to reduce the risk of disease.
• All personnel must wear clean professional clothing.
• Clean clothes and appropriate footwear should always be worn when working in the Poultry
and Exotic Animal clinic.
• It is recommended that all staff working in the Poultry and Exotic Animal Clinic wear sturdy
boots or shoes.
• In order to protect the feet, waterproof shoes should be recommended to reduce the damage
to the shoes after exposure to bath solutions.
• Students going on business visits should wear civilian clothes with which they have not come
into contact with birds, rodents or rabbits until six days before the visit and use personal
protective equipment during the visit.
• Visitors are required to follow the instructions of all personnel.
• All necessary protective equipment (disposable overalls, shoe covers ...) for visitors should be
provided by the hospital.
5.3. General Cleaning and Hygiene
• The cleaning and personal hygiene of the clinic is the responsibility of all personnel.
• Gloves and appropriate clothing should be worn when disinfectants are used.
• Gloves should be worn during regular patient exams (exam gloves) or rubber cleaning gloves
should be used when using disinfectants during routine cleaning procedures.
• Coarse dirt should be cleaned before disinfection. The material should be washed with
detergent and water, layers and residues that prevent or reduce the effect of disinfection should
be broken by rubbing or mechanically breaking.
• Thorough rinsing should be done to remove any detergent residue. The area should be allowed
to drain or dry as much as possible to avoid dilution of disinfectant solutions.
• This disinfectant should be kept in contact with surfaces for 15 minutes, especially if an
infectious agent is suspected. Excess disinfectant should be removed by washing with water.
Disinfectant must be removed from all surfaces before placing a patient in a cage or paddock.
• After disinfection, protective clothing should be removed and hands should be washed.
• Multi-use areas (stocks, examination rooms, etc.) where animals are examined or treated
should be changed, cleaned and disinfected after they are used by the personnel responsible for
the patient.
5.3.1. General disinfection protocol
• General disinfection protocol should be applied for this job.
5.3.2. Disinfectants
• In case of suspected Newcastle disease or avian flu, all equipment should be disinfected by a
disinfectant accepted for the control of these diseases.
5.3.3. Foot baths and mats
• When the mats become dirty, they should be changed immediately by the personnel. But it
should be changed daily even if it is not contaminated.
• When it is noticed that the mats are dry, disinfectant should be added.
• Personnel should use it at entrances and exits in all areas where they encounter a mat.
5.3.4. Disinfection protocol for devices and equipment
• All instruments, equipment or other objects should be cleaned, disinfected and sterilized
between different patients.
• The materials should be cleaned with detergent water and disinfected with 0.5% chlorhexidine
solution after use on the patient.
• Autopsy materials should be sterilized daily.
• These materials must first be cleaned with chlorinated antiseptics, disinfected and then
sterilized in an autoclave or sterilizer, depending on the material type.
5.3.5. Food and beverages
• The use of food and drink in the hospital is strictly prohibited.
5.4. Guide to accepting and managing Poultry and Exotic Animal patients
5.4.1. Outpatients
• Serious measures should be taken to prevent patients coming to the hospital from contracting
infectious diseases other than their current illness. Consultation should be done in accordance
with the following recommendations.
• Other animals should be strictly prevented from entering the room where the consultation is
held.
• Disinfection of tables and equipment should be carried out by the personnel before the patient
enters the room.
• Documents related to registration must be filled, and the conditions of animals coming from
other doctors or hospitals must be recorded. A complete physical and clinical description of the
animals should be made.
• Registration of genus and species (in Latin) is required for exotic animals.
• If a serious infectious and/or contagious condition is suspected, other personnel should be
promptly informed and a prompt decision taken.
• When a reptile comes to the examination, a dialogue should be started with a specialist in
order to determine the genus and species.
• It is strictly forbidden for poisonous reptiles to enter the clinic. These patients should not be
admitted to the clinic even in the absence of students.
• Birds arriving in cages should not be taken out of their cages without expert personnel.
• A full general clinical examination should be performed if the physical condition, stress or
level of danger allows this, taking into account other animals present in the clinic.
• If these conditions are not met, assistance from other personnel should be sought for
manipulation and investigations.
Business visit
• Students participating in these visits should wear civilian clothes that they do not come into
contact with birds, rodents or rabbits from six days before the visit.
• All personnel must strictly follow their instructions.
• All the clothes required for the visit (disposable gowns, shoe covers, etc.) are provided by the
hospital management.
5.4.2. Patients receiving inpatient treatment
5.4.2.1. Shelters
• Patients admitted to the Poultry and Exotic Animal Clinic are placed in cages by staff.
• Before putting animals in cages, staff working day or night should be warned to know where
to find newly admitted patients.
5.4.2.2. Patient records and medication administration
• During the hospitalization process, all clinical data and drugs should be specifically recorded
on standardized forms (record).
5.4.2.3. Feed and water
• Small amounts of bedding, feed and concentrate should be stored in the poultry and exotic
animal clinic to reduce the risk of contamination.
5.4.2.4. Bedding
• Staff and students responsible for hospitalization are responsible for the daily maintenance
and cleaning of the cages.
• Cages are washed and disinfected with chlorinated antiseptics if necessary.
• In all cases, waste should be disposed of in yellow bins designed for biological waste to avoid
contamination.
• Students should wash their hands and change gloves for each animal.
• Tools and equipment used for each animal should be specific to that animal and should not be
used in animals in different cages.
• At the end of hospitalization, cages should be washed and disinfected according to standard
procedures before being introduced to new patients.
5.4.2.5. Discharge of patients
• Prior to discharge, animal owners should be instructed on the risks of communicable diseases
associated with patients and recommendations for controlling these hazards at home. Cages
used for patients carrying known or suspected infectious agents should be marked with special
signs (Use, Cleaning Required, etc.).
• The cages of animals carrying known or suspected infectious agents should be marked with a
white tape after discharge until complete disinfection.
5.5. Animals with Known or Suspected Infectious Diseases
• Animals with symptoms of known or suspected infectious diseases should be triaged in the
parking lot prior to admission.
• More serious measures should be taken in some specific diseases such as Newcastle and
notifiable diseases. In such a case, no equipment in the examination room should be taken out.
Soles of shoes should be disinfected, clothes should be washed and contact with other birds
should not be allowed for 6 days.
• In case of suspicion of zoonotic disease, precautions should be taken more seriously and
quarantine measures should be implemented. Health ministry officials should be contacted.
5.5.1. Follow-up of high-risk patients
• Movement of animals suspected of diseases such as Newcastle or bird flu should be strictly
prohibited.
• Rooms where such patients are placed should be closed until cleaning and disinfection is
completed.
5.5.2. Diagnostic and surgical procedures in high-risk patients
• Except for the legally required specimens and euthanasia, it is strictly forbidden to make any
other interventions on animals carrying diseases such as Newcastle and bird flu.
5.5.3. Necessary diagnostic tests in patients with suspected infection
• In case of suspected infectious diseases, the relevant disease should be reported to the
veterinarian of the patient and the owner of the animal.
5.5.4. Biological samples from animals with contagious disease
• Samples from animals suspected of Newcastle or avian influenza diseases should be followed
according to legal procedure.
• Samples taken from animals with suspected infectious diseases should be packed in a sealed
bag so that they cannot be torn during transportation.
5.5.5. Changing biosafety measures for a patient
• Changes in the measures described above can only be made with the directive of the Biosafety
Commission.
5.5.6. Notifiable diseases of Poultry and Exotic Animal Clinic patients
• Mandatory samples taken for such diseases should be sent to the reference laboratory
following the legal recommendations within the scope of the responsibilities of the Poultry and
Exotic Animal Clinic.
5.6. Isolation for Poultry and Exotic Animal Clinic Patients
• When the diagnosis of infectious disease is clearly established, a warning letter should be
placed on the animal's cage.
• Visits to animals in isolation cages should be prohibited.
• Equipment used for these animals should be kept in a plastic bag located near the cage. This
equipment should never be used for another animal until proper cleaning and disinfection has
been done.
• It is strictly forbidden to enter the isolation units without wearing disposable gowns.
• Hand washing and disinfection is mandatory at the entrance and exit of the hospitalization and
isolation areas.
• Animals whose treatment has been completed in the hospitalization and isolation units should
be disinfected before being placed in the cages they were brought to.
• Ultrasonography, radiology or ECG examinations should be limited if there is a risk of death
in animals with suspected communicable disease.
5.7. Visitors to the Poultry and Exotic Animal Clinic
• Visitors are only allowed under the direct control of the Poultry and Exotic Animal Clinic
team.
5.7.1. Children
• Children are not allowed in the Poultry and Exotic Animal Clinic.
5.7.2. Pets such as cats and dogs
• Pet animals such as cats and dogs are not allowed in the Poultry and Exotic Animal Clinic and
they are not kept together.
CHAPTER 6:
FOOD HYGIENE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR DAIRY AND DAIRY PRODUCTS
FACILITIES, BIOSAFETY RULES FOR APPLICATION TRAININGS IN
ABATTOİRS AND SLAUGHTERHOUSES
6.1. Introduction
This biosafety plan and guidelines cover students, academics, laboratory administrators,
research staff and other personnel with the potential to be exposed to or use biohazardous
materials.
The purpose of these procedures is:
During the implementation of food, slaughterhouse and milk courses, the responsible person of
the course and the physical, chemical and biological hazards that will threaten the safety of the
students are to take measures to minimize the risks that may occur during the application.
It is to prevent laboratory-borne infections in food practice courses and to prevent the spread of
microorganisms that will pose a threat in the form of epidemics.
It is to minimize the risk of being infected with any zoonotic diseases during the practice lesson
of the staff and students (especially the slaughterhouse application).
Facilities where practice lessons are held; farm, dairy, university cafeteria, slaughterhouse,
poultry slaughterhouse and meat products processing units.
6.2. General Hygiene Principles
During non-faculty visits, general biosafety principles should be remembered and on-site
biosafety requirements should be followed. During non-faculty visits to abattoirs or food
establishments for study or research, staff and students biosecurity requirements are complied
with.
During the first practical work and before business visits, students are briefed on occupational
safety and biosecurity requirements.
The faculty management is informed about the situation of those who have a zoonotic disease
or suspected disease among the students, and the student in the situation is not allowed to enter
the production area.
If a zoonotic disease is detected or seriously suspected in a slaughterhouse/food establishment,
students are immediately informed and appropriate action is taken.
Students are informed about the risk of touching contaminated objects. If there is any suspicion
of infection in the animals and tissues and organs of animals in the enterprise, they are provided
to contact the health institutions.
6.2.1 Occupational safety principles in Slaughterhouse and Meat Farm visits
• Before going to the slaughterhouse, students are informed about safety requirements, possible
risks, and food safety risk factors. In slaughterhouses/food businesses, HACCP system
principles, BRC, IFS and ISO standards are followed, in addition, students are asked to follow
Good Hygiene Practice requirements.
• For non-faculty applications, students must sign documents confirming that they are briefed
on safety and biosecurity requirements. The documents are filled out by the responsible
employee of the slaughterhouse / food enterprises.
• Academic staff accompanying students during non-faculty visits are responsible for students'
compliance with hygiene requirements.
• In the post-slaughter examination, the academic staff observes the students who perform the
examination. Academic staff make sure that the examined organs pose no risk.
• Students are asked not to touch food products and raw materials unless necessary, except for
autopsy.
• It is strictly forbidden to consume food/beverage, smoking and consuming alcohol in
slaughterhouses / food establishments.
• It is forbidden to keep jewellery, wedding rings, watches and other small personal items other
than those necessary to fulfill the assigned duties in slaughterhouses/food establishments.
• Students and responsible personnel wear hard hats, aprons and boots during their visit to the
slaughterhouse.
• To avoid cross-contamination risks, students start their business visits in the clean area and
finish in the dirty area.
• After arriving at the slaughterhouses, the students are directed to the changing rooms, where
they will change the clothes in question and leave their clothes and personal belongings in the
special wardrobes.
• If a student is injured, he/she quits the job, washes his/her hands in the non-contact hand sink
and applies disinfectant on the wound in the locker room. If necessary, additional health
services are requested.
• After leaving the slaughterhouse / food business, disposable clothes are thrown into special
garbage.
6.2.2. Students' Safety Principles During Laboratory Studies
• Before the practical work in the Food Hygiene and Technology laboratories, students are
informed about occupational safety, biosecurity and possible infection risks and food safety risk
factors, and an occupational safety and biosafety book is signed.
• The laboratory supervisor ensures that laboratory personnel receive appropriate training on
the necessary precautions and assessment procedures for hazards and risks.
Staff receive annual updates or additional training when procedural or policy changes occur.
• The organization of the laboratory is carried out in such a way as to separate clean areas from
areas that can be contaminated.
• Consuming food/beverage, wearing contact lenses, applying cosmetics and storing food for
human consumption are prohibited in laboratory areas. Food is stored in designated areas
outside the laboratory area.
• During oral pipetting, direct exposure to the agent (chemical or microbial) may occur through
accidental ingestion, therefore mechanical pipetting devices are used.
• When carrying out procedures that have the potential to generate splashes of microorganisms
or other hazardous materials; Necessary protective equipment (Apron, protective glasses, mask,
etc.) measures are taken to minimize the risk of splash and / or aerosol.
• During food microbiology laboratory work, academic staff ensure that students adhere to
hygiene and safety requirements. Students should not open and touch the petri dishes containing
cultures.
• Access to bacterial cultures is limited. Access to the deep freezer is controlled by the
laboratory supervisor or another authorized person. Students (residents, doctoral students) may
use reference strains only under the supervision of responsible laboratory personnel.
• Before disposing of cultures, stocks and other potentially infectious materials, these materials
are sterilized.
• In food hygiene, meat, milk and egg hygiene and other issues related to animal-derived
materials, academic staff pay attention to students' compliance with workplace safety rules and
biosecurity requirements.
• Policies are developed and implemented for the safe use of cutting and piercing tools used in
the laboratory. The following precautions should always be taken with sharp objects during
practice lessons:
Used disposable needles/syringes and other disposable cutters are carefully placed in
properly placed puncture resistant containers (ie "sharp cups") used for disposal of the cutters.
Non-disposable cutting instruments are placed in a hard-walled, puncture-resistant container
for transport to a processing area for decontamination, preferably by autoclaving.
Broken glass items are not handled directly. Instead, a brush and dustpan are removed using
tongs or forceps, and plastic items are used instead of glassware whenever possible.
6.3. Personal Hygiene
Students must strictly follow the rules of personal hygiene.
2.3.1. Hand washing
• Hands are thoroughly washed with water and anti-bacterial soap before entering and exiting
laboratory practices, slaughterhouses/food establishments or after using the sink.
• Disposable paper towels are used to wipe hands.
• Disposable gloves are a must in case of scratches or wounds on the hands.
• In slaughterhouses / food establishments, hands are washed with non-contact washbasins.
2.3.2. Student clothes
• Students are required to wear aprons in food laboratories and business visits. If necessary,
students are given disposable gloves.
• In slaughterhouses / food establishments, students wear clean aprons, bonnets and protective
sleeves.
• In slaughterhouses / food establishments, students wear personal work boots or disposable
shoe covers that are washed with mechanical shoe brushes before and after entering the
slaughterhouse.
6.3.3. Washing and disinfection
• In the microbiology laboratory, all materials used for practical training (culture-containing
plates, pipettes, grafting rings, etc.) are collected in specially marked containers and sterilized
in autoclaves. Workplaces are cleaned with disinfectants.
• Materials examined for microbiological analysis are collected in specially marked containers
after analysis and sterilized in autoclaves. The work area is cleaned with disinfectants.
• Tools and equipment (knives, hooks, metal gloves, plastic / leather aprons, etc.) necessary for
working in the slaughterhouse belong to the slaughterhouse and are used only in this place. It
is washed and disinfected according to operating rules. These tools and equipment cannot be
used in other businesses.
• After any spill or splash of biological material after laboratory work, work surfaces are
disinfected with an appropriate disinfectant. In disinfectant use; disinfectant's dilution rate,
contact time and shelf life instructions should be followed.
Table 1. Distribution of the first three priorities in risk assessment in Microbiology Laboratories
Working unit Danger Risks Affected persons Activity Current
Measures Risk score Suggestions
Warehouse, Microbiology
Serology Media preparation
flammable explosive substances
Chemical exposure by fire, aerosol and
contact
All staff and
students Storage
fire extinguisher
Eye and body shower
10x10x100
Special lockers Inventory, Placing
items properly Apron, goggles,
mask
Warehouse, Microbiology
Serology Media preparation
Elektric During the flood
electrical contact,fire
All staff and
students Lighting
regular maintenance
fire extinguisher
7x10x70 emergency plan
Disinfection/autoclave Microbiology
Serology Molecular Biology
slaughterhouse
Factors transmitted by blood and body
fluids
Pathogenic and zoonotic
microorganisms
All staff and
students
Manipulation of
contaminated material
Closed Unbreakable Automatic Disposable
pipette waste
containers Glove Apron
10x10x0.770
Glasses Selection of unbreakable
materials Training on the use
of sharps antibacterial
solution
Table 2. Risk Assessment Criteria Occurrence Probability (Probability) / Impact (Violence)
Degree (Score) Possibility Effect
Very High (5) The risk is very high (%80- %100)
15 (risks with a Severity of 5 and a probability of 3 will be considered as high risk (significant risk) if the risk score is 15.), 16 and 20 are the risks. In the event of a risk, it has a devastating negative effect on the result, the necessity of stopping the activities. There may be financial losses. Additional control activities
should be identified
High (4) The risk is high (%51-%79)
Risk score 12 (risks with a risk severity of 4 and a probability of 3 will be considered high risk (significant risk) if they have a score of 12.), Risk formation may have a high negative impact on achieving strategic and unit goals. Unit processes are adversely affected. There may be financial losses. Additional control activities
should be identified
Middle (3)
The probability of a risk occurring can
only occur in certain situations.
(%50)
Risk scores are 8, 9, 10, 12 and 15. Actions should be initiated to mitigate the effects of medium-level risks. Occurrence of risk May have a certain impact on achieving strategic and unit objectives and delivering
services. Risk reduction measures can take time. Additional control activities should be identified.
Low (2) The risk is unlikely
to occur. (%20-%49)
These are the risks with a risk score of 3, 4, 5 and 6. There may be a slight decrease in process performance. Additional control activities can be determined
Very Low (1)
The probability of the risk occurring is almost non-existent.
(%1-%19)
They are risks with a risk score of 1 and 2. At very low risks, the process is continued. In the event of a risk, system performance is not significantly affected. The process should be continued with existing control
activities.
CHAPTER 7:
BIOSAFETY RULES TO BE FOLLOWED IN VISITS TO
LIVESTOCK AND FARM
Erciyes University, Students of Faculty of Veterinary medicine, in the farm practices of the
courses given on the basis of the Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases,
primarily make field practices in the poultry, bovine and ovine units operated by the
Agricultural Research and Application Center (ERUTAM), which operates as a unit affiliated
to the Rectorate at Erciyes University. In addition, for farm applications, students are taken to
medium and large-scale livestock enterprises located around Kayseri. Within the framework of
the protocols that have already been made between these enterprises (such as Saray Farm /
Develi, Pandoğa / İncesu) and our Faculty, students have the opportunity to practice in the field.
It has been observed that biosecurity standards are applied at the maximum level in these
enterprises.
7.1 General Biosafety Rules
• In order to teach all personnel, students and researchers working in the visited establishments
to comply and apply the general safety rules and biosecurity rules at the maximum level, the
rules must be taught in a certain way by repeating the rules in the trainings given at regular
intervals. This situation must be made absolutely certain. In addition, both informative posters
and informative-warning posters should be hung at the necessary points of the business.
• Consumption of food and beverage should be prohibited in businesses, except for listening
areas.
• Persons and students who have been in contact with an infectious disease agent in the last 6
days should not be allowed to visit.
• The use of personal protective equipment (safety glasses, mask, bone, gloves, goggles, boots
and apron, etc.) must be mandatory for staff and students during the business visit.
• Staff and students should not touch animals without gloves during the visit. After contact with
animals with gloves, hands must be washed and disinfected.
• Before starting the business visit, all staff and students should be allowed to enter the facility
using their boots and foot bath.
• Rectal thermometers, stethoscopes, hemostats and scissors used in the visit should be
disinfected with 70% isopropyl alcohol or 0.5% chlorhexidine before being used on each
animal/patient, and this process should be repeated at the end of the practice.
• At the end of the visit, all disposable materials should be thrown into the medical waste bucket.
• They should not be allowed to bring their personal belongings into the establishment.
• When a zoonotic disease is suspected, students should not be allowed to intervene directly in
the case.
• Staff and students should not be allowed to bring their pets to business visits.
7.2. Erciyes University Agricultural Research and Application Center (ERUTAM)
biosecurity Administration
A principal and two deputy directors are appointed by the Rector from among the faculty
members of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and the Faculty of Agriculture, in rotation. The
Director carries out the administration with two Deputy Director.
Board of Directors
The duties in the Faculty of Veterinary and Agriculture consist of three lecturers, the principal
and their assistants.
Staff
There are 16 employees in the center, including 4 civil servants, 4 permanent temporary
workers, 8 assigned (within the scope of the project) workers.
Land Size
The total land area for which the center is responsible is 3900 acres.
Equipment
There are 5 tractors, 1 panel van and 1 passenger car in the center.
units
There are a total of 8 units in the center, including the administrative and training building,
personnel lodgings, workshop building, 4 separate production and 1 training material.
Production units
I. Dairy cattle facility
II. Sheep farm
III. Poultry
IV. Swine unit
V. Herbal production facility
The distances between these facilities are arranged in such a way that they do not pose a
biosecurity risk. In addition, employees were employed separately for all facilities due to
biosecurity measures.
7.3. Dairy Cattle Facility
Currently, there are a total of 179 cattle, 54 of which are lactating, 10 are dry, 50 are heifers, 25
are calves and 40 are males. The facility size has been established in accordance with animal
welfare rules.
In dairy cattle, there is a herd tracking system and a semi-automatic milking system. The entire
facility is monitored by security cameras for 24 hours.
7.3.1. Measures taken in terms of environmental health in dairy cattle facility
7.3.1.1. Fertilizer management
7.3. 1.1. a- Cattle Manure Management
The facility has a programmed cattle manure collection mechanization system.
The automatic scrapers in the paddocks collect the manure in a 300-ton manure collection pool
at certain time intervals. The manure collected in this way is stored in the manure pond for three
months. At the end of this period, the liquefied manure is sprinkled with specially equipped
machines for the fertilization of the agricultural land of the center.
7.3.1.1. b- Poultry Manure Management
In the cage-belt system egg poultry unit, manure is removed daily in accordance with the
relevant legislation and accumulated in the fermentation pool. It is considered as a natural
fertilizer within the framework of the provisions of the legislation.
7.3.1.2. Medical waste management
Medical waste management in the center; Medical wastes generated during diagnosis, treatment
and production are processed in accordance with their own characteristics in accordance with
the relevant legislation.
7.3.1.3. Biological waste management
Biological waste management at the center; natural wastes from animals such as baby
membranes, hoofs, horns, blood, etc. are placed in biological waste bags and treated like
medical waste.
7.3.2. Measures taken in terms of animal health in dairy cattle facility
Herd Health Control Program at the facility is carried out regularly by the faculty members of
the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in a planned and programmed manner. Hygiene rules that
start with sanitation in the enterprise are handled separately, especially under the headings of
milking hygiene, barn hygiene, personnel hygiene and equipment disinfection, and are applied
without compromise. Disinfection processes are planned on a daily, weekly and monthly basis
and inspected by cross-checks in order to ensure sanitation throughout the facility.
The health control of the working personnel, especially the milking supervisors, is meticulously
followed. In this context, the relevant personnel are periodically subjected to sanitary checks.
In general, a strict follow-up system is applied in terms of personal hygiene and personal
behavior.
Vaccination program in cattle
For cattle in the center; vaccines such as mixed (Clostridium spp), IBR, BVD, Brucella and
Pasteurella are routinely administered.
Animals are kept in separate paddocks by grouping them according to their breeding style and
age. Calves are kept in calf huts for the first 2-3 months, and colostrum and milk application
method is applied after birth. Maintenance, repair and cleaning of calf huts are routinely done.
There are infirmary halls in the facility. Accordingly, standard treatments are carried out by the
assigned veterinarian, and in advanced and complicated cases, Erciyes University Veterinary
Faculty, faculty members are applied. The entry of animals from outside is strictly prohibited.
Necessary sanitation is provided with antiseptic application at vehicle entrances and exits to the
facility. In order to maintain sanitation and maintain the biosecurity level achieved in the
facility, entry and exit of other species are not allowed.
It is ensured that those working in the center comply with biosecurity practices at the maximum
level when entering and exiting the relevant units. The personnel make the necessary clothing
changes in the relevant unit. In addition, disposable clothes and plastic boots are provided for
students and researchers coming from outside for applications to the facility. Students and
researchers are given separate rectal examination gloves, latex gloves and disposable gowns for
each examination.
Material management
All tools and equipment used as diagnostic, treatment and training materials in the facility are
supplied only from the tools created for the facility. Access to equipment from outside is not
allowed.
Pest Control
In the facility, insecticide, acaricide and pesticide applications are carried out periodically
against arthropod infestations such as flies, ticks, mice and other pests in accordance with the
principle of a continuous monitoring system.
Notifiable disease follow-up
In our facility, obligatory disease follow-up and application are carried out in full coordination
with the relevant official institutions in accordance with the relevant legislation.
Feed and manger management
In our facility, feed production facilities have been ideally designed for feed hygiene, and every
precaution has been taken against mold and deterioration.
Parlor management
The parlor is cleaned with normal water before every milking. The entire parlor is washed with
disinfectants on a weekly basis. Before each milking, the udders of the cows are washed with
normal water and dried with disposable paper towels. Teat deeping is applied to the udders after
each milking.
Milk storage, milk handling and management
The facility has a cooled (+4 oC) milk collection tank large enough to store 3 tons of milk. The
maintenance and repairs of the milk tank and milking equipment are routinely carried out with
high precision. Milk shipments are made daily.
7.3.3. Measures taken in terms of human health in dairy cattle facility
Necessary information warnings are made for the health of all personnel working at the facility,
students coming from outside and researchers, and warning posters are hung in a way that
everyone can easily see. Eating and drinking processes of the personnel in the facility are only
in a special place (dining hall/cafe) reserved for this purpose. It is forbidden to eat or drink
anything, especially during animal practices. In case of zoonotic diseases or a suspected
infectious pathogen, the hygiene-mask-distance rule is followed to the maximum. In such cases,
the use of materials such as disposable masks, bonnets, gloves, protective glasses, clothes in
our facility is an uncompromising obligation for everyone.
7.4. Sheep Farm
There are 200 Akkaraman sheep and 4 rams in our center. The sheep breeding unit is a semi-
open soil ground and the ground is routinely cleaned of manure every 6 months. The manure
obtained at the end of the period is used in the fertilization of the land. The herd of sheep is
mainly managed by the principle of pasture grazing on approximately 3000 decares of land.
Sheep are routinely vaccinated with Mixed, FMD, Smallpox and Brucella vaccines. In newborn
lambs, preventive treatment practices are carried out due to trace element and vitamin
deficiency. In the herd of jeans, the principles of herd health and protective veterinary medicine
are fully applied.
7.5. Poultry Facility
There are 1,000 laying hens of Leghorn breed in the facility. Our house has adequate space size,
lighting and ventilation for animal welfare criteria. In the facility, aquaculture is carried out in
the cage system. Feeding and irrigation are done automatically. Vaccination of animals for
diseases such as IBD, ND, IB, ART, Salmonella, Pox is routinely applied. In our unit, a safe
environment and a healthy poultry house environment are provided for the prevention and
control of diseases, and universal standard biosecurity measures are applied.
7.6. Swine Unit
In this unit, a limited number of pigs are available as educational material due to the
characteristics of Veterinary Medicine education. The unit has animal welfare criteria.
CHAPTER 8:
BIOSAFETY RULES FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF
ANATOMY
8.1. General Cleaning and Hygiene
8.11. General disinfection protocol
• Staff and students are not allowed to bring pets to the anatomy laboratories.
• Before leaving the anatomy laboratory, hands should be washed and disinfected.
• It is mandatory to use latex gloves during cadaver dissection.
• It is necessary to wash hands again after using gloves.
• After the dissection process, students should throw their latex gloves and disposable gowns
into a separate medical waste bag.
• Tools and equipment used after the dissection process are washed and disinfected.
8.2.2. Disinfection protocol for device and equipment
• Dissection instruments used by staff and students should be thoroughly washed and
disinfected.
• Used scalpels should be disposed of in yellow sharps waste bins and dirty latex gloves in
medical waste bags.
• Dissection instruments used by personnel should be washed and disinfected daily.
• Dissection rooms should be washed with detergent and water on the last day of the week.
• Dissection tables should be washed with detergent and water every day and disinfected on the
last day of the week.
8.2.4. Detergents and disinfectants used in the Department of Anatomy
8.2.4.1. Detergents and disinfectants
• Chlorinated Antiseptics should be preferred for tables and floors.
• Quaternary Ammonium compounds or Chlorhexidine should be preferred for dissection
materials.
• Liquid soap should be used for hand washing. Solid soap should not be used.
• Students enrolled in the first year of the faculty are required to have tetanus and rabies
vaccinations. If any cuts and/or injuries occur during the dissection, the dissection process
should be interrupted, and information should be obtained by washing the hands under the
supervision of the relevant faculty member. If the wound is deep, the bleeding should be
controlled and referred to the emergency room for stitching and dressing. If the wound is
superficial, it is prevented from becoming infected by dressing the wound. In both cases, tetanus
vaccination of students and staff should be questioned and tetanus anti-serum should be made
when necessary.
• Consumption of food and drink is prohibited in all areas of anatomy laboratories.
8.3. Selection and Retrieval of Cadavers
Only healthy animals are accepted for use as cadavers in the anatomy laboratory.
8.4. Preservation of cadavers
• Cadavers should be stored in a cold room and removed when they are to be used.
• All cadavers and organs that have not been treated with any preservative should be stored in
a cold room and freezer until used, removed and used within the week of dissection. At the end
of the dissection week, cadavers should be disposed of in medical waste bags.
• Deep freezers and refrigerators used for cadaver storage should be cleaned and disinfected.
8.5. Breaking Transmission Routes
8.5.1. Visitors
Visitors are allowed to the anatomy laboratory only in the clean area area. Visitors are not
allowed in other areas.
8.5.2. Visiting School Students
• From time to time, it is possible for primary school students to be accepted as visitors to the
anatomy laboratories in order to increase their knowledge and manners. A faculty member and
an assistant are assigned to accompany the accepted students during the visit. Accompanied by
the academic staff, the visiting group tours the relevant departments of the department. During
the visit, the necessity of complying with the hygiene rules at the maximum level is emphasized
and explained.
CHAPTER 9:
BIOSAFETY GUIDELINES FOR DIAGNOSTIC
LABORATORIES
9.1. Necropsy hall Biosafety Rules
9.1.1. Introduction
• Due to the high risk of infection in the necropsy area, staff and students should be protected
against the danger of infection in the application areas.
• With the precautions to be taken in the field of necropsy, the risk of infection of faculty
members, students and patient owners should be minimized.
• If serious infection is suspected during the applications, the university hospital located in the
campus area should be consulted.
9.1.2. Infection risk factors in the necropsy room
• Exposure to infection in autopsy rooms occurs in five ways: through the disruption of skin
integrity, through the respiratory tract, orally, directly through the skin and through the mucosal
surfaces.
• There is always the possibility of encountering unpredictable risks (such as infection) during
necropsy.
• During the necropsy procedure, the necropsy process should always be started by using the
necessary personal protective equipment, taking into account the risk of a zoonotic infection.
• The main risk factors for infection during pet necropsy are rabies virus, Mycobacterium spp,
Salmonella, Clostridium and prions.
9.1.4. Classification of pathogens (www.biosafety.be)
• Infectious factors are divided into four different risk groups in terms of human and animal
health.
• Pathogens that may pose a risk to students and staff in the necropsy room are in Class 3 and
Class 4.
• Animal pathogens in Class 4 for humans (https://www.biosafety.be/content/tools-belgian-
classification-micro-organisms-based-theirbiological-risk)
9.1.5. Class 2 pathogens
• The main mode of transmission of agents in this class is hand-to-mouth, and the risk of
transmission can be eliminated by good hygiene practices and washing hands.
• During necropsy, tuberculosis/tularemia can also be transmitted by stinging or cutting the
skin. Therefore it is necessary to wear masks, and eye protectors.
9.1.6. Class 3 human pathogens
They are pathogens that cause serious diseases in humans and can be transmitted by respiratory
tract during necropsy and there is also a risk of spreading to the community. In these cases,
students should not be allowed to enter the necropsy areas. During the necropsy, personnel are
required to wear a high level of protective clothing (goggles, masks, face and eye protection).
9.1.7. Class 4 animal pathogens
Pathogens in this class cause economic losses due to their epidemics in animals and their
potential to hinder animal movements and trade.
When suspicious cases arise, staff and students participating in the necropsy should be
prevented from going to the enterprises and farms producing animal products and contacting
the farmers for a week.
9.1.8. Class 4 human pathogens
Pathogens in this class include hemorrhagic fever viruses such as Marburg, Ebola, Lassa-fever,
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever and Nipah virus for which vaccines are not available.
9.1.9. Standard procedures for all autopsies
• Safety and hygiene measures should be taken during necropsy.
• Students and faculty staff should participate in the necropsy procedure by wearing personal
protective equipment (safety glasses, waterproof disposable apron that completely covers the
arms, chest, legs, latex gloves, rubber boots, mouth-nose mask to protect from splash
contamination, and face shield when cutting hard bones). .
• With these measures to be taken, protection can also be provided at the point of class 2 and
class 3 pathogens, which are very likely to be transmitted.
• The pathologist should be aware that he or she is responsible for minimizing the risk of anyone
touching the cadaver during and after the autopsy.
• The necropsy area consists of 4 different parts. These sections are as follows;
• Dressing room
• Hall
• Working area
• Disinfection area
• These areas should be navigated as follows.
• Students put their personal belongings in lockers and wear disposable aprons and yellow
boots.
• Holden pass,
• Access to the work area with disinfected dissection instruments and disposable gloves.
• Faculty staff and students should be informed about how to use these areas.
9.1.10. Waterproof shipping containers
• Transportation of cadavers in the faculty is done with forklift (fork lifter) compatible
waterproof transport containers.
• Cadavers should be taken under control at the entrance of the autopsy room.
• Cadavers should be kept in the refrigerator by responsible technicians.
• Containers and forklift wheels should then be washed with hot water + disinfectant and high
pressure.
• The same procedure should be applied to truck wheels and containers that bring cadavers from
outside the faculty to the faculty.
9.2. Imaging Center Biosafety Rules
9.2.1. General principles
• Radiological application should not be performed on animals with suspected infectious
disease, but should be done at the end of the day if necessary.
• It is the primary duty of the responsible clinician to inform the personnel in the imaging
department and to take necessary actions to prevent the transmission of infectious agents from
the sick animal.
• If the examination cannot be left at the end of the day (such as a surgical operation), the
examination room and instruments should be cleaned and disinfected after the examination by
taking the necessary precautions.
• It is the duty of the responsible clinician to ensure the safety of staff and students participating
in the examination of animals at risk of communicable diseases. Risks in radiography,
ultrasonography and tomography consultation should be marked with a yellow label.
• It is the duty of the responsible clinician to organize the transport of the animal to the imaging
department or in cases where the patient cannot be brought to the imaging department. At least
one student should be assigned to follow up on procedures.
• The clinician responsible for the procedure is responsible for applying protective clothing
(apron, gloves) and effective disinfectants.
• Sections and instruments should be cleaned and disinfected as much as possible. Radiology
personnel should supervise the cleaning and disinfection of instruments.
• Ultrasonography probes should be protected in disposable gloves. The probe and cables
should be carefully disinfected after the examination. Ultrasonography pillows (pillows) used
for cats and dogs should be in a plastic bag and should be wrapped with a waterproof pad. Waste
should be disposed of in a yellow waste container.
• Paper towels, gloves, disposable clothing, urine and faeces used to dry animals and tools
should be disposed of in the yellow waste container. These containers should be sealed
following cleaning.
• The ultrasonography device should be used with the clean left hand of the user or by another
person who does not have contact with the patient. The device should be kept in the corridor,
and the device should not be brought into the paddocks, while viewing the animals in the
Infectious Disease Unit of the Equine and Farm Animals Clinic. After the inspection, the wheels
of the device should be disinfected. Only necessary materials should be taken into the unit.
Alcohol and gels used for ultrasonography should be kept on the unit.
• The person performing the radiology examination should wash their hands in every case,
regardless of the patient's infectious status.
• Staff and students should wear disposable gowns and gloves when touching the patient.
• All persons in contact with the patient should wash their hands thoroughly when the
procedures are completed.
• After examination for known or suspected infectious disease, the radiography application
room should be closed and disinfected by technicians as soon as possible.
• Paper towels, gloves, disposable clothing, urine and faeces used to dry animals and tools
should be disposed of in the yellow waste container.
• These containers must be sealed after cleaning.
• The number of people who will participate in the viewing application should be limited as
much as possible.
• All staff and students working with radiology should wear radiation protective clothing and
staff badges.
9.2.2. Equine and Livestock Clinic Cases
• Portable radiographs should be used whenever possible when the number of animals with
known or suspected infectious disease is large.
• Small ruminants should be transported to the imaging department, if possible, on a stretcher
or trolley.
• Students and staff entering Equipoise and Livestock Clinics must dress in accordance with
this regional protocol.
• For applications related to horses, see the relevant section.
9.2.3. Cat Dog Clinic Cases
• If there is known or suspected infectious disease, patients should be kept in their own shelter
until imaging.
• The hospital should have as many stretchers and transport cages as possible to minimize
contamination.
9.2.4. Imaging Rooms and Appliances
• Disinfectant sprays or mops should be used after known or suspected cases of infectious
disease.
• After known or suspected cases of infectious disease, lead aprons and gloves should be cleaned
with disinfectant sprays.
• The leashes, caps and their ropes (lead rope/head rope) used for sick animals in the hospital
should be cleaned and disinfected once a week.
• All instruments should be cleaned and disinfected daily.
This guide has been prepared on the basis of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the
University of Liege biosafety guide recommended by the European Association of
Establishments for Veterinary Education (EAEVE).
The preservation of Turkish has been taken as a basis in the preparation of this guide. In
this context, "Veterinary Medicine Terms Dictionary" was used as a source in the writing
of the guide presented.
Recommended