T.C.

ERCIYES UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF VETERINARY

MEDICINE

BIOSAFETY GUIDELINES

Kayseri

2021

GENERAL BIOSAFETY RULES AND DEFINITIONS

1. General Biosafety Principles and Instructions to Be Followed in Erciyes University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Although the international definition of the concept of biosafety in the field of veterinary

medicine and animal health is quite wide, biosafety is defined by the World Organization for

Animal Health (OIE) as "the transmission and spread of disease agents that must be taken and

applied by humans, including domestic animals, exotic and wild poultry, and products of these

animals measures to reduce risks”.

Prevention of Infection and Control Approaches in Veterinary Faculties Biosecurity, infection prevention and control, biosafety are essential functions in healthcare and

research organizations and animal hospitals. Good Infection Prevention and Control Practices

(IEPC) are not the only traits that define excellence in veterinary practice and patient care.

However, it is impossible to achieve excellent patient care without applying scientific

procedures for infection control in a logical order. The procedures used in veterinary faculties

aim to reduce the risk of all nosocomial and zoonotic diseases. In this context, biosecurity,

infection prevention and control procedures applied in veterinary faculties have been specially

adapted for infectious disease threats.

Aims of the Biosafety Program Implemented in The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine

I. Protecting hospital staff, students and patients from exposure to zoonotic pathogens,

II. Creating an environment in which patient care can be optimized by minimizing the risk of

hospital infection,

III. To establish appropriate infection prevention and control, to monitor continuously with

disease surveillance programs, to increase the educational experience of students on biosafety and

infection control, and to gain a biosafety culture in this way,

IV. To transfer necessary knowledge and experience to patient owners and the public regarding

the control and prevention of infectious diseases in animals and humans,

V. To ensure the continuity of education and hospital services provided in veterinary faculties.

Prevention of Infection and Control Principles

The following principles will guide the development of all the procedures described in

this document. These measures aim to help prevent disease transmission from staff to patient,

between patients, patient to staff and/or staff.

• Provide An Optimized Hygiene Environment: Maintaining optimized hygiene in the

environment through the use of standard precautions, including sanitation and hand washing,

appropriate clothing and barrier protection, minimal unnecessary contact with patients, proper

disposal of infectious materials, and proper cleaning and disinfection.

• Prevention Of the Contagion Cycle: Effective use of hygiene protocols; An

understanding of disease transmission routes will break transmission cycles through the

application of barriers to direct and indirect pathogen transmission. This approach will regulate

the mobility of people (staff, students and visitors) and sick animals in the veterinary faculty.

• Improving Infection Protection and Control Processes: Improvement of infection

prevention and control procedures should be achieved through surveillance and other

investigative procedures.

• Strengthening of Education and Awareness Processes: Raising awareness of hospital-

based and zoonotic risks through training on infection control guidelines and procedures.

Duties of Faculty Biosafety Commission

Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Commission Was Established With The Decision of The Faculty Administrative Board Dated By …..

The Biosafety Commission has an advisory capacity aimed at biosafety within the

framework of its teaching activities (clinics, practical activities and tutorials); Advises the

Veterinary School management on the adoption of biosafety procedures and the handling

of infrastructures containing live or dead animals, animal products and biological

specimens. Within the framework of its teaching activities, the Commission defines and

implements procedures for the assessment and management of biological risks, the

assessment of compliance with biosafety guidelines, and the monitoring of antibiotic

resistance (AMR).

Duties of Faculty Biosafety Commission;

a. Updating the biosafety guides and website, ensuring that regulations are made

regarding infectious diseases, especially in accordance with the new legislation, and

managing the necessary training and information processes in cooperation with the

Faculty Occupational Health and Safety unit.

b. Implementation of a biosafety training program for all staff and students in the

faculty.

c. Evaluation (strategic plan) of the human and logistical means required to achieve

the above-mentioned objectives in collaboration with the Relevant Departments.

d. Elaboration of crisis scenarios.

Members of the Biosafety Commission

The members of the Biosafety Commission are determined by the Faculty Administrative Board

with a 2-year assignment. The chairman of the commission is determined by the members of

the commission for a period of two years. There is one member from each department in the

Biosafety Commission.

Gathering of the Biosafety Commission The Biosafety Commission meets at least three times a year. When deemed necessary, it also

organizes meetings in addition to the planned calendar. Decisions taken by the biosafety

commission are reported and presented to the faculty dean.

Definitions: Antiseptic: Chemical substance or substances that are not harmful to animals, that can be applied to

epithelial surfaces, that cause destruction of microorganisms or inhibit their growth or

proliferation.

Preventive Maintenance Precautions: They are materials used to prevent cross-contamination of patients and their caregivers and

students' bodies, their daily clothes and shoes, as well as to prevent the spread of hospital-

acquired infections to other sick animals. Protective equipment to be used for preventive care

measures is used in all isolation areas (class 4) and for patients with special needs (class 3).

Class 3 and 4 diseases usually present with symptoms such as high fever, diarrhea, vomiting

and stagnation. Some parameters that reveal the clinical status of animals are given in Table 1.

Table 1. Parameters used to determine clinical status

Species Fever

(rectal temperature)

leukopenia

(cell X 103/ml)

neutropenia

(cell X 103/ml)

Cow >39,5 °C <5,0 <0,6

Dog >39,5 °C <6,0 <3,0

Goat >40,5 °C <4,0 <1,2

Horse >38,5 °C <4,0 <2.5

Cat >39,5 °C <5,0 <2,0

Camel >39,5 °C <7.5 <4,6

Sheep >40,0 °C <4,0 <0,7

Contagious Disease: A disease capable of being transmitted from one animal to another.

Disinfectant: Surgical materials, floors, tables and care unit equipment are chemical

substances that kill microorganisms on inanimate surfaces or prevent their growth.

Disinfection: It is the process used to bring the number of microorganisms to a level that

is harmless to health.

Hospital attire: Clothes, shoes, boots, gowns, etc., worn only while working in the

hospital or in the field.

Multidrug resistance: Bacteria have the ability to multiply in the presence of various

antibiotics. Emerging or existing antimicrobial drug resistance in bacteria can reduce or

eliminate the effectiveness of drugs, chemicals, or other substances produced to prevent

infections. While antibiotics can kill bacteria, they can also be toxic to some animals.

Bacteria that can show multidrug resistance include Salmonella enterica, Methicillin-

resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci.

Nosocomial infection: A local or systemic disease state caused by infectious agents or

toxins that did not exist when the patient was brought to the hospital but acquired during

his stay in the hospital.

Personal protective equipment: Equipment used by personnel to prevent exposure to

a toxic chemical, against a microorganism or disease, or to prevent exposure to a toxic

chemical against microorganisms or their infections. Examples of personal protective

equipment are caps, safety glasses, gloves, aprons, masks, examination glasses, overalls

and shoe covers.

Sanitizer: Chemicals that reduce the number of microorganisms to a safe level, but do not

eliminate all microorganisms.

Sterilization: It is the application that removes all microorganisms, including bacterial

spores, from an inanimate object.

Subclinical infection: A disease that is formed in the body by microorganisms but does

not show any signs or symptoms. Subclinical infection may also be an early stage of an

infectious disease or a very mild form in which the symptoms are not clearly observed.

Staff: Describes all people working in veterinary school. Workers, students, visitors,

academics, volunteer workers, etc.

Zoonosis: The term used for diseases that can be transmitted from vertebrates to

humans, from humans to vertebrates.

1.1. Classification of Risk Categories

The classification of microorganisms is gradually divided into four main classes, considering

the economic effects as well as public health and animal health, including the legal regulations

regulating the use of genetically modified organisms in humans, animals and plants.

Risk Class 1: These are the factors that are not likely to be transmitted to the environment and

other animals and do not carry the risk of infection in humans. This class includes opportunistic

pathogens and allergens whose harmlessness has been determined.

Risk Class 2: Factors that can cause disease in animals, can be found naturally in animals, have

limited geographical spread, have little or no cross-species transmission, have limited

importance in veterinary medicine and economics, and effective prophylaxis and treatment

methods are known.

Risk Class 3: Pathogenic microorganisms that can cause serious diseases or epidemics in

animals. They can cause disease in different animal and living species. Some of these pathogens

are agents that are included in the classification of notifiable diseases by the relevant public

health and animal health authorities. These factors have effective prophylaxis and treatment

methods.

Risk Class 4: Pathogenic microorganisms that have a very high morbidity and mortality rate in

animals and can cause serious economic losses in the affected areas and cause serious epidemics

and/or pandemics. In addition, these pathogens can cause epidemics with emerging (emerging)

and/or reemerging characteristics. Unfortunately, prophylactic products that can be used

successfully against some of these factors are not available. Prophylaxis of these pathogens is

possible only with the provision and application of special hygienic conditions (quarantine,

isolation).

Table 1. Examples of microorganisms according to risk classes in humans and animals

Risk Class 2 Risk Class 3 Risk Class 4 Pathogen Human Animal Human Animal Human Animal Bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi X X

Clostridium perfringens X X

Brucella abortus X X

Yersinia pestis X X

Fungus Aspergillus fumigatus X X

Candida albicans X X

Coccidioides immitis X X

Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum

X X

Parasite Fasciola hepatica X X

Toxocara canis X X

Leishmania brasiliensis X X

Taenia solium X X

Virus Feline calicivirus X

Equine infectious anaemia virus X

Rabies virus X X

Venezuelan equine encephalitis X X

Foot-and-mouth disease X Classical swine fever X

Table 2. Classification of risk categories in Animal Hospital

Class 1: Normal Maintenance Conditions Infectious diseases caused by pathogens that are unlikely to be transmitted to other animals and have no potential for human infection.

Class 2: Normal Maintenance Conditions Infectious diseases caused by low-level transmitted pathogens and include non-resistant bacterial infections Class 3: Situations Requiring the Application of Personal Protective Measures In this category, infections are divided into two subclasses. Subclass A: Bacteria with multidrug resistance. They are infections caused by bacteria that have been determined by laboratory analysis to be highly resistant to antibacterials. Subclass B: Infectious infections that are moderately contagious, are both contagious and zoonotic, or have the potential to acquire a zoonotic character. Class 4: Situations Requiring Isolation Infectious diseases with high risk of transmission and serious illness in humans and animals

1.2. General rules

1.2.1. Hand hygiene

Hand hygiene alone is a very important individual measure that reduces the risks of

transmission of microorganisms. Handwashing is very important for the quality and

sustainability of biosecurity. In order for hand cleaning to be effective, hospital staff and

students who come into contact with animals should always keep their nails short and wear

hand jewelry at a minimum.

Hands must be washed in the following cases;

• Before and after each patient contact

• After contact with blood, body fluids, exudates and contaminated materials, with or without

gloves

• Immediately after gloves are removed

• Before each different application to avoid cross-contamination after contact with different

parts of the same patient's body

• After contact with laboratory samples or cultures

• After cleaning animal cages and paddocks

• Meals, breaks, smoking breaks and before leaving work at the end of the day

• Before and after using the toilet

Recommended technique for hand washing

• Hands and wrists up to the elbow are washed with warm water.

• At least 3-5 ml (1-2 pumps) of liquid soap is taken into the palm of the hand.

• Soap is foamed and every part of the hand is thoroughly rubbed for 30 seconds and washed.

• Washing is done with warm water until all soap residues are removed.

• Hands are dried with paper towels or air.

• If it is not possible to wash hands, precautions can be taken with alcohol wet wipes or hand

disinfectants until soap and water are available.

Recommended method for using hand sanitizer

• Take an amount the size of your thumb nail into your palm,

• Disinfectant is rubbed between the fingers of both hands and then the same process is applied

to the back of the hand.

• Hands are rubbed tightly until dry, never washed or dried.

• Faculty/hospital staff and students who come into contact with the patient, or anyone who

comes into contact with biological materials should have short nails and not have jewelery on

their hands.

1.2.2. Protective measures

Protective measures should be appropriate to the procedures performed and the route of

exposure. Cleaning of cages or barns, etc., in working with infected tissues or body fluids, in

animals treated under cage or barn conditions. In such cases, protective measures should be

taken.

• Gloves and protective clothing (bonnet, safety glasses, mask, apron, overalls, shoe covers or

boots, etc.) should be used in contact with patients known or suspected to be infectious or

zoonotic (category 3 or 4).

• Gloves, surgical masks and safety glasses should be used in cases where droplets are formed

and blood and other body fluids are likely to splash.

• Worn and torn gloves should be replaced immediately.

• Washable boots, shoes or shoe covers should be used to prevent the spread of infectious

agents.

• Protective equipment such as face mask or respiratory mask can be used when deemed

necessary.

1.2.3. Standard attire

• It has been proposed to standardize on the clothes that can be worn inside the hospital in order

to facilitate the management of the employees within the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in

terms of professionalism and job description and to support biosecurity studies.

• Blue for veterinarians and technicians in surgical units,

• Green for veterinarians and research assistants in consultation and hospitalization

• Students; At the Cat Dog Clinic (white top and pants),

• Green clinic uniforms in Equine and Livestock Clinics,

• Students wear white lab coats in pathology and anatomy laboratories,

• In the isolation parts; yellow lab coat or disposable aprons.

• Using the clothes used in the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine only in relevant places is the

most important precaution to prevent animal and human pathogens from reaching the home

environment.

• All staff and students working with or in those settings should be encouraged to wear these

clothes and should not be allowed to wear them elsewhere.

• All staff and students are required to wear shoes and aprons, especially in Equine and Farm

Animal Clinics.

• All staff and students who deal with the patient or are in the environment should wear boots

in the Equine and Farm Animals Clinics, and closed shoes suitable for disinfection in the Cat

and Dog Clinic. Shoes and boots should be washed and free of contamination. Footwear from

Equine and Farm Animal Clinics should not be used in the Cat and Dog Clinic.

• It should be ensured that long-haired personnel and students collect their hair so that it does

not come forward and wear bonnets to cover the hair.

• A set of spare protective aprons should always be available for students and staff.

• Students must wear clean clothes during each rotation.

• Staff and students in both Cat and Dog and Equine and Farm Animal Clinics must have

appropriate attire when entering different areas of the hospital.

• Hospital special clothes should be displayed with posters in the relevant parts of the hospital.

1.2.4. Patient care

1.2.4.1. Patient hygiene

• Following the admission of sick animals (non-infected/infected) in accordance with triage

principles, they should be kept in special conditions. It is important to keep non-infected

patients in clean cages or shelters as much as possible, to ensure basic hygiene (an environment

with non-contact surface hygiene, if possible) and to reduce infections. Infected patients should

be treated in biosafety environments required by classes 3 and 4.

• Feed and water buckets or feeders should be clean and changed regularly.

• In the shelters, feces and urine should be cleaned regularly and the floor should be washed.

• The random presence of materials such as medicines or cleaning materials in the shelter and

its surroundings, litter material outside the cage and paddock should not be laid or left randomly

outside the designated storage area. There should be no bench or chair-like materials that will

create seating areas for students and staff in the shelter. Students and staff should leave the

materials they use neat and clean.

1.2.4.2. Avoiding unnecessary contact with patients

• Diagnosis, treatment and care services of sick animals and education-training activities in the

clinics of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine bring along the possibility of transmission of

infectious and zoonotic agents.

• In order to minimize the risk of exposure of staff and students to nosocomial agents, contact

with sick animals should be minimized.

• Trainer clinicians may prudently allow and encourage students' contact with animals for

educational purposes. If there is contact with more than one animal for educational purposes, it

should be ensured that the hands are washed while passing between the animals and the

materials used such as stethoscope and thermometer should be disinfected with alcohol or hand

disinfectant.

• Contact with sick animals known or suspected to be infected with infectious agents should be

limited to relevant personnel only. Contact of students and unrelated personnel with these

patients should be prevented.

• To the extent possible, sick animals can also be monitored with cameras without physical

contact.

• In order to prevent the transmission of infectious agents, the transition of staff and students

between different departments should be minimized.

• Staff and students should not enter the shelters unnecessarily, and should be trained and made

aware of randomly walking around the shelters, touching and petting animals.

1.2.5. Food and drinks

• Food and drink should not be consumed or stored in areas where animals are examined, treated

or kept.

• Staff and students should also be prohibited from eating and drinking in places where

biological material is touched or where drugs or other biological materials are stored,

registration reception areas, corridors, surgical laboratories, examination rooms or waiting

areas.

• Students and staff can only consume food and beverages outside the faculty canteen or

cafeteria, the kitchens of the departments, the rooms of technicians and clinicians, and the

clinical departments;

• Animals, biological materials and drugs should never be allowed in these areas where eating

and drinking is allowed.

• Food and drink should not be allowed in any refrigerator or freezer where biological samples

or drugs are stored.

1.2.6. Medicines

1.2.6.1. Pharmacy, Supply, Storage and Distribution

• Medicines should be stored in a pharmacy environment with constant room temperature and

humidity, clean and special conditions. Medicines should be stored in a dark environment under

conditions that will not be affected by the ambient temperature.

• Medicines should be arranged in accordance with the principles and rules required by

pharmacy science, under the responsibility of a Pharmacist, alphabetically or considering other

ingredient classifications.

• Opened drugs should be stored in a separate room or cupboard with their covers closed.

• Medicine storage areas should be in places where people, children and animals cannot reach

easily.

• Opiate narcotics, ketamine, and euthanasia drugs should be stored in more secure cabinets or

locations and have locked or encrypted access, accessible only by clinicians.

1.2.6.2. Expiration date

• The date of opening or sterility of all drugs, including liquid ones, should be written on with a

water-resistant pen and preserved.

• Medicines that have passed more than 24 hours since they were opened and medicines that have

passed their expiration date should be duly destroyed and never used.

1.2.6.3. Preparation of drugs

• Preparation of drugs should be done by clinicians or technicians in line with their directives.

While preparing drugs, they must be protected from contamination and contamination with

other drugs. The rubber stoppers of the bottles of parenteral drugs should be wiped with alcohol

before being punctured with a needle. In drug applications, separate needles and injectors

should be used for each drug and each animal.

• New and sterile needles should be used for injections.

• Toxic and dangerous drugs should be prepared under safety precautions, without the

participation of people who may have safety problems. During the preparation of these drugs,

personal protective equipment such as gloves, protective glasses and masks should be worn,

and when necessary, the drugs should be prepared in a fume hood.

• Immediately after the drugs are prepared and used, they should be processed into the patient

information forms in the automation system.

• Some drugs (eg sodium penicillin, ampicillin) that cannot maintain their stability for a long

time after preparation should not be prepared beforehand, they should be prepared when they

are to be used, and the rest should not be stored.

• Medicines that will not be used immediately after preparation should be kept by writing the

name, preparation date and time with a water-proof pen after being drawn into the syringe.

• Expired drugs should be disposed of in special waste bags.

1.2.7. Cleaning general considerations

• Sharp and penetrating wastes should be disposed of in special sharps waste bins.

• Before washing, all materials in the pockets of the aprons should be removed.

• Personal materials should not be washed in the laundry room.

1.2.8. Removal of waste

• Required waste bins for different types of waste should be available in all units of the Faculty

of Veterinary Animal Hospital.

• Necessary precautions should be taken to prevent injuries with sharp and piercing tools such as

needles and scalpels. In order to prevent needle injuries, employees and students should be told

to throw the needles in the sharps waste box after the application without putting them back in

their protective covers, and the necessary warning signs in this regard should be hung in the

clinical environment. Training should be provided on the proper removal of scalpels from the

scalpel handles and their direct disposal into the sharps waste box. Necessary precautions

should be taken to prevent injuries caused by other cutting tools. To prevent injury from

needles, staff and students should stay away from containerized needles, intentionally bent-

broken needles, or discarded disposable syringes. Tear-resistant containers should be used for

disposal of cutting materials.

• Sharp and piercing tools should never be thrown into medical or household waste bags.

• Three types of waste bags should be kept in the animal hospital and veterinary faculty

laboratories. Only medical wastes should be placed in red colored bags that are marked as

medical waste. Only household waste should be disposed of in black colored bags, which are

printed as domestic waste. On the other hand, recyclable -not contaminated- glass, plastic and

paper wastes should be thrown into yellow colored bags that are printed on as recycling waste.

Hospital waste from animals with suspected zoonotic or highly infectious agents should be

disposed of in medical waste bags. In addition, the urine, blood, etc. body fluids of sick animals

treated in the infectious unit should be collected in separate waste bins without being given to

the network, and they should be removed by the medical waste process.

• All wastes from the isolation unit should be disposed of in medical waste bags.

• Materials suspected of infectious diseases to be sent to the laboratory for diagnosis should be

placed in sealed sample bags and sent to the diagnostic laboratory by writing the necessary

information.

• While the samples are placed in the bag , contamination to the outer parts should be avoided.

• Bandaging of wounds known or suspected to be infected with infectious agents should be

performed in areas where human and animal movement is minimal. During the dressing of these

wounds, personal protective equipment such as gloves, apron and mask should be worn and

necessary precautions should be taken to prevent the liquids that may gush out of the wound

area from contaminating the environment.

• Biological samples or parts of dead animals (hair, feet, skeleton, etc.) should not be taken out

of the hospital except for medical purposes and disposal.

1.3. Cleaning and Disinfection

• At least 10-15 minutes is required.

• The action spectrum of disinfectants is quite different. Usually Cryptosporidum spp. like

protozoa, bacterial spores, mycobacteria and non-membrane viruses are very resistant to

disinfection.

• While some disinfectants are used for short-term decomtamination activity, some

disinfectants may stay in the areas they are applied for longer. In order for the disinfectant to

be used to be effective, it is important to remove the residues of the previous disinfectant.

1.3.1. General cleaning and disinfection protocol

• When using disinfectant, appropriate clothing should be worn and personal protective

equipment such as masks, face-protecting materials and boots should be used.

• Visible dirt must be removed before starting the disinfection process. If washing will be done

using a hose and pressurized water, precautions should be taken to prevent splashes and aerosol

contamination of possible infectious agents.

• Primarily brushing or mechanical cleaning of dirty/contaminated areas and washing with

water and detergent ensures removal of the film layer and dirt residues that prevent disinfection

processes.

• Since detergents reduce and eliminate the effectiveness of some disinfectants, rinsing should

be done after cleaning with detergent.

• In order not to dilute the disinfectants, the remaining liquids after cleaning should be removed

and dried.

• During disinfection, the relevant area is wetted with disinfectants and the disinfectant is

allowed to come into contact with the surface for 15 minutes.

• At the end of the period, the excess disinfectant is removed by using materials such as water,

paper towels, mops or squeegees.

• After disinfection, disinfectants should be rinsed and allowed to dry before a new patient is

placed in the paddock and cages.

• Areas (examination rooms, tables, etc.) where intensively used animal examinations and

treatments are carried out should be cleaned and disinfected by staff and students immediately

after use.

• During cleaning and disinfection processes, contact of damaged skin and/or mucous

membranes with infected materials should be avoided.

• Personal protective equipment used during disinfection should be removed after the procedure

and hands should be washed.

• Non-routine disinfection operations should only be carried out by trained personnel using the

necessary special clothing.

1.3.2. Disinfectants

• Different detergents and disinfectants can be used to prevent the contamination of infectious

agents.

• Disinfectants have different poisoning and irritation potentials for humans and animals. While

alcohol, povidone iodine and chlorhexidine solutions are used in cases requiring contact with

skin and other tissues, other cleaning and disinfectant agents such as hypochlorite, vircone,

phenols, quaternary ammonium compounds can be used for equipment and surface disinfection.

• While disinfectants can provide the expected effects when applied to clean and smooth

surfaces, they cannot be disinfected with ordinary methods on wooden materials and dirty

surfaces. It is not possible to disinfect smooth surfaces that are dirty, oily, biofilmy and contain

biological materials.

1.3.3. Foot baths/mats

• Infectious agents can be found on the floors of environments with infected animals. Foot baths

should be used to prevent contamination from these areas.

• Foot baths are changed every morning by students, technicians or veterinarians.

• When foot baths or mats become dirty, they should be changed without waiting for the next

day.

• When disinfectants in footbaths or mats are low or dry, they should be refilled.

• Slopes or practices should be made to encourage staff and students to use foot baths and mats.

• Foot mats do not need to be embedded in the entire foot, they are produced with the aim of

disinfecting only the soles and edges of the shoes.

1.3.4. Disinfection protocol for tools and equipment

• All tools and equipment in the Veterinary Faculty Animal Hospital should be cleaned and

disinfected before being placed in storage areas to reduce the risk of contagious disease agents.

Cleaning and disinfection of equipment used in Equine, Farm Animals and Cat and Dog Clinics

will be explained in the relevant sections.

Thermometers

• Glass thermometer should not be used in the animal hospital due to the risk of breakage and

related injury as well as exposure to mercury.

• Electronic thermometers are used as thermometers, and the bunker should be disinfected daily

with alcohol and/or chlorhexidine wipes.

• Plastic thermometers can be disinfected by regularly immersing them in disinfectant solutions.

• Thermometer probes used in situations such as anesthesia where continuous body temperature

measurement is required should be wiped to prevent contamination, and disinfected with

alcohol/chlorhexidine solutions after removal of fecal material.

• In high-risk patients (Class 3 and 4), individual thermometers are cleaned and disinfected after

use.

• Thermometers should be cleaned and disinfected immediately after patient examination.

Endoscopes

• Endoscopes should be cleaned and disinfected by personnel trained in cleaning.

Stethoscopes

• Stethoscopes should be cleaned regularly using soap and water and disinfected with alcohol

or hand sanitizer.

• In high-risk patients (Class 4), individual stethoscopes are used and cleaned and disinfected

after use.

• Stethoscopes should be cleaned and disinfected immediately after examination of a

contaminated or suspected patient (Classes 3 and 4).

1.3.5. Detergents and disinfectants approved for use in veterinary school

• Detergents and disinfectants approved for use in the veterinary faculty were selected from

among the substances approved by international organizations.

• Various lists are presented for Veterinary Faculties.

• Used in veterinary hygiene

• Used in contact with food

• Used in public health

Table 3. Basic detergents and disinfectants used in veterinary medicine

Disinfectant and its dilutions Effects on Organic Material

Effect Spectrum Suggestions

chlorhexidine

It is used as a disinfectant on matters that come into contact with the skin or mucous membranes.

Dilution: 0.06%

Soak barrels: 0.05%

Contact time: at least 15 min

Quick Reducing Mycoplasmas: Very effective

Mycobacteria: Variable

Gram (+): Very effective

Gram (-): Very effective

Pseudomonas: Limited effect

Rickettsia: Limited potency

Inv. viruses: limited effectiveness

Chlamydia: limited effect

Non-Inv. Viruses: Ineffective

Fungal spores: Limited effectiveness

Bacterial spores: Ineffective

Cryptosporidia: Ineffective

Prions: Ineffective

It has a broad spectrum of action against bacteria and is not effective against viruses.

It is used for disinfection of materials that come into close contact with the patient (padan, endoscope probes, etc.).

It is easily inactivated by soaps and detergents.

It has low toxicity: It does not cause irritation at recommended dilutions.

Its bactericidal activity in the skin is faster than many other compounds such as iodophors.

The residual effect on the skin decreases with the regrowth of the skin.

Only limited pH (5-7) works.

It is toxic to fish and should not be thrown into the environment.

povidone iodine

Used for skin decontamination and disinfection (eg surgical preparation)

RATE

Quick Reducer Mycoplasmas: Very effective

Mycobacteria: Limited activity

Gram (+): Effective

Gram (-): Effective

Pseudomonas: Effective

Rickettsia: Effective

Inv. viruses: effective

Chlamydia: Effective

Non-Inv. Viruses: Limited Effectiveness

Fungal spores: Effective

Bacterial spores: Effective

Cryptosporidia: Not effective

Prions: Not effective

Mycoplasmas: Very effective

Mycobacteria: Effective

Broad spectrum of action

Very low toxicity; Suitable for tissue and biological materials such as skin and mucous membranes when properly diluted. Dilution of iodophors increases free iodine concentration and antimicrobial activity. Staining of tissues and plastics may occur. It is stable during storage. It is inactivated by organic dirt. Requires frequent application. It is abrasive.

Gram (+): Very effective

Gram (-): Very effective

Pseudomonas: Effective

Rickettsia: Limited potency

Inv. viruses: effective

Chlamydia: Limited effect

Non-Inv. viruses: ineffective

Fungal spores: Limited effectiveness

Bacterial spores: Ineffective

Cryptosporidia: Ineffective

Prions: Ineffective

Alcohol (90% isopropanol or 70% denatured ethanol)

Disinfectant (padans, equipment, hand sanitizers) for staff, students and those in close contact with patients

reducer Mycobacteria: Limited activity

Broad spectrum of action

It has very low toxicity.

Appropriately diluted solutions are suitable for use on materials that come into contact with tissues or skin and mucous membranes.

There is no residue problem on the contact surfaces.

Fast acting

Fast volatile

It is flammable.

Sodium hypochlorite

Quaternary ammonium compounds

Oxidizing agents: Hydrogen Peroxide

Phenols

1.3.6. Breaking the Contagion Cycle

General rules

• Smoking is prohibited in the workplaces.

• Dogs must be on a leash in the faculty.

• University personnel should be prevented from keeping pet animals in the faculty except for

medical purposes.

1.3.7. Visitors at veterinary faculties

• Animal hospitals play an important role in enabling people to have information about the role

of veterinarians for public health. However, while there may be a risk that visitors may be

exposed to infectious agents during their stay in the hospital, there is also the possibility of

mediating the spread of infectious agents within the clinic.

• Visitors should not be allowed to wander around the faculty or hospital environment on their

own. They should not be allowed to come into contact with animals other than their own

patients. Group visits to the hospital and faculty should be coordinated by faculty officials and

toured by trained personnel.

• Visitors should never be allowed to enter any isolation unit.

• Faculty staff should inform visitors about the danger of zoonosis and nosocomial disease

associated with hospitalized animals.

• Normal visitors should not be allowed to enter anesthesia rooms, emergency departments and

surgical units.

• Visiting scientists or veterinarians may be allowed inside the hospital with the permission and

knowledge of the hospital management and biosecurity officer.

• Visitors should not be allowed to gather in the care areas.

• Visitors should not be allowed to eat, drink and smoke inside the hospital.

• Visitors should not be allowed to bring pets, such as cats and dogs, other than sick animals.

1.3.8. Patient owners in the faculty

• Patient owners can enter waiting rooms, restrooms, library and cafeterias on their own.

• Patient owners cannot enter laboratories, classrooms and areas that may be considered risky

where animals or biological materials may be found.

• The biosafety officer may limit their access to treatment areas at risk of zoonotic and

nosocomial infections. In addition, clinicians may remove the patient owners from the relevant

area, if they deem necessary, for reasons such as not disrupting their work during the treatment

and safety.

• In areas where patients are first examined, the patient's owner may be present, but they should

be prevented from entering the treatment and patient care departments. In addition, patient

owners should be informed that contact with other animals is prohibited.

• Patient owners should not be allowed to visit their animals in the isolation unit. Permits can

only be granted in special circumstances such as euthanasia and agony.

• It should be ensured that the patient owners use the necessary personal protective equipment

during their visits.

• Visiting hours are determined by the hospital management in line with the approval of the

physician.

• Faculty staff and students responsible for patient treatment should inform the owners of the

danger of zoonosis and nosocomial diseases.

1.3.9. Kids in faculty

• There may be risks related to safety and health around the hospital. Therefore, it is

unacceptable for children to become ill or harmed.

• If there are risks of zoonotic diseases, biosecurity personnel may close the entrance to the

patient treatment areas, and children under the age of 18 may be removed from the hospital

environment, upon the recommendation of the clinicians, in order to ensure the safety of the

environment or the working environment.

• Children of hospital staff (also for students' children) under the age of 18 are not allowed to

be in the hospital, only under the supervision of an adult.

• Children visiting the faculty must be under the supervision of an adult at all times in the

faculty.

• All visitors should be prohibited from touching any animal except their own. This is

particularly important for children's risks of zoonotic disease and physical injury.

1.3.10. Presence of pet animals in the faculty

• Due to the significant safety and health risks associated with the presence of non-sick animals

in the hospital environment, faculty policies should not allow animals other than sick animals

to be in the clinics.

• Only animals that come to the faculty for illness or blood donation, research projects and

educational purposes are allowed. However, contact between healthy and sick animals should

be avoided and they should be kept in separate compartments.

• Staff and students must comply with hospital rules in their contact with animals and their

administration.

• Pets are not allowed in staff offices, classrooms or canteens unless for educational purposes.

1.3.11. Disease transmission routes

• Many disease agents can survive for long periods in the air, on surfaces and in organic

materials.

• Disease agents; They can be transmitted between animal-animal, animal-human, human-

human, human-animal through direct and indirect ways.

• Direct contamination; can occur through direct contact or skin, inhalation, fecal/oral route,

venereal route, food and water, contact with nasal or eye mucous membranes, soil

contamination.

• Indirect contamination; pathogenic microorganisms can be transmitted by contact with other

vectors, especially blood-sucking arthropod vectors, and/or by contact with pathogens,

contaminated tools, equipment, materials (fomites).

• Knowledge of these transmission routes of diseases may be important in reducing their

potential impact.

1.3.11.1. Aerosol contamination

• Contamination in this way occurs when infectious agents that are transmitted between

susceptible species are present in the respiratory air.

• Most pathogenic agents cannot survive for long in respiratory air and disease transmission can

only occur in susceptible animals. The risk of transmission will be minimal as the distances

between animals increase.

• Aerosol contamination may occur in hospital through close contact of animals and/or people.

Infectious agents can be instantaneous, such as when cats sneeze, or in aerosol form during

high-pressure washing of cages, kennels or contaminated materials (Coxiella burnetti).

• Temperature, humidity and ventilation are important in aerosol transmission of pathogens.

1.3.11.2. Oral transmission

• Oral transmission includes exposure to infectious agents through the gastrointestinal tract. It

can also be in the form of accidental ingestion of aerosolized material and ingestion of material

in the nasopharynx.

• An animal may lick or chew contaminated materials in the environment. Feed and water

contaminated with faeces and urine is the most common cause of oral transmission of disease

agents.

• Oral contact with contaminated hands is the most important part in the transmission cycle of

oral-fecal agents in humans. Proper handling and segregation of patients with diarrhea will help

control contamination of fecal infectious agents.

1.3.11.3. Direct and indirect contact contamination

• Transmission in this way requires direct or indirect contact with an infected animal or human

• Therefore, contact contamination occurs by contact with contaminated surfaces and materials

with different substances (blood, salivation, feces, etc.).

• It is important to be reminded that hospital patients are likely to be infected with infectious

pathogens, and floors in the facility are likely to be contaminated with infectious agents.

• Patients from different populations (such as inpatient-outpatient) should be segregated due to

the possibility of direct contact with animals, as not all infected animals show signs of illness.

1.3.11.4. Fomite (any object that can transmit infection) contamination

• Fomites are intermediary bodies in the contact-contamination cycle. In fact, any object, even

a caregiver, can be a fomite. For example, door handle, key, telephone, clothes, thermometer,

stethoscope, hose, brush, etc. All objects such as can be contaminated with infectious agents

and may be important causes of infectious disease transmission.

• The important thing about fomite contamination is that because these objects are portable,

they can be contaminated near a patient and then become a source of illness for staff and

students in other parts of the hospital. The most important way of controlling contamination

with fomites is proper cleaning and disinfection procedures, preventive medicine measures and

separation of equipment from sick animals.

• If possible, healthy animals should be examined and treated first, and then sick animals should

be examined and treated.

1.3.11.5. Contagions with vectors

• Transmission by vectors occurs when an insect or arthropod transmits a pathogen from one

animal to another. Heartworm and West Nile viruses are examples of vector-borne diseases.

• Fleas, ticks, flies and mosquitoes are important biological vectors that transmit diseases.

• The most effective measure for vectors is their elimination or reduction or removal of vectors

from the host.

1.3.11.6. Zoonotic infections

• While the risk of contracting a zoonotic disease in the general population is low on average,

veterinarians and other people who come into contact with animals have a high risk of exposure

to zoonotic disease agents.

• Any exposure to a zoonotic disease, whether suspected or detected, should be documented

and reported to the Biosafety Committee by owners, veterinarians, students, and personnel who

come into contact with it.

• The chairman of the Biosafety Committee and the relevant clinician should work together to

contact the exposed individuals and apply to official health institutions.

• When a suspected or diagnosed infectious condition is encountered, it should be ensured that

the authorized clinician applies to the hospital for medical support with the reports.

• Likewise, when a zoonotic disease is suspected or diagnosed, the principal clinician should

notify the Chief Physician and the Chairman of the Biosafety Committee.

• The Hospital Chief Physician should provide the physician with specific information on

zoonotic diseases and occupational exposures.

• All personnel and students related to exposure to zoonotic agents should be provided to contact

health institutions. Since the friends or family members of the staff and students in the faculty

are also in the high risk group, necessary information should be provided.

1.3.12. Specific infectious disease risks

• Persons with compromised immune systems, owners and students are at high risk of exposure

to zoonotic disease. The immune system is affected by various conditions, and especially

children under the age of 5, pregnant women and the elderly are considered to be in the high

risk group.

• While AIDS suppresses the immune system most, other diseases such as pregnancy, organ

failure, diabetes, alcoholism, liver cirrhosis, malnutrition and autoimmune diseases can

compromise or alter the immune system.

• Treatments performed as immunosuppressants such as radiation therapy, chemotherapy,

chronic corticosteroid therapy, immunosuppressive treatments such as organ transplants,

implant treatments and long-term dialysis treatments may also collapse the immune system.

• All personnel, including students, should be informed about their special health conditions by

authorized persons and hospital management and should be informed before examining an

animal with zoonotic disease.

1.4.2. Cat Dog, Equine and Farm Animal Clinics

• Cages or paddocks of sick and communicable patients should be clearly marked with

communicable disease labels. These tags must include;

• Class of the disease according to the risk classification system (see Table 2)

• Appropriate disinfection procedures for the control of the risk factor

• Required personal protection and hygiene practices

• Whether there is any zoonotic health risk

• Name of known or suspected condition

• Preventive medicine measures must be visible enough to notice special cases.

• Special care needs of staff and students responsible for communicable diseases should be

provided so that they do not infect their environment or others working with patients.

• Staff and students responsible for infectious patients should be placed on the Biosafety

Commission's email list.

1.4.3. Protocol for hospital advisory staff

• Triage principles are based on patient admission. Accordingly, patient cases are classified as

non-infected and suspected infection first.

• If the owner specifies acute vomiting, diarrhea, ataxia, abortion, cough or any other suspected

infectious disease; advisory staff should only make appointments with a clinician's approval

and if an isolation unit is available.

• Complaints such as “acute diarrhea”, “acute vomiting”, “acute cough” etc. in the appointment

schedule. should be specified. Complaints must be accompanied by the phrase "contagious

disease suspected".

• Owners of patients should be told to keep their animals outside until they are checked.

• Following the check, a rapid clinical impression should be made by an intern or clinician

before entering the hospital or emergency room to assign the animal to a particular risk

category.

• Depending on the risk categories or the situation, the animals should either be taken directly

to the examination room or taken to the isolation unit.

• In cat and dog cases, transport should be by wheelbarrow to reduce hospital contamination.

• If a patient with evidence or history of an infectious or possibly communicable disease comes

directly to counseling, the advisory staff should immediately contact the appropriate clinic and

refer the sick animal to the infection treatment unit to minimize hospital contamination.

1.4.4 Student protocol

• When an infectious disease suspected case arrives, the following will be done.

• Complaints presented to the program will be written as "acute diarrhea", "acute vomiting",

"acute cough" etc.

• The phrase “suspected infectious disease” will be written next to these complaints.

• Owners of the sick will be told to keep their animals outside until the disease is confirmed.

• Afterwards, a rapid clinical impression will be made to categorize the animals before they are

taken to hospital or emergency rooms by interns or clinicians.

• Depending on the risk categories, animals can be taken directly to the examination room or

isolated. In Cat Dog cases, a stretcher should be preferred for transport to reduce hospital

contamination.

• All procedures should be done to reduce direct contact between the patient and other patients

in the faculty.

• In order to reduce the risk of students and other animals, only the minimum number of students

determined by clinicians should be allowed to follow the consultation/examination of possible

cases of infectious disease.

• After leaving the examination room, areas and equipment contaminated with faeces,

secretions or blood should be quickly cleaned and disinfected by the responsible student or

staff.

• Appropriate signs should be hung on the doors of the rooms to prevent them from being used

until they are cleaned and disinfected.

• Students should be required to follow and know the procedures outlined in biosafety protocols

when they come into contact with infectious disease cases (video tutorial, course and faculty

website)

1.4.5. Rejection criteria from admission and/or hospitalization

• In the case of a notifiable disease (such as rabies), or in cases of illness with a risk of infecting

staff or other animals in the hospital, special conditions apply to the admission of the animal to

the hospital.

• If the case is suspected of a notifiable disease, relevant legal regulations (such as relevant

regulations) are applied, the case is temporarily kept in the observation unit and hospitalization

is not performed.

• If the patient's case is suspected of an infection other than notifiable diseases, then the patient's

treatment is completed in the infection clinic.

1.5. Biosafety audit

This program was created to identify and control the spread of infectious diseases in the Faculty

of Veterinary Medicine.

Environmental and patient samples were cultured to identify specific microorganisms, general

environmental contaminations, and diseases with the potential for potential nosocomial

infections and complications.

Generally;

• Clinicians should report known or suspected nosocomial cases to the Biosafety Commission

as much as possible,

• The Biosafety Commission should be alarmed in suspected nosocomial cases, even if the

clinical results are uncertain,

• The Biosafety Commission should be alerted to known or suspected zoonotic infections

thought to result from exposure at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,

• Clinicians should be supported in using appropriate diagnostic techniques to determine the

etiology of nosocomial events, even if they do not affect clinical outcomes for the patient.

• Monitoring of infected animals and animals in contact with them is extremely important in

terms of biosecurity.

• All data of all cases entering the computer program available in Equine, Farm Animals and

Cat and Dog Clinics in the hospital, the information given by the patient owner or the referring

veterinarians, and the drugs they use should be recorded.

• Clinicians, technical staff and students are expected to receive reliable information on cases

and possible infectious or communicable diseases. In the future, attention should be paid to

purchasing clinical programs that will link with other services to optimize and improve patient

follow-up.

1.5.1 Descriptive tests required in suspected infections

• Tests that identify specific infectious and/or zoonotic agents provide information necessary

for the appropriate clinical management of infected patients.

• In addition to providing direct benefits to the patient, these tests are also useful in managing

other animals in the herd and protecting their owners. They also provide essential information

in the appropriate management of disease risks for all patients, staff and students in the faculty.

• If the cost of diagnosing infectious diseases caused by specific infectious or zoonotic agents

is affordable, these tests should be applied to all hospitalized animals.

• These descriptive tests are required in the management of cases in the faculty, and if there is

clinical suspicion but the owner is unwilling to pay for the test, patients will be considered class

4 and subsequent financial reimbursements will be billed to the owner.

• The senior clinician is responsible for ensuring appropriate communication with the patient's

owner regarding infectious and/or zoonotic agents and for patient care.

• It is the senior clinician's responsibility to obtain appropriate specimens for these tests and to

take appropriate biosafety measures in these patients.

1.5.2. Diseases for which tests are mandatory

If the following diseases or conditions are present, appropriate samples must be tested. A full

description of the tests, management, diagnosis and potential treatments are available on the

OIE website. Situations that require special attention in the faculty;

• Acute diarrhea of cats and dogs (Salmonella, Campylobacter, Parvovirus, Cryptosporidium,

Giardia)

• Canine Distemper virus

• Chlamydophila psitti (Avian)

• Neural form of Horse Herpesvirus type 1

• Bird flu

• Leptospirosis

• Rabies

• Streptococcus equi subsp. equi

• Salmonella (Large animal)

1.5.3. Environmental Salmonella surveillance in Equine and Livestock Clinics

1.5.3.1. Sampling and analysis from barns and cages

Salmonella spp. Barns and cages containing culture-positive animals should be cultured after

routine cleaning and disinfection and before use for another patient. Patient veterinarians or

barn-cage technicians should notify the Biosafety Commission when these barns and cages are

emptied for sampling. Faculty staff should inform the members of the Biosafety Commission

responsible for barns and cages as soon as the culture results are received. These results are

routinely summarized and reported by the Biosafety Commission.

1.5.3.2. Routine environmental inspection

Electrostatic dust collection wipes are used for routine environmental inspection on all smooth

areas of the hospital and on hand-touched surfaces. Samples were collected every 6 months for

most areas, Salmonella spp. It is planned more frequently (isolation every 3 months) in areas

that may be contaminated with Faculty staff responsible for positive fields

A. Diseases of land animals

1- Food and Mouth Disease (FMD)

2- Bovine brucellosis

3- Bovine tuberculosis

4- Rabies

5- Bluetongue

6- Rinderpest

7- Bovine spongio Encephalopathy (BSE)

8- Sheep goat brucellosis

9- Sheep and goat plague (PPR)

10- Smallpox

11- Anthrax

12- Scrape

13- Avian influenza

14- Newcastle

15- Pullorum

16- Poultry typhoid (Chicken typhoid)

17- Ruam

18- Durin (Horse syphilis)

19- Infectious anemia of horses

20- Equine encephalomyelitis

21- African horse plague

22- African swine fever

23- Classical swine fever

24- Vesicular disease of pigs

25- Aethina tumida

26. American foulbrood of bees

27- Tropilaelaps mite (Tropilaelaps mite)

28- Feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE)

29- Nodular exanthema of cattle (Lumpy skin)

30- Infectious stomatitis (Vesicular stomatitis)

31- Rift Valley fever

32- Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia

33- Enzootic bovine leukosis

34- Epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer (EHD)

B. Diseases of aquatic animals

1- Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis

2-Epizootic ulcerative syndrome

3-Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS)

4-White spot disease

5-Yellowhead disease

6- Taura syndrome

7-Infectious hematopoietic necrosis of fish (IHN)

8-Infectious salmon anaemia

9-Infection with Perkinsus marinus

10- Microcytos mackini

11- Marteilia refringens

12- Bonamia ostreae

13- Bonamia exitiosa

14-Koi herpes virus disease

15-Spring Viraemia of Carp (SVC)

16-Crayfish plague

17-Bacterial kidney disease (BKD)

1.4. Education and research animals

Staff and students using teaching and research animals on the faculty should adhere to all

applicable biosecurity measures.

Approval from the faculty dean must be obtained before these activities begin.

Education and research animals cannot be kept in the departments of the faculty where sick

animals are kept, except for extra situations and medical reasons.

CHAPTER 2:

BIOSAFETY GUIDELINES FOR THE EQUİNE CLINIC

2.1. Admission, Examination and Hospitalization of Sick Animals

The animal owner must be asked to register first. After registration, a rapid clinical examination

by an intern or clinician should be performed to see if the animal is in a certain risk class.

According to the classification results, the animal should be sent to the parking area and sent to

the examination room or isolation unit. A paddock should be determined by the clinician and

the stable staff for the patients who are decided to be hospitalized after the examination. The

records of the hospitalized patient (clinical findings, treatment procedures, etc.) should be

recorded on the patient information forms hanging in front of the paddocks. These records

should be consultable by students, interns and clinicians. During the hospitalization, the change

in the patient's condition should be written on the information forms. Medicines or other

materials used in the treatment of patients should be kept in the pharmacy (medicine and other

medications) or in a small cabinet attached to the wall of the paddock (ophthalmological

equipment, creams/pomades, alcohol and syringes). Treatment directions should be indicated

on the patient information sheets on the wall of the paddock. The card showing the disease

category of the patient should be placed in the paddock and unit. This process is mandatory for

students and staff to better recognize the harmful infectious disease and to take precautions for

the patient. Which grass and/or concentrated feed the inpatient eats and the frequency of eating

should be clearly written on the paddock card. Students, interns and clinicians are responsible

for bedding and feeding the patients in the paddocks. Full paddocks should be cleaned every

morning by hospitalization personnel, and new litter straw or sawdust should be laid. If the

paddock is determined to be damp or wet at other times, the student, clinician or technical staff

is responsible for cleaning and placing new pads. If hospitalized patients or staff are at risk of

contracting the disease, this is much more important than the animal's own health, and the

animal may be denied admission or hospitalization.

2.2. General Rules for Equine Inspection Hall

• It is mandatory for all personnel to wear clean and appropriate clothes for the job.

• Students, interns and clinicians should wear gowns or overalls with name cards attached. If

he does not have suitable clothes, he should be removed from the clinic. Cleaning personnel

and technical personnel are required to wear clothes with name cards.

• All personnel should wear durable boots or shoes at all times. Shoes should be easy to clean

and disinfect.

• At the entrance to the examination room, it is absolutely necessary to enter by pressing the

disinfectant foot mats.

• The student, intern or clinician in charge of the patient's examination should first wash their

hands with soapy water before and after the patient's examination, and then clean them with an

alcohol-based hand disinfectant.

• Clean examination gloves should be worn when handling risky patients (eg suspected

infectious diseases or newborn foals) or before touching secretions, discharges and wounds.

• It is mandatory to wash hands after wound treatment, bandage change, ophthalmological care,

catheter placement, endoscope application and contact with risky patients. Hands should also

be washed in other cases where hands are soiled.

• After the examination is over, the instruments and equipment (stethoscope, thermometer,

probes, endoscopes, etc.) used in the patient examination must be cleaned and disinfected before

being used on another patient.

• Residue materials formed in this area during the examination should be thrown into household

waste bags in the trash cans in the hall, sharp, piercing and stinging materials (scalpel, injector

tips and cannulas) should be collected in special yellow boxes. should be cleaned and

disinfected in a timely manner. This is particularly important for patients suspected or known

to shed important infectious agents.

• All staff and students must leave the material in its original form after use. All staff working

in the hospital are responsible for maintaining the cleanliness of the hospital and the proper

hygiene of the staff.

• It is forbidden for students and staff to consume any kind of food and drink in the examination

halls.

• Before leaving the examination room, the hands should be washed again after the gloves and

disposable aprons used are thrown into the appropriate trash cans, and the salon should be exited

by pressing the disinfectant mats in front of the doors.

2.3. Equine Hospitalization Unit, Cleaning and Maintenance of the Unit

• Infectious or non-infectious diseases (patients with no fever, no respiratory problems, no fever

and respiratory problems in the last 6 months, trauma and injuries, patients with colic,

ophthalmological patients, non-infectious diseases) caused by agents that are not likely to be

transmitted to other animals and do not pose a risk of infection in humans equids with

newborns) are normally hospitalized.

• Paddocks for the care of inpatients are determined by the clinician and hospitalization staff.

• Disinfectant foot baths must be used at the entrance and exit to the hospitalization unit.

Therefore, waterproof shoes should be worn.

• If a equines is decided to be hospitalized, feces and dirty wastes in the environment should be

removed before this animal is taken to the paddock.

• The horses in the paddocks are collected daily by the barn staff and new mats are laid in their

place. There is a garbage can in a suitable place outside the paddock, and care should be taken

not to overflow the garbage.

• Paddocks and hospitalization corridors should be cleaned and disinfected regularly by the

personnel assigned in the hospitalization. When there is contamination in the paddocks outside

the working hours of the barn staff, students, interns and/or clinicians should remove feces and

wet/dirty bedding and lay new bedding.

• In the presence of newborn animals, patient hygiene is much more important and accumulated

feces and litter should be removed from the area as soon as possible by interns or students.

• Residue materials formed during the examination of an inpatient should be thrown into

household waste bags in the trash cans in the corridor, and sharp, piercing and penetrating

materials (scalpel, injector tips and cannulas) should be collected in special yellow boxes.

• Feeders and drinkers in paddocks should be checked regularly and cleaned before a new

patient is introduced. The information about whether the hospitalized patient consumes feed or

water should be reported to the responsible clinician and if he does not eat the feed, the feed

should be removed from the manger.

• The animals taken to the paddock should be cleaned daily, groomed regularly, and their

secretions and streams should be removed from the paddock as soon as possible. Especially the

stool and urine that he has made in the paddock or walking area should be removed

immediately.

• If the emptied paddock belongs to a horse with a contagious disease, the paddock should be

stated as “to be disinfected” by the intern or clinician. If the infectious agent is known or

suspected, an effective disinfectant should be determined and disinfection should be applied as

soon as possible.

• Cleaning materials used for patients in the non-risk group should be disinfected once a week,

and cleaning materials used in patients with known or known risk of infectious diseases should

be cleaned and disinfected after use.

• The floors of the feed rooms in the hospitalization unit should be cleaned and disinfected

before new feed sources are introduced. Whole grains or other feed sources tight lid

2.4. Isolation Unit

• Special precautions are required when managing patients known or suspected to be infected

with infectious disease agents. Because of the potential for nosocomial transmission, acute

gastrointestinal disorders (eg, diarrhea without fever and/or leukopenia), acute respiratory

infections, patients with acute neurological diseases or abortion, dermatophytosis,

dermatophilosis, etc.) should be isolated from the general population of the hospital.

• Clinicians, interns or students should perform the initial physical examination of these patients

to assess their risk of infectious disease.

• Personnel should take personal preventive care measures until it becomes clear that there is

no risk of contagious disease when examining these patients.

• When it is determined that the risk of infectious disease is high in patients or these problems

develop during hospitalization, the Biosafety Commission should be informed immediately.

Only the Biosafety Commission or the Chief Hospital Physician is authorized to allow hospital

isolation of patients known or suspected to be at high risk of infectious disease.

• Barrier protection measures should always be used for this class of patients. The doors of the

paddock unit where these patients stay should be closed and cordoned off. Cleaning staff and/or

clinicians are obliged to comply with all the rules regarding clothing in the isolation unit.

• Unless necessary, these units should not be accessed. Responsible clinicians may make a

personal decision to allow students to enter the paddock for educational purposes, but this

should be as minimal as possible and all personnel entering should take appropriate protective

measures.

• Disinfectant foot mats should be used at the entrance to the isolation area, and disposable

aprons and gloves should be worn. Thermometer, stethoscope and other tools and materials

used should be cleaned and disinfected by wiping with alcohol. Materials such as apron and

gloves used should be removed.

• During the examinations of the patients staying in the isolation unit, the waste materials

formed in this area should be thrown into the household waste bags in the trash cans in the unit,

cutting, piercing and stinging materials (scalpel, injector tips and cannulas) should be collected

in special yellow boxes, stools or secretions should be collected by the personnel responsible

for the patient as soon as possible.

• Before removing the patient from isolation, the patient's hoofs should be brushed with 0.5%

chlorhexidine solution. Personnel carrying the patient must wear all appropriate clothing and

take barrier precautions. Personnel in contact with the patient, doors, exits, etc. during the

transport of the patient. Avoid contaminating areas with contaminated gloves or hands, and

contact surfaces should be cleaned and disinfected effectively to minimize the possibility of

nosocomial transmission.

• Diagnosis and treatment procedures to be done in the main hospital building for isolation

patients should be planned at the end of the day. All kinds of tools and equipment used for

examination should be cleaned and disinfected according to the relevant procedure after the

procedure.

• Cleaning and disinfection of surfaces contaminated with feces or body fluids during the

transport of the patient should be done very quickly.

2.5. Equine Paddock, Anesthesia Field and Surgical Unit

2.5.1. Anesthesia area

• The anesthesia preparation area has been designed to facilitate the entry of students, staff and

clinicians into the operating room.

• Before entering the anesthesia area, patients' feet should be thoroughly brushed or washed.

The patient's mouth should be rinsed outside the induction area. For unusual emergency

surgeries, the patient should be cleaned as much as possible.

• Barrier protective measures should be taken in this area as well, and fecal material should be

urgently removed from the anesthesia preparation area or other areas of the surgical unit.

• As much as possible, the apparatus on the equine should be removed before entering this area.

• Agents required for intravenous administration should be prepared aseptically and the catheter

should be placed aseptically in accordance with its technique. Clean gloves should be worn for

this procedure.

2.5.2. Surgical unit

• A high standard of cleaning and hygiene should be provided in the equine surgery unit.

• All personnel, including cleaning and maintenance personnel, are obliged to comply with all

the rules of dress in the surgical unit. All personnel should wear shoe covers (overshoes) or

shoes designated for use in "clean" surgical areas.

• The operating team and the operating room should be prepared aseptically. Aseptic techniques

should be maintained during surgery. Personal, patient and environmental hygiene standards in

the surgical and perioperative areas should be of the highest level.

• All kinds of auxiliary and technical materials (eg anesthesia machines, endotracheal tubes,

shackles, etc.) used during and after the surgical procedure should be cleaned, disinfected and

sterilized at the end of the procedure. Blood and other dirt on the floor should be washed first

and then wiped with disinfectants.

• Cutting, piercing and penetrating materials (scalpel, injector tips and cannulas) used during

the surgical procedure should be collected in special yellow boxes, and stool or secretions

should be cleaned by the personnel responsible for the patient as soon as possible.

• The doors must always be closed during, during and after the operation.

• Tools and equipment in the hall and sewer channels should be cleaned and disinfected once a

week during non-operational times.

2.5.3. Postoperative Care (Healing) paddock

• The precautions to be taken in the recovery paddock should be the same as the protective

methods applied for normal paddocks.

• Be sensitive to secondary infections that may occur during the healing process, and

postoperative care should be done as carefully as possible.

• Residue materials formed in this area during the treatment should be thrown into household

waste bags in the trash cans in the hall, sharp, piercing and stinging materials (scalpel, injector

tips and cannulas) should be collected in special yellow boxes, stools or secretions should be

cleaned by the personnel responsible for the patient as soon as possible.

• All kinds of materials used in postoperative care should be cleaned and disinfected after use.

• When the patient leaves the paddock, the floor of the paddock should be cleaned and

disinfected.

2.5.4. Management of surgical patients with infectious diseases

• Clinicians and interns assigned to surgical cases should have the responsibility to identify and

inform cases with known or suspected infectious disease.

• Actions regarding these cases should be planned towards the end of the day or done in the

isolation unit whenever possible.

• Clinicians and students assigned to these cases are responsible for reporting that the anesthesia

area and recovery paddock are contaminated with potentially infectious pathogens. Thus, it

should be ensured that these areas are properly disinfected before other patients can use them.

• When the patient leaves the paddock, the floor of the paddock should be cleaned and

disinfected.

2.6. Colic Horses and Pain Paddock

• Patients with colic should be hospitalized separately from other patients and managed with

strict biosecurity measures because of the risks of spreading Salmonella.

• Protective clothing should be worn in the pain pad as in other parts of the hospital.

• Foot bath should be used when entering and exiting the pain unit.

• Staff should not enter the pain pad unless contact with patients is required.

• Before and after touching the patient, hands should be washed or hand disinfectants should be

used.

• When it is necessary to examine the painful horse with special methods (radiology,

ophthalmology, etc.), the personnel should follow the same protective measures when

transferring the patient to the relevant unit.

• If there are materials used in the painful patient (nasogastric tube, bucket, syringe, etc.), all

necessary equipment should be placed in front of the pain pad.

• If the patient no longer needs the equipment, the materials used should be thoroughly cleaned

with soap and water, then taken by a staff member and taken to the relevant unit for sterilization.

• The residual materials formed in this area during the examination should be thrown into the

household waste bags in the garbage cans in the hall, cutting, piercing and stinging materials

(scalpel, injector).

2.7. Cleaning and Maintaining the Equine paddocks

• These areas should be cleaned daily on routine working days (Monday-Friday) by the

technical staff/barn staff. Crossing areas between buildings should be cleaned daily (eg

sweeping and washing) and disinfected once a week.

2.8. Discharge of Patients

• Animals that have recovered as a result of the treatment procedures should be discharged and

the date of discharge should be written in the patient registration department.

• When the patient is discharged, the patient card in the paddock should be cleaned, it should

be stated that he will not be hospitalized anymore, and all records should be collected in the

patient registry unit.

• Empty paddocks should be cleaned before a new patient is brought in (stool and wet litter

should be removed), while paddocks where patients with suspected or known infectious

diseases stay should be identified with the note “will be disinfected”. No other animals should

be allowed to enter this paddock prior to cleaning and disinfection.

• When the patient is discharged, all materials used in the patient (such as halter, lanyard,

blanket, etc.) should be cleaned and disinfected with chlorhexidine solution.

• All medical supplies to be disinfected should be placed at the entrance of the units, then the

relevant personnel should collect these materials for cleaning and disinfection and for storage

afterwards.

2.9. Deceased Patients

• Patients who died during hospitalization should be reported to the relevant person by the barn

staff.

• When the patient dies, the paddock card should be cleared and all records collected in the

patient registry.

• Paddocks used by deceased patients must be cleaned (remove manure and wet bedding) before

a new animal enters the paddock. However, paddocks used for patients with known or suspected

infectious agents should be marked with the "to be disinfected" sign. No other animals should

be allowed to enter these paddocks before cleaning and disinfection.

• When the animal dies or is euthanized, the cadaver should be removed from the paddock as

soon as possible (same day on weekdays, the next morning in the evening or on weekends, or

Monday morning) and taken to the necropsy by forklift or a sheltered transport vehicle.

• If the animal has been euthanized in the recovery paddock, the cadaver should be removed

from this paddock as soon as possible. The healing pad should then be cleaned and disinfected.

• If possible, the animal should be euthanized in the autopsy room.

• After transporting a cadaver, the forklift must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected in the

necropsy department.

2.10. Visiting Pet Owners

• Regardless of the reason, animal owners are not allowed to stay overnight in the hospital with

their patients.

• Only after getting permission from the hospital management and an officer to accompany

them can they visit their patients within the specified hours.

• Patient owners must comply with all barrier protection measures necessary to touch their

animals or enter paddocks.

• The general public should not be allowed to enter the hospitalization areas of the hospital,

except for their owners.

• Visiting patients in the isolation unit is prohibited. In exceptional cases, such as euthanasia,

this may be permitted provided that biosecurity measures are taken.

• Dogs and other pets should not be allowed to enter hospitalization areas.

CHAPTER 3:

BIOSAFETY RULES FOR THE FARM ANIMAL CLINIC

3.1. Dressing for Farm Animal Clinic

Boots

In the Farm Animals Clinic, it is mandatory for all students and personnel in all categories to

wear washable, clean boots in the patient examination/treatment care area. Boots should be

strong enough to protect the foot against trauma. It is not allowed to enter offices and classrooms

in boots, and to walk around non-clinical areas. Personnel and students without boots are not

admitted to the clinic. Boots should be cleaned and disinfected regularly or when visibly soiled

or contaminated. Every clinic should have a hygiene unit for washing and disinfecting boots

without using hands. The owner or caretaker who helps the animal restraint must comply with

these rules.

Clothes

To prevent the transmission of infectious agents to humans and animals outside the clinic, it is

mandatory to wear a clean gown during procedures in the clinic. Aprons should be changed

daily or when soiled/contaminated. The Animal Hospital is responsible for washing the aprons

of the staff, and the students are responsible for washing the aprons of the students. Washing

should be done at 60-90 C.

Dressing for Surgical Procedures

All staff and students must wear clean, blue operating room gowns. Clean and easily

disinfectable, waterproof aprons should be worn in laparotomic operations performed on

standing cattle. A clean white coat should be worn over the operating room gown for

preoperative and postoperative patients.

3.2 General Cleaning and Hygiene

Before and after examining each patient, hands should be washed in accordance with the rules

and disinfected with alcohol-based hand disinfectant. Clean gloves should be used in the

examination and treatment of patients with high risk levels such as infectious diseases or

newborn calves. Surfaces and equipment contaminated with faeces, urine, blood, and other

secretions should be promptly cleaned and disinfected by the personnel caring for the patient

or the personnel assigned for this task. It is mandatory for all personnel to use disinfectant-boot

bath or antimicrobial mats, which are placed at the necessary places in the hospital. In boot

baths, not only the sole of the boot, but the whole of the boot should be immersed in the solution.

In order to clean the boots that are contaminated with feces or similar substances, they should

be washed with a brush before disinfection. Necessary apparatus or equipment for this should

be available at the clinic entrances. Rumen probes, pads, endoscopes and thermometers should

be disinfected after use before being used on another patient. Tools such as buckets, probes,

funnels, speculums should be cleaned after each use and disinfected with 0.5% chlorhexidine.

Instruments suitable for sterilization should be sent for sterilization. Wheels and sides of

equipment contaminated with faeces or patient exudates should be cleaned and disinfected. The

desks, tables and floor in the meeting room or classroom open to students should be kept clean

at all times. Rectal thermometers, stethoscopes, hemostats and scissors used in the clinic should

be disinfected with 70% isopropyl alcohol or 0.5% chlorhexidine before use on each patient.

3.2.1. Cleaning of patient paddocks

Sick animals should be housed in paddocks where basic hygiene is provided. The litter must be

changed before a new patient is accepted. The paddocks and halls of the personnel in charge of

this work should be washed twice a day. Feces or wet litter in newborns' compartments should

be removed immediately.

3.2.2 General disinfection protocol of contaminated paddocks

When using disinfectants, gloves or similar protectors should be used. Latex gloves used in

patient examination are sufficient for this job. In situations where there is a possibility of

splashing, such as using pressurized water, other protective instruments such as laboratory

goggles or a face shield should be used. All feces and litter material must be removed before

starting disinfection. If pressurized water is to be used, care must be exercised as water splashes

will contaminate other areas. Walls, doors and floors should be washed with a brush, using soap

or detergent. Brushing or similar mechanical cleaning is very important to remove the formed

films or residual dirt. After cleaning with detergent, the surfaces should be rinsed thoroughly.

Care should be taken not to leave any detergent residue. These residues can destroy the

effectiveness of disinfectants. Before applying disinfectant, it should be ensured that no water

remains. This buildup can dilute the disinfectant solution. All surfaces should be washed with

a suitable disinfectant (for example, 15 minutes with quaternary ammonium compounds

prepared in appropriate concentrations) and it should be kept in contact with the surface for an

appropriate time. At the end of the period, the disinfectant should be rinsed off. After

disinfection, the clothes used by the personnel should be removed and hands should be washed.

It is the same practice in multi-purpose areas such as the examination room where animals are

examined and treated.

3.2.3. Boot baths and antimicrobial mats

The solutions of these baths or mats should be changed every morning by the staff or interns.

In case of excessive contamination or reduced amount of solution, it should be changed

immediately. It is essential that the boots are completely immersed in the boot baths. For these

reasons, it should be ensured that there is a sufficient level of solution. Staff and students should

wear waterproof shoes or boots.

3.2.4. Disinfection protocol of tools and equipment in clinics

All kinds of instruments and equipment (probes, scissors, knives, stethoscopes, thermometers,

endoscope, shaver, speculums, etc.) used in different patients must be disinfected before being

used in the transition from patient to patient. Surgical materials sterilized before use should be

cleaned with soapy water after each use, disinfected with 0.5% chlorhexidine, and then sent to

the sterilization unit.

Stethoscopes

Stethoscopes owned by clinicians and students can be used in non-infectious areas and should

be disinfected regularly with alcohol or hand sanitizers. If there is visual dirt or a risk of class

3-4 infection is suspected, it should be disinfected immediately. Stethoscopes belonging to the

faculty should be available to be used in the examination of high-risk patients. These

stethoscopes should be cleaned and disinfected immediately after use.

Thermometers

• Glass thermometers should not be used in the Livestock Clinic due to the risk of breakage and

mercury contamination.

• Electronic thermometers should be used. After each use, alcohol or chlorhexidine should be

wiped with wet wipes or cloth/cotton.

• Thermometers used in animals with suspected enteric infections such as BVD, Salmonellosis

should have boxes.

• Patients with suspected Class 4 infection should have a separate thermometer.

Other equipment

• Other equipment such as scissors and hemostatic forceps used in patients should be disinfected

with 70% isopropyl alcohol or 0.5% chlorhexidine.

• Tables, benches, sinks, floors, meeting rooms in clinics should always be kept neat and clean.

• Students should not have bags in the clinics. They should keep their bags in their lockers.

Food and beverages

• No food or drink is allowed in any part of the Farm Animal Clinic.

• Computer rooms and pharmacies are included in this ban. Meals can be eaten in the lounges.

3.3. Patient Admission in Farm Animals Clinic

3.3.1. Outpatient Admission

• Patients who do not show signs of notifiable disease are directed directly to the download

ramp.

• Transport vehicles should not be left in front of the hospital in a way that hinders entry and

exit.

• Outpatients can be watered with disinfected buckets belonging to the faculty, but should not

be fed. Buckets should be cleaned after each use and disinfected with chlorhexidine.

3.3.2. Inpatients

• The paddock where the patient will lie down is determined by the clinic staff.

• The animal's halter and rope should be sent home with the owner.

• After the patient enters the paddock, a paddock card containing the following information

should be prepared and placed at the paddock entrance.

• Patient/pet owner information

• Names of responsible students and clinicians

• If there is a detected or suspected contagious infectious disease, an explanation should be

written.

• Feeding instructions

• Clean tap water should be provided to each patient, unless restricted by the clinician.

• There should be treatment/instruction cards at the paddock door.

• It is the duty of the clinic staff or the assigned student to fulfill the feeding instruction.

• The clinical staff or the student in charge should clean the paddocks every morning and lay

new mats when necessary.

3.3.3. Allocation of paddocks

• Paddocks in the hospital should be allocated in advance for adult cattle, bedridden cows and

calves.

• Appropriate paddock should be allocated for Class 3 infected animals.

• Patients with suspected Class 4 notifiable disease should be housed in the isolation

(quarantine) section.

3.3.4. Feed and water

• All grain feed and feed additives should be stored in tightly closed plastic containers.

• Minimal litter, roughage and concentrates should be kept in the animal hospital to reduce the

possibility of contamination and prevent wild animals from nesting.

3.3.5. Base

• It is the responsibility of students, caregivers and clinicians to lay the pad on the paddock

when patients arrive.

• The paddock in use is cleaned by the paddock attendants in the morning and evening and a

new mat is laid.

3.4. Cleaning Protocols

3.4.1. Animal trailer (Ambulance)/Parking area

• The animal transport trailer belonging to the Farm Animals Clinic should be cleaned and

disinfected after each transport.

• The lowering ramp should be cleaned once a day. If animals defecate or urinate, they should

be cleaned immediately.

• Covered transition areas (halls or transitions between buildings) should be swept twice a week,

cleaned with pressurized water and disinfected.

3.4.2. inspection area

• The area contaminated with feces, urine, blood, saliva or secretions should be cleaned and

disinfected immediately by the assigned personnel.

• The on-duty clinician should ensure that cleanliness is maintained in this area.

3.4.3. Hospitalization unit

• From Monday to Saturday, the staff should change the mats in the morning and evening.

• On Sundays or holidays, the staff on duty should undertake this task.

• Patients should be fed with hay and concentrated feed by the staff, milked in the morning and

evening unless otherwise stated, and the hospital halls should be swept after the morning

feeding.

• All grain feed and concentrates should be stored in capped plastic containers (eg clean garbage

drums).

• Equipment whose wheels or side surfaces are contaminated with feces should be cleaned and

disinfected before leaving the hospitalization unit.

3.5. Routine Paddock Cleaning

3.5.1. General principles of cleaning

• The principle that should not be forgotten about disinfectants: Applying more disinfectants

than necessary does not provide much benefit.

• It should be known that the use of appropriate dilutions of disinfectants ensures optimum

disinfection.

• Excessive use of disinfectants can trigger resistance and biofilm formation.

• For disinfectants to be effective, surfaces must be clean.

• Biofilms form in areas with waterlogging and where disinfectants are applied to dirty surfaces.

• Care should be taken against the possibility of contamination when working in high-risk areas.

3.5.2. General procedures for cleaning the paddocks used by the patient

• All litter material should be disposed of in the trash.

• Dust and other small substances on the floor should be swept.

• Floor and walls should be washed with water, dirty areas should be cleaned with detergent

and brush.

• The entire paddock must be rinsed.

• Paddock floors and walls should be disinfected with quaternary ammonium compounds.

• Then the paddock should be left to dry.

• Adjacent areas and halls should be cleaned and disinfected in the same way.

• Tools and equipment used in cleaning should be cleaned and disinfected daily.

3.5.2. Cleaning and disinfecting while the patient is in the paddock

• Overalls should be worn while cleaning.

• Appropriate garbage bins should be used.

• Care should be taken that sick animals do not come into contact with garbage bins.

• Cleaning materials should be cleaned and disinfected when passing from one paddock to

another, when necessary.

• Garbage bins used for food animals should not be used in Equine Clinic. The reverse is also

true.

Weekly routines

• The floors of the feed tanks should be cleaned (sweep, rinse, brush and rinse with detergent).

Sewer drains in sinks and halls should be cleaned and disinfected with quaternary ammonium

compounds.

• Paddocks that have not been used in the last 1 month should be washed with pressurized water

against dust accumulation.

Monthly routines

• Areas that are not used frequently (tops of walls, scales, etc.) should be washed with

pressurized water against dust.

• Tools used in cleaning and disinfection should be maintained.

6 month routines

• All surfaces in the hospitalization area, whether used frequently or not, should be cleaned and

disinfected with quaternary ammonium compounds.

• Calf boxers should be cleaned and disinfected from head to toe with a brush and detergent.

• Sewage drains in isolation units should be cleaned and disinfected.

Annual routines

• The entire hospital should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected once a year, including all

equipment.

General cleaning

• Wheels of tractors or forklifts should be brushed with quaternary ammonium compounds

before entering and leaving the hospital.

• When using a forklift to transport deceased animals to autopsy, the forklift must be thoroughly

cleaned and disinfected before returning to the hospital.

• Pest control should be provided in feed storage rooms.

Routine Environmental contamination inspection (Surveillance):

• The ground, hand-contact surfaces should be analyzed for the presence of Salmonella every 6

months, and isolation units more frequently.

• Positive results should be reported to the hospital Biosafety working group.

3.6. Management of Suspected Infectious Disease Patients

• Special precautions should be applied in the management of patients with detected or

suspected communicable diseases.

• Diseases to be considered in particular are acute gastrointestinal diseases, acute respiratory

diseases, BVD, bacterial infections with multiple antibiotic resistance.

• Patients at high risk of communicable diseases should be considered as outpatients or

hospitalized in an isolation unit.

• Appropriate preventive medicine rules should be applied when a patient with a risk of

infectious disease is admitted to the inpatient department.

• Inspection of animals with suspected infectious enteric, respiratory disease, BVD should be

done in the transport truck or trailer used as an ambulance.

• The examining clinician is responsible for deciding whether the patient should be hospitalized

and/or accepted for treatment.

• Any three of the following clinical findings suggest infectious enteric disease

• Diarrhea

• Septic mucous membranes

• Fever

• Weight loss

• Hypoproteinemia

Any three of the following clinical findings are suggestive of infectious respiratory disease.

• Tachypnea – dyspnea

• Runny nose

• Fever

• Hoarse voice

• Cough

In case of suspicion of a notifiable disease, the Animal Diseases Department of the Provincial

Directorate of Agriculture should be informed.

CHAPTER 4:

BIOSAFETY RULES FOR THE CAT AND DOG CLINIC

All clinicians, students and hospital staff are required to follow basic hygiene rules and protect

themselves personally. All staff working in the Cat and Dog Clinic are responsible for

maintaining cleanliness.

4.1. General Clothing

All staff and students should wear hospital-specific clothing to reduce the risk of carrying an

infectious disease. All staff and students must have clean clothes and wear clean and appropriate

shoes. Shoes should be closed, easy to clean and disinfectable. Protective clothing (aprons, etc.)

and shoes should be changed or cleaned when contaminated with stool, urine, blood, nasal

exudate and other body fluids.

4.2. Patient Hygiene

• Cage hygiene is very important for the patient staying in the Cat and Dog Clinic. Before a

new animal enters a cage, stool, blood, urine, all organic material and dirt must be removed.

Cleaning staff should clean cages and aisles daily. When dirt is seen in the cage, a "Clean"

warning should be posted on the cage.

• Since hygiene is very important for newborns, the cage should be cleaned and disinfected

when wetness-moisture is detected in the stool or bedding.

• If the animal is discharged, the cage should be cleaned as soon as possible.

• The phrase “Disinfect” should be hung in the cage of an animal with an infectious disease or

suspected.

• Cleaning personnel should empty, clean and disinfect the cage as soon as possible.

• The cage should be considered as an infectious area until it is disinfected and there should be

no animal entry before the cleaning-disinfection process.

• Cages used by non-communicable animals should be regularly emptied, cleaned and

disinfected.

• Cages should be cleaned-disinfected between the use of different animals and at least once a

day.

• During the hospitalization of the animal, feed and water containers should be cleaned regularly

(when needed or at least 2 times a day) and cleaned and disinfected between uses of different

animals.

• The water in the water container should be checked at regular intervals and filled with clean

water at least 2 times a day after cleaning the container.

• The animal's appetite should be noted on the patient card. Food should be put in suitable

containers for animals (Here, different colored containers are used for infectious and non-

infectious patients).

• Animals should be kept as clean as possible, and all discharges and secretions should be

removed from the contaminated area. Dirty animals should be washed and all animals should

be combed regularly.

• The area around the cage should be clean and tidy. Medication material, cage mat and student-

worker clothes etc. around the cage. should not be.

• If the animal defecates outside the cage, stool should be removed immediately. When the

animal urinates inside the building or on a hard floor, the urine should be removed immediately

and the floor should be cleaned, disinfected and dried.

4.3. Food and Liquid Consumption

• People should not consume food and liquids in the Cat and Dog Clinic.

• Food and liquids should not be allowed to be stored.

4.4. General Cleaning and Hygiene

4.4.1. Proper cleaning

• All staff and students are responsible for their personal hygiene and cleaning of the Cat and

Dog Clinic.

• Before and after contact with each patient, hands should be cleaned or washed with an alcohol-

based hand disinfectant.

• Hands should also be cleaned or washed in the same way when outside the Cat and Dog Clinic.

• Clean examination gloves should be worn when handling high-risk patients, such as animals

at risk of infectious disease or immunocompromised.

• Clean examination gloves should also be worn when coming into contact with discharge,

secretions or wounds.

• Surfaces or equipment contaminated with stool, secretions and blood should be cleaned and

disinfected.

4.4.2. General disinfection protocol

• All equipment (mouthpiece, speculum, forceps, etc.) should be cleaned and disinfected

between patients using 70% isopropyl alcohol or 0.5% chlorhexidine.

• Equipment such as stethoscopes that students have should be routinely cleaned and

disinfected.

• All organic material must be removed before disinfection.

• Contaminated cage, walls, doors, water and feed containers should be scrubbed with water

and detergent or soap or cleaned mechanically.

• The cleaned area should be rinsed to remove detergent residue. The rinsed area should be

allowed to drain or dry if possible.

• The surfaces of contaminated cages, walls, doors, water and feed containers should ideally be

in contact with disinfectant for 15 minutes.

• Excess disinfectant should be removed with water. The disinfectant should then be rinsed

from all surfaces.

• After the disinfection process, the person cleaning should take off the protective clothing and

wash their hands.

• All multi-purpose areas such as examination rooms should be arranged between patients,

cleaned and disinfected.

4.4.3. Mats and foot baths

• The mats are located at the entrance to the animal isolation area and should be changed every

morning.

• Foot bath solutions should be changed every morning.

• It should be re-prepared immediately when the footbath solution becomes dry and decreases.

• Staff and students should use mats and foot baths wherever they come across.

4.4.4. Equipment disinfection protocol

• Gastric tubes, mouth pads, endoscopes, etc. All equipment or other objects containing

equipment must be cleaned and disinfected or sterilized for use between different patients.

• Sterilized equipment such as surgical equipment should be cleaned with soap and water after

use and disinfected with 0.5% chlorhexidine solution.

• The equipment must then be sterilized.

• Surfaces contaminated with stool, secretions or blood should be cleaned and disinfected

immediately.

• This practice is especially important in animals with or suspected infectious disease.

• Infectious Disease Animal Boxes: All equipment used on such a patient should be specific

to that patient and should be stored in a box for each patient.

• After each application, the material should be cleaned with 0.5% chlorhexidine solution.

Collars used on these patients should only be used on them and not on other patients.

• These collars should be disinfected by dipping them in 0.5% chlorhexidine solution at regular

intervals.

• These boxes should be checked, cleaned once more and disinfected before being used on a

new patient.

Stethoscopes

• Stethoscopes owned by the personnel used in the non-communicable diseases department

should be disinfected with alcohol or hand sanitation solution at regular intervals (at the

beginning and end of the day).

• Stethoscopes that are visibly soiled or come into contact with an infected or suspected patient

should be disinfected immediately.

Thermometers

• Electronic thermometers should be well disinfected daily with alcohol and/or chlorhexidine

wipes.

• Plastic thermometer covers should be dipped in disinfectant solution at regular intervals.

Infectious diseased or suspected animals should have individual thermometers dedicated to

them. These should be kept on their boxers during hospitalization.

• If they are visibly soiled, they should be disinfected after each examination and after the

patient is discharged.

• Other equipment owned by the staff, such as scissors, can be used on many patients, but should

be cleaned and disinfected with 70% isopropyl alcohol or 0.5% chlorhexidine solution for inter-

patient use.

4.4.5. Walking area

• This area should be cleaned regularly every day and directly after each defecation.

4.5. Rules for the Management of Animals Coming to the Cat and Dog Clinic

4.5.1. Outpatients

• Patients without signs of communicable disease can be found in the waiting room with their

owners.

• Patients with acute vomiting, cough, runny nose or diarrhea should stay in their car until a

student or veterinarian checks it out.

• Patients at risk of communicable diseases should not be taken directly into the examination

room. The patient should be transported here by means of a stretcher or a cage.

• If such a patient is brought directly to the consultation desk, the person responsible for the

consultation should immediately contact the veterinarian concerned and take the patient to the

examination room immediately.

• The patient should be transported to the examination room by the shortest route.

• The examination room where such a patient is placed should be closed, no one other than

those in charge should enter, and the phrase “Do not use” should be posted on its door.

• After the patient's procedure is finished, the room should be cleaned and disinfected.

4.5.2. Inpatients

• Infected and non-infected hospitalized patients are kept in separate units.

• Inpatient cages are determined by the responsible veterinarian. The cage allocated must be

clean.

• Animal's accessories such as litter and leash are given to the patient owner. If the owner insists

that these accessories remain, they are informed that they cannot be returned.

• An information note about the owner and the patient is written in the cage where the patient

is placed.

• Suspected or confirmed infection status should be written on the information card.

• During risk of bite of patient, Leptospirosis, etc. If there is a special situation, such as, an

information note is hung in the cage.

• Food such as raw meat or bone is not given to the patient and water is not given until told

otherwise.

• Transporting patients from cage to cage is prohibited. The cage is cleaned as the patient is

taken out of the cage and walked.

• When the patient is discharged, a “clean” warning is posted on the cage.

• There is a file containing the patient's status and the patient's owner's information on the

hospitalization entry desk.

• The name of the student responsible for the patient, the estimated time of discharge, and what

should be done in the treatment should be written on the whiteboard in the hospitalization

department.

• Foods are stored in suitable bags, cans or plastic containers.

• The smallest possible amount of food is stored in the small animal hospitalization refrigerator.

• All staff, students are responsible for the cleaning and disinfection of the cages during the

hospitalization.

• Full cages are cleaned by the cleaning staff at least 2 times a day and, if necessary, properly

prepared again.

• Again, all personnel are responsible for warning, cleaning and re-preparing the dirty cage.

4.5.2.1. Principles and rules to be followed in the kitchen

4.5.2.2. Discharge

• Before discharge, patient owners should be warned about the dangers of infectious diseases

and how to control these dangers.

• Estimated time of discharge should be written on the whiteboard at hospitalization.

• When the patient is discharged, a “clean” warning should be posted in the cage. The cage

should also be cleaned as soon as possible.

• Before the patients are discharged, their owners should be informed about infectious diseases

and their controls.

• The cages of the discharged patients should be marked “Clean” and the cages should be

disinfected as soon as possible.

4.6. Cleaning Protocol of the Cat and Dog Clinic

• The parking area and its surroundings should be checked regularly on a weekly basis and all

dirt should be cleaned.

• Routine cage cleaning: Dirty cage, walls, doors, water and feed containers should be cleaned

mechanically using water and detergent. The cleaned area should be rinsed to remove detergent

residue. The rinsed area should be allowed to drain or dry if possible. The surfaces of

contaminated cages, walls, doors, water and feed containers should ideally be in contact with

disinfectant for 15 minutes. The disinfectant should then be rinsed from all surfaces. After the

disinfection process, the person cleaning should remove the protective clothing and wash their

hands.

Daily routines

• Basically dirty cages should be cleaned immediately.

• All dirty places seen in the clinic should be cleaned immediately.

Weekly Routines

• All examination rooms and hospitalization area should be cleaned and disinfected.

Monthly Routines

• All cages that are not used within a month should be cleaned.

• Less used or unused areas (such as ceilings) should be cleaned within a month.

• The isolation unit must be cleaned and disinfected.

Annual Routines

• The entire Cat and Dog Clinic should be cleaned and disinfected.

4.7. Administration of Suspected Infectious Disease Patients

• Animals with suspected communicable diseases should be treated as outpatients or

hospitalized whenever possible.

• Patients with acute vomiting, cough, runny nose, diarrhea and fever should stay in their car

until a student or veterinarian checks it out.

• Patients at risk of communicable diseases should not be taken directly into the examination

room. The patient should be transported here by means of a stretcher or a cage.

• If such a patient is brought directly to the consultation desk, the person responsible for the

consultation should immediately contact the veterinarian concerned and take the patient to the

examination room immediately. The patient should be transported to the appropriate

examination room as soon as possible.

• The examination room where such a patient is placed should be closed, no one other than

those in charge should enter, and the phrase “Do not use” should be posted on its door.

• After the patient's procedure is finished, the room should be cleaned and disinfected. The room

should not be opened for use before the disinfection process is completed.

• “acute diarrhea”, “acute vomiting”, “acute cough” or “possibility of infectious disease” should

be written in the patient's file.

• The areas where the treatment and diagnosis of the animal suspected of infectious disease,

hospital equipment, personnel and student clothes should be cleaned and disinfected

immediately after contact with the animal, regardless of contamination.

• It is forbidden for owners of animals with contagious diseases to visit their patients, except in

cases such as euthanasia. Visiting hours of other patients are determined by the hospital

management and are made within the framework of general hygiene rules.

4.7.1. Hospitalization of animals suspected of infectious disease

4.7.1.1 Movements of high-risk patients

• Animals with suspected communicable diseases that require isolation should be sent directly

to the isolation unit.

• Care should be taken to minimize contamination during this transport.

• The carrier must wear the necessary protective clothing.

• Areas contaminated with infectious material during transportation should be cleaned and

disinfected immediately.

• Transport should be done with a cage or a stretcher.

4.7.1.2. Diagnostic tests required in patients with infectious disease

• Diagnostic tests for some infectious and/or zoonotic diseases provide necessary information

for diagnosis and treatment.

• This is in favor of patient owners to protect themselves and their families. Therefore, tests for

the diagnosis of these diseases are mandatory.

• Students are responsible for taking appropriate samples from the patient, provided that the

clinician, veterinary technician and instructor are responsible.

• It is mandatory to use personal protective equipment (gloves, protective clothing, masks,

goggles, etc.) when handling animals with suspected infectious diseases.

• Samples for diagnostic testing should be taken either in the infectious disease examination

room or in the isolation unit.

• Specimens from these patients should be placed in ziplock bags and the carrier should wear

the necessary clothing, gloves and mask.

• Suspicion of an infectious disease or having an infectious disease should be written on the

samples.

4.7.1.3. Isolation

• All patients with parvovirus or confirmed infectious disease should be kept in a small animal

isolation unit.

• Entries and exits to this section should be minimized, except for essential situations.

• The personnel working in the isolation unit should be informed about the patient.

• There should be foot baths at the entrance and exit of the isolation unit.

• The use of hygiene and personal protective equipment is very important for the isolation unit.

• Hands should be washed and rinsed with an alcohol-based sanitizing solution before and after

each patient in this section is examined.

• Clean examination gloves should be worn in the isolation unit. All personnel are responsible

for environmental hygiene. The environment should not be polluted with dirty hands or

equipment.

• Patients in the isolation unit should not be moved around in the common area.

• Students who come into contact with a patient with an infectious disease should not come into

contact with an immunosuppressed animal, a young or very old animal, an animal with diabetes

mellitus.

• Only clinicians, responsible students and responsible personnel should enter the isolation unit

for the care, cleaning and treatment of the patient. Appropriate personal protective equipment

(gloves, mask, rubber boots, disposable apron, etc.) should be used while working in this unit.

• Necessary warnings should be written on the cages and hung.

• Any material in the isolation unit should not be returned to the main clinic building.

• Contaminated surfaces, equipment should be cleaned in accordance with the rule.

• Equipment used on a patient should only be used on that patient.

• The drugs used in the patient should be sent with the patient's owner when the patient is

discharged and the drugs should not be taken back to the pharmacy.

Entrance to the Isolation Unit

• The clinical gown must be removed outside the isolation unit. All necessary equipment should

be with the clinician to minimize entry and exit to the isolation unit. Foot mats or baths should

be used at entrances and exits. Hands should be washed and disinfected with hand sanitizer.

Personal protective equipment (overshoes, disposable apron, mask, gloves, bonnet) should be

worn.

• Procedures that will contaminate the environment (such as rectal touch, rectal temperature

measurement, abscess manipulations) should be done at the end of the examination and

controls.

• Care should be taken not to spread organic material (urine, stool, etc.) in the room. Sharp or

penetrating material should be handled appropriately and disposed of in sharps waste bins

(yellow boxes) after the procedure is over.

• Contaminated surfaces should be cleaned and disinfected after patient care is finished.

• After the procedure is finished, the thermometer, stethoscope and other material should be

disinfected with 70% isopropyl alcohol or ethyl alcohol.

• Personal protective equipment should be removed at the exit from the unit and disposed of in

a medical waste bag. Hands should be washed or disinfected.

• Door handles in the isolation unit should be disinfected daily.

• Patient transfer from the isolation unit to the clinic depends on the permission of the

responsible physician and the approval of the Hospital Chief Physician.

• If these patients will be treated in the Cat and Dog Clinic (ultrasound, x-ray examination,

surgical operation, etc.), their intervention should be left to the end of the day.

• Patients should be transported in a way that will least contaminate the environment. All

surfaces that these animals come into contact with must be cleaned and disinfected.

• After the ultrasonographic examination of the patients, the ultrasound should be cleaned and

disinfected with 0.5% chlorhexidine or 70% isopropyl alcohol.

• If an ECG has been performed on patients, the ECG should be cleaned and disinfected with

0.5% chlorhexidine or 70% isopropyl alcohol.

• All material used in the surgical intervention of animals in the isolation unit must be cleaned,

disinfected and then sterilized, and this material must be stored in ziplock plastic bags.

• If patients who will undergo surgery or anesthesia have infectious diseases or are suspected

of having an infectious disease, this should be written on their forms.

• Anesthesia machine should be cleaned and disinfected after application.

• Tissue residues in the oxygen delivery apparatus should be cleaned with soap and water and

then rinsed.

• Then it should be kept in chlorhexidine solution for 15 minutes and then rinsed.

4.7.1.4. Anesthesia and surgical procedures of patients in the isolation unit

• Staff or students who will come into contact with patients in the isolation unit should wear

appropriate personal protective equipment.

• Surgical procedures of animals with infectious diseases should be postponed to the end of the

day, if possible.

• After the surgical procedures of the patients in the isolation unit, all surfaces should be cleaned

and then disinfected.

• All surgical equipment should be cleaned and disinfected. All surgical equipment should then

be placed in a ziplock plastic bag.

• Information about being infected or suspected of being infected should be written on this bag.

4.7.1.5. Small animal surgery and anesthesia procedures

• Clean surgical gowns, caps, shoe covers and masks should be worn before entering the

surgical unit areas.

• A high standard of hygiene and cleanliness should be provided in the surgical unit.

• The area to be operated should be prepared aseptically, and asepsis should be maintained

throughout the operation.

• Unnecessary entrances and exits should be prohibited.

• Transitions between the anesthesia area and the surgical area should be minimized.

Preparations for surgery of animals with infectious disease or suspected:

• Preparing for surgery of animals with infectious diseases or suspected infectious diseases

should be carried out in the animal's cage or in the appropriate examination room for patients

with infectious diseases.

• Material residues used here should be thrown into medical waste bags and all surfaces should

be cleaned, disinfected and dried.

• Hands should be washed before patient-to-patient contact.

• Contaminated areas should be cleaned immediately after stool removal.

Anesthesia procedures of animals with infectious disease or suspected:

• The patient should be premedicated in the cage or isolation unit. It should be brought to the

anesthesia preparation department just before the application of anesthesia.

• A cage or stretcher should be used during the transport process.

• All contaminated equipment should be cleaned, disinfected and then sent for sterilization.

• Situations of animals with infectious diseases or suspected should be written on the anesthesia

form.

Anesthesia application area:

• Shaving should be done just before the operation to prevent bacterial colonization of the

surgical area before the operation.

• Unless decided otherwise, surgical patients should be brought to the anesthesia application

area one hour before the operation. The intravenous catheter should be placed aseptically.

• After the operation, contaminated clothes should be placed in the laundry basket in a plastic

bag and sent to the cleaning unit.

• After the operation, patients who do not have an infectious disease or suspicion can be

awakened in the anesthesia preparation or recovery department. Those with infectious diseases

are awakened in their cages in the isolation room.

• The stretchers should be cleaned, disinfected with 0.5% chlorhexidine or 70% isopropyl

alcohol (15 minutes contact time) and then rinsed with clean water.

• The tissue residues in the oxygen delivery apparatus should be cleaned with detergent water

and then rinsed, then rinsed by keeping it in chlorhexidine solution for 15 minutes.

• The anesthesia device should be cleaned and disinfected between cases.

• After the operation, the surgical room should be cleaned and disinfected. All contaminated

surgical equipment equipment should be cleaned, disinfected and placed in plastic bags and

sent to the cleaning and sterilization unit.

4.7.1.6. Surgical procedures of patients with infectious diseases

• Surgical procedures of animals with contagious diseases should be avoided as much as

possible. If it is necessary for the surgical procedure, this procedure should be done at the end

of the day.

• Minimum entrance and exit should be provided in the surgery room and measures should be

taken to reduce contamination.

• After the operation, contaminated clothing should be placed in a plastic bag and sent to the

cleaning unit with a warning that it is infected.

4.7.1.7. Additional exceptions

• Tests for Distemper virus, Canine Influenza virus, Giardia, Leptospirosis, Parvovirus in dogs

should be encouraged.

• Patients with suspected or confirmed feline leukemia virus should be hospitalized with a cage

space from other patients.

• Staff or students handling this patient should not touch other cats.

• Patients with suspected or diagnosed feline panleukopenia virus should be hospitalized away

from other cats.

• At least 1 cage space should be left. Staff or students handling this patient should not touch

other cats.

• This situation should be written in the cages of patients with suspected canine parvovirus.

When the disease is confirmed, the suspect status should be changed to Canine Parvovirus.

• Staff and students who come into contact with these patients should not come into contact

with risky dogs under the age of 1.5.

CHAPTER 5:

BIOSAFETY RULES FOR POULTRY AND EXOTIC ANIMAL

CLINIC

5.1. General Cleaning and Hygiene

• All staff and students should be made aware of cleanliness and hygiene.

• Before and after each examination, hands should be cleaned with an alcohol-based antiseptic.

• Equipment and surfaces contaminated with feces, saliva and blood should be cleaned and

disinfected by the personnel responsible for the patient. Especially in patients with infectious

diseases, this procedure should be given more importance.

• Equipment such as mouthpiece, speculum and forceps should be disinfected with 70%

isopropyl alcohol or chlorhexidine. Equipment should be sterilized in a sterilizer and made

ready for use.

5.2. General Rules for Poultry and Exotic Animal Clinic

• Clinic-specific clothing should be used to reduce the risk of disease.

• All personnel must wear clean professional clothing.

• Clean clothes and appropriate footwear should always be worn when working in the Poultry

and Exotic Animal clinic.

• It is recommended that all staff working in the Poultry and Exotic Animal Clinic wear sturdy

boots or shoes.

• In order to protect the feet, waterproof shoes should be recommended to reduce the damage

to the shoes after exposure to bath solutions.

• Students going on business visits should wear civilian clothes with which they have not come

into contact with birds, rodents or rabbits until six days before the visit and use personal

protective equipment during the visit.

• Visitors are required to follow the instructions of all personnel.

• All necessary protective equipment (disposable overalls, shoe covers ...) for visitors should be

provided by the hospital.

5.3. General Cleaning and Hygiene

• The cleaning and personal hygiene of the clinic is the responsibility of all personnel.

• Gloves and appropriate clothing should be worn when disinfectants are used.

• Gloves should be worn during regular patient exams (exam gloves) or rubber cleaning gloves

should be used when using disinfectants during routine cleaning procedures.

• Coarse dirt should be cleaned before disinfection. The material should be washed with

detergent and water, layers and residues that prevent or reduce the effect of disinfection should

be broken by rubbing or mechanically breaking.

• Thorough rinsing should be done to remove any detergent residue. The area should be allowed

to drain or dry as much as possible to avoid dilution of disinfectant solutions.

• This disinfectant should be kept in contact with surfaces for 15 minutes, especially if an

infectious agent is suspected. Excess disinfectant should be removed by washing with water.

Disinfectant must be removed from all surfaces before placing a patient in a cage or paddock.

• After disinfection, protective clothing should be removed and hands should be washed.

• Multi-use areas (stocks, examination rooms, etc.) where animals are examined or treated

should be changed, cleaned and disinfected after they are used by the personnel responsible for

the patient.

5.3.1. General disinfection protocol

• General disinfection protocol should be applied for this job.

5.3.2. Disinfectants

• In case of suspected Newcastle disease or avian flu, all equipment should be disinfected by a

disinfectant accepted for the control of these diseases.

5.3.3. Foot baths and mats

• When the mats become dirty, they should be changed immediately by the personnel. But it

should be changed daily even if it is not contaminated.

• When it is noticed that the mats are dry, disinfectant should be added.

• Personnel should use it at entrances and exits in all areas where they encounter a mat.

5.3.4. Disinfection protocol for devices and equipment

• All instruments, equipment or other objects should be cleaned, disinfected and sterilized

between different patients.

• The materials should be cleaned with detergent water and disinfected with 0.5% chlorhexidine

solution after use on the patient.

• Autopsy materials should be sterilized daily.

• These materials must first be cleaned with chlorinated antiseptics, disinfected and then

sterilized in an autoclave or sterilizer, depending on the material type.

5.3.5. Food and beverages

• The use of food and drink in the hospital is strictly prohibited.

5.4. Guide to accepting and managing Poultry and Exotic Animal patients

5.4.1. Outpatients

• Serious measures should be taken to prevent patients coming to the hospital from contracting

infectious diseases other than their current illness. Consultation should be done in accordance

with the following recommendations.

• Other animals should be strictly prevented from entering the room where the consultation is

held.

• Disinfection of tables and equipment should be carried out by the personnel before the patient

enters the room.

• Documents related to registration must be filled, and the conditions of animals coming from

other doctors or hospitals must be recorded. A complete physical and clinical description of the

animals should be made.

• Registration of genus and species (in Latin) is required for exotic animals.

• If a serious infectious and/or contagious condition is suspected, other personnel should be

promptly informed and a prompt decision taken.

• When a reptile comes to the examination, a dialogue should be started with a specialist in

order to determine the genus and species.

• It is strictly forbidden for poisonous reptiles to enter the clinic. These patients should not be

admitted to the clinic even in the absence of students.

• Birds arriving in cages should not be taken out of their cages without expert personnel.

• A full general clinical examination should be performed if the physical condition, stress or

level of danger allows this, taking into account other animals present in the clinic.

• If these conditions are not met, assistance from other personnel should be sought for

manipulation and investigations.

Business visit

• Students participating in these visits should wear civilian clothes that they do not come into

contact with birds, rodents or rabbits from six days before the visit.

• All personnel must strictly follow their instructions.

• All the clothes required for the visit (disposable gowns, shoe covers, etc.) are provided by the

hospital management.

5.4.2. Patients receiving inpatient treatment

5.4.2.1. Shelters

• Patients admitted to the Poultry and Exotic Animal Clinic are placed in cages by staff.

• Before putting animals in cages, staff working day or night should be warned to know where

to find newly admitted patients.

5.4.2.2. Patient records and medication administration

• During the hospitalization process, all clinical data and drugs should be specifically recorded

on standardized forms (record).

5.4.2.3. Feed and water

• Small amounts of bedding, feed and concentrate should be stored in the poultry and exotic

animal clinic to reduce the risk of contamination.

5.4.2.4. Bedding

• Staff and students responsible for hospitalization are responsible for the daily maintenance

and cleaning of the cages.

• Cages are washed and disinfected with chlorinated antiseptics if necessary.

• In all cases, waste should be disposed of in yellow bins designed for biological waste to avoid

contamination.

• Students should wash their hands and change gloves for each animal.

• Tools and equipment used for each animal should be specific to that animal and should not be

used in animals in different cages.

• At the end of hospitalization, cages should be washed and disinfected according to standard

procedures before being introduced to new patients.

5.4.2.5. Discharge of patients

• Prior to discharge, animal owners should be instructed on the risks of communicable diseases

associated with patients and recommendations for controlling these hazards at home. Cages

used for patients carrying known or suspected infectious agents should be marked with special

signs (Use, Cleaning Required, etc.).

• The cages of animals carrying known or suspected infectious agents should be marked with a

white tape after discharge until complete disinfection.

5.5. Animals with Known or Suspected Infectious Diseases

• Animals with symptoms of known or suspected infectious diseases should be triaged in the

parking lot prior to admission.

• More serious measures should be taken in some specific diseases such as Newcastle and

notifiable diseases. In such a case, no equipment in the examination room should be taken out.

Soles of shoes should be disinfected, clothes should be washed and contact with other birds

should not be allowed for 6 days.

• In case of suspicion of zoonotic disease, precautions should be taken more seriously and

quarantine measures should be implemented. Health ministry officials should be contacted.

5.5.1. Follow-up of high-risk patients

• Movement of animals suspected of diseases such as Newcastle or bird flu should be strictly

prohibited.

• Rooms where such patients are placed should be closed until cleaning and disinfection is

completed.

5.5.2. Diagnostic and surgical procedures in high-risk patients

• Except for the legally required specimens and euthanasia, it is strictly forbidden to make any

other interventions on animals carrying diseases such as Newcastle and bird flu.

5.5.3. Necessary diagnostic tests in patients with suspected infection

• In case of suspected infectious diseases, the relevant disease should be reported to the

veterinarian of the patient and the owner of the animal.

5.5.4. Biological samples from animals with contagious disease

• Samples from animals suspected of Newcastle or avian influenza diseases should be followed

according to legal procedure.

• Samples taken from animals with suspected infectious diseases should be packed in a sealed

bag so that they cannot be torn during transportation.

5.5.5. Changing biosafety measures for a patient

• Changes in the measures described above can only be made with the directive of the Biosafety

Commission.

5.5.6. Notifiable diseases of Poultry and Exotic Animal Clinic patients

• Mandatory samples taken for such diseases should be sent to the reference laboratory

following the legal recommendations within the scope of the responsibilities of the Poultry and

Exotic Animal Clinic.

5.6. Isolation for Poultry and Exotic Animal Clinic Patients

• When the diagnosis of infectious disease is clearly established, a warning letter should be

placed on the animal's cage.

• Visits to animals in isolation cages should be prohibited.

• Equipment used for these animals should be kept in a plastic bag located near the cage. This

equipment should never be used for another animal until proper cleaning and disinfection has

been done.

• It is strictly forbidden to enter the isolation units without wearing disposable gowns.

• Hand washing and disinfection is mandatory at the entrance and exit of the hospitalization and

isolation areas.

• Animals whose treatment has been completed in the hospitalization and isolation units should

be disinfected before being placed in the cages they were brought to.

• Ultrasonography, radiology or ECG examinations should be limited if there is a risk of death

in animals with suspected communicable disease.

5.7. Visitors to the Poultry and Exotic Animal Clinic

• Visitors are only allowed under the direct control of the Poultry and Exotic Animal Clinic

team.

5.7.1. Children

• Children are not allowed in the Poultry and Exotic Animal Clinic.

5.7.2. Pets such as cats and dogs

• Pet animals such as cats and dogs are not allowed in the Poultry and Exotic Animal Clinic and

they are not kept together.

CHAPTER 6:

FOOD HYGIENE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR DAIRY AND DAIRY PRODUCTS

FACILITIES, BIOSAFETY RULES FOR APPLICATION TRAININGS IN

ABATTOİRS AND SLAUGHTERHOUSES

6.1. Introduction

This biosafety plan and guidelines cover students, academics, laboratory administrators,

research staff and other personnel with the potential to be exposed to or use biohazardous

materials.

The purpose of these procedures is:

During the implementation of food, slaughterhouse and milk courses, the responsible person of

the course and the physical, chemical and biological hazards that will threaten the safety of the

students are to take measures to minimize the risks that may occur during the application.

It is to prevent laboratory-borne infections in food practice courses and to prevent the spread of

microorganisms that will pose a threat in the form of epidemics.

It is to minimize the risk of being infected with any zoonotic diseases during the practice lesson

of the staff and students (especially the slaughterhouse application).

Facilities where practice lessons are held; farm, dairy, university cafeteria, slaughterhouse,

poultry slaughterhouse and meat products processing units.

6.2. General Hygiene Principles

During non-faculty visits, general biosafety principles should be remembered and on-site

biosafety requirements should be followed. During non-faculty visits to abattoirs or food

establishments for study or research, staff and students biosecurity requirements are complied

with.

During the first practical work and before business visits, students are briefed on occupational

safety and biosecurity requirements.

The faculty management is informed about the situation of those who have a zoonotic disease

or suspected disease among the students, and the student in the situation is not allowed to enter

the production area.

If a zoonotic disease is detected or seriously suspected in a slaughterhouse/food establishment,

students are immediately informed and appropriate action is taken.

Students are informed about the risk of touching contaminated objects. If there is any suspicion

of infection in the animals and tissues and organs of animals in the enterprise, they are provided

to contact the health institutions.

6.2.1 Occupational safety principles in Slaughterhouse and Meat Farm visits

• Before going to the slaughterhouse, students are informed about safety requirements, possible

risks, and food safety risk factors. In slaughterhouses/food businesses, HACCP system

principles, BRC, IFS and ISO standards are followed, in addition, students are asked to follow

Good Hygiene Practice requirements.

• For non-faculty applications, students must sign documents confirming that they are briefed

on safety and biosecurity requirements. The documents are filled out by the responsible

employee of the slaughterhouse / food enterprises.

• Academic staff accompanying students during non-faculty visits are responsible for students'

compliance with hygiene requirements.

• In the post-slaughter examination, the academic staff observes the students who perform the

examination. Academic staff make sure that the examined organs pose no risk.

• Students are asked not to touch food products and raw materials unless necessary, except for

autopsy.

• It is strictly forbidden to consume food/beverage, smoking and consuming alcohol in

slaughterhouses / food establishments.

• It is forbidden to keep jewellery, wedding rings, watches and other small personal items other

than those necessary to fulfill the assigned duties in slaughterhouses/food establishments.

• Students and responsible personnel wear hard hats, aprons and boots during their visit to the

slaughterhouse.

• To avoid cross-contamination risks, students start their business visits in the clean area and

finish in the dirty area.

• After arriving at the slaughterhouses, the students are directed to the changing rooms, where

they will change the clothes in question and leave their clothes and personal belongings in the

special wardrobes.

• If a student is injured, he/she quits the job, washes his/her hands in the non-contact hand sink

and applies disinfectant on the wound in the locker room. If necessary, additional health

services are requested.

• After leaving the slaughterhouse / food business, disposable clothes are thrown into special

garbage.

6.2.2. Students' Safety Principles During Laboratory Studies

• Before the practical work in the Food Hygiene and Technology laboratories, students are

informed about occupational safety, biosecurity and possible infection risks and food safety risk

factors, and an occupational safety and biosafety book is signed.

• The laboratory supervisor ensures that laboratory personnel receive appropriate training on

the necessary precautions and assessment procedures for hazards and risks.

Staff receive annual updates or additional training when procedural or policy changes occur.

• The organization of the laboratory is carried out in such a way as to separate clean areas from

areas that can be contaminated.

• Consuming food/beverage, wearing contact lenses, applying cosmetics and storing food for

human consumption are prohibited in laboratory areas. Food is stored in designated areas

outside the laboratory area.

• During oral pipetting, direct exposure to the agent (chemical or microbial) may occur through

accidental ingestion, therefore mechanical pipetting devices are used.

• When carrying out procedures that have the potential to generate splashes of microorganisms

or other hazardous materials; Necessary protective equipment (Apron, protective glasses, mask,

etc.) measures are taken to minimize the risk of splash and / or aerosol.

• During food microbiology laboratory work, academic staff ensure that students adhere to

hygiene and safety requirements. Students should not open and touch the petri dishes containing

cultures.

• Access to bacterial cultures is limited. Access to the deep freezer is controlled by the

laboratory supervisor or another authorized person. Students (residents, doctoral students) may

use reference strains only under the supervision of responsible laboratory personnel.

• Before disposing of cultures, stocks and other potentially infectious materials, these materials

are sterilized.

• In food hygiene, meat, milk and egg hygiene and other issues related to animal-derived

materials, academic staff pay attention to students' compliance with workplace safety rules and

biosecurity requirements.

• Policies are developed and implemented for the safe use of cutting and piercing tools used in

the laboratory. The following precautions should always be taken with sharp objects during

practice lessons:

Used disposable needles/syringes and other disposable cutters are carefully placed in

properly placed puncture resistant containers (ie "sharp cups") used for disposal of the cutters.

Non-disposable cutting instruments are placed in a hard-walled, puncture-resistant container

for transport to a processing area for decontamination, preferably by autoclaving.

Broken glass items are not handled directly. Instead, a brush and dustpan are removed using

tongs or forceps, and plastic items are used instead of glassware whenever possible.

6.3. Personal Hygiene

Students must strictly follow the rules of personal hygiene.

2.3.1. Hand washing

• Hands are thoroughly washed with water and anti-bacterial soap before entering and exiting

laboratory practices, slaughterhouses/food establishments or after using the sink.

• Disposable paper towels are used to wipe hands.

• Disposable gloves are a must in case of scratches or wounds on the hands.

• In slaughterhouses / food establishments, hands are washed with non-contact washbasins.

2.3.2. Student clothes

• Students are required to wear aprons in food laboratories and business visits. If necessary,

students are given disposable gloves.

• In slaughterhouses / food establishments, students wear clean aprons, bonnets and protective

sleeves.

• In slaughterhouses / food establishments, students wear personal work boots or disposable

shoe covers that are washed with mechanical shoe brushes before and after entering the

slaughterhouse.

6.3.3. Washing and disinfection

• In the microbiology laboratory, all materials used for practical training (culture-containing

plates, pipettes, grafting rings, etc.) are collected in specially marked containers and sterilized

in autoclaves. Workplaces are cleaned with disinfectants.

• Materials examined for microbiological analysis are collected in specially marked containers

after analysis and sterilized in autoclaves. The work area is cleaned with disinfectants.

• Tools and equipment (knives, hooks, metal gloves, plastic / leather aprons, etc.) necessary for

working in the slaughterhouse belong to the slaughterhouse and are used only in this place. It

is washed and disinfected according to operating rules. These tools and equipment cannot be

used in other businesses.

• After any spill or splash of biological material after laboratory work, work surfaces are

disinfected with an appropriate disinfectant. In disinfectant use; disinfectant's dilution rate,

contact time and shelf life instructions should be followed.

Table 1. Distribution of the first three priorities in risk assessment in Microbiology Laboratories

Working unit Danger Risks Affected persons Activity Current

Measures Risk score Suggestions

Warehouse, Microbiology

Serology Media preparation

flammable explosive substances

Chemical exposure by fire, aerosol and

contact

All staff and

students Storage

fire extinguisher

Eye and body shower

10x10x100

Special lockers Inventory, Placing

items properly Apron, goggles,

mask

Warehouse, Microbiology

Serology Media preparation

Elektric During the flood

electrical contact,fire

All staff and

students Lighting

regular maintenance

fire extinguisher

7x10x70 emergency plan

Disinfection/autoclave Microbiology

Serology Molecular Biology

slaughterhouse

Factors transmitted by blood and body

fluids

Pathogenic and zoonotic

microorganisms

All staff and

students

Manipulation of

contaminated material

Closed Unbreakable Automatic Disposable

pipette waste

containers Glove Apron

10x10x0.770

Glasses Selection of unbreakable

materials Training on the use

of sharps antibacterial

solution

Table 2. Risk Assessment Criteria Occurrence Probability (Probability) / Impact (Violence)

Degree (Score) Possibility Effect

Very High (5) The risk is very high (%80- %100)

15 (risks with a Severity of 5 and a probability of 3 will be considered as high risk (significant risk) if the risk score is 15.), 16 and 20 are the risks. In the event of a risk, it has a devastating negative effect on the result, the necessity of stopping the activities. There may be financial losses. Additional control activities

should be identified

High (4) The risk is high (%51-%79)

Risk score 12 (risks with a risk severity of 4 and a probability of 3 will be considered high risk (significant risk) if they have a score of 12.), Risk formation may have a high negative impact on achieving strategic and unit goals. Unit processes are adversely affected. There may be financial losses. Additional control activities

should be identified

Middle (3)

The probability of a risk occurring can

only occur in certain situations.

(%50)

Risk scores are 8, 9, 10, 12 and 15. Actions should be initiated to mitigate the effects of medium-level risks. Occurrence of risk May have a certain impact on achieving strategic and unit objectives and delivering

services. Risk reduction measures can take time. Additional control activities should be identified.

Low (2) The risk is unlikely

to occur. (%20-%49)

These are the risks with a risk score of 3, 4, 5 and 6. There may be a slight decrease in process performance. Additional control activities can be determined

Very Low (1)

The probability of the risk occurring is almost non-existent.

(%1-%19)

They are risks with a risk score of 1 and 2. At very low risks, the process is continued. In the event of a risk, system performance is not significantly affected. The process should be continued with existing control

activities.

CHAPTER 7:

BIOSAFETY RULES TO BE FOLLOWED IN VISITS TO

LIVESTOCK AND FARM

Erciyes University, Students of Faculty of Veterinary medicine, in the farm practices of the

courses given on the basis of the Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases,

primarily make field practices in the poultry, bovine and ovine units operated by the

Agricultural Research and Application Center (ERUTAM), which operates as a unit affiliated

to the Rectorate at Erciyes University. In addition, for farm applications, students are taken to

medium and large-scale livestock enterprises located around Kayseri. Within the framework of

the protocols that have already been made between these enterprises (such as Saray Farm /

Develi, Pandoğa / İncesu) and our Faculty, students have the opportunity to practice in the field.

It has been observed that biosecurity standards are applied at the maximum level in these

enterprises.

7.1 General Biosafety Rules

• In order to teach all personnel, students and researchers working in the visited establishments

to comply and apply the general safety rules and biosecurity rules at the maximum level, the

rules must be taught in a certain way by repeating the rules in the trainings given at regular

intervals. This situation must be made absolutely certain. In addition, both informative posters

and informative-warning posters should be hung at the necessary points of the business.

• Consumption of food and beverage should be prohibited in businesses, except for listening

areas.

• Persons and students who have been in contact with an infectious disease agent in the last 6

days should not be allowed to visit.

• The use of personal protective equipment (safety glasses, mask, bone, gloves, goggles, boots

and apron, etc.) must be mandatory for staff and students during the business visit.

• Staff and students should not touch animals without gloves during the visit. After contact with

animals with gloves, hands must be washed and disinfected.

• Before starting the business visit, all staff and students should be allowed to enter the facility

using their boots and foot bath.

• Rectal thermometers, stethoscopes, hemostats and scissors used in the visit should be

disinfected with 70% isopropyl alcohol or 0.5% chlorhexidine before being used on each

animal/patient, and this process should be repeated at the end of the practice.

• At the end of the visit, all disposable materials should be thrown into the medical waste bucket.

• They should not be allowed to bring their personal belongings into the establishment.

• When a zoonotic disease is suspected, students should not be allowed to intervene directly in

the case.

• Staff and students should not be allowed to bring their pets to business visits.

7.2. Erciyes University Agricultural Research and Application Center (ERUTAM)

biosecurity Administration

A principal and two deputy directors are appointed by the Rector from among the faculty

members of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and the Faculty of Agriculture, in rotation. The

Director carries out the administration with two Deputy Director.

Board of Directors

The duties in the Faculty of Veterinary and Agriculture consist of three lecturers, the principal

and their assistants.

Staff

There are 16 employees in the center, including 4 civil servants, 4 permanent temporary

workers, 8 assigned (within the scope of the project) workers.

Land Size

The total land area for which the center is responsible is 3900 acres.

Equipment

There are 5 tractors, 1 panel van and 1 passenger car in the center.

units

There are a total of 8 units in the center, including the administrative and training building,

personnel lodgings, workshop building, 4 separate production and 1 training material.

Production units

I. Dairy cattle facility

II. Sheep farm

III. Poultry

IV. Swine unit

V. Herbal production facility

The distances between these facilities are arranged in such a way that they do not pose a

biosecurity risk. In addition, employees were employed separately for all facilities due to

biosecurity measures.

7.3. Dairy Cattle Facility

Currently, there are a total of 179 cattle, 54 of which are lactating, 10 are dry, 50 are heifers, 25

are calves and 40 are males. The facility size has been established in accordance with animal

welfare rules.

In dairy cattle, there is a herd tracking system and a semi-automatic milking system. The entire

facility is monitored by security cameras for 24 hours.

7.3.1. Measures taken in terms of environmental health in dairy cattle facility

7.3.1.1. Fertilizer management

7.3. 1.1. a- Cattle Manure Management

The facility has a programmed cattle manure collection mechanization system.

The automatic scrapers in the paddocks collect the manure in a 300-ton manure collection pool

at certain time intervals. The manure collected in this way is stored in the manure pond for three

months. At the end of this period, the liquefied manure is sprinkled with specially equipped

machines for the fertilization of the agricultural land of the center.

7.3.1.1. b- Poultry Manure Management

In the cage-belt system egg poultry unit, manure is removed daily in accordance with the

relevant legislation and accumulated in the fermentation pool. It is considered as a natural

fertilizer within the framework of the provisions of the legislation.

7.3.1.2. Medical waste management

Medical waste management in the center; Medical wastes generated during diagnosis, treatment

and production are processed in accordance with their own characteristics in accordance with

the relevant legislation.

7.3.1.3. Biological waste management

Biological waste management at the center; natural wastes from animals such as baby

membranes, hoofs, horns, blood, etc. are placed in biological waste bags and treated like

medical waste.

7.3.2. Measures taken in terms of animal health in dairy cattle facility

Herd Health Control Program at the facility is carried out regularly by the faculty members of

the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in a planned and programmed manner. Hygiene rules that

start with sanitation in the enterprise are handled separately, especially under the headings of

milking hygiene, barn hygiene, personnel hygiene and equipment disinfection, and are applied

without compromise. Disinfection processes are planned on a daily, weekly and monthly basis

and inspected by cross-checks in order to ensure sanitation throughout the facility.

The health control of the working personnel, especially the milking supervisors, is meticulously

followed. In this context, the relevant personnel are periodically subjected to sanitary checks.

In general, a strict follow-up system is applied in terms of personal hygiene and personal

behavior.

Vaccination program in cattle

For cattle in the center; vaccines such as mixed (Clostridium spp), IBR, BVD, Brucella and

Pasteurella are routinely administered.

Animals are kept in separate paddocks by grouping them according to their breeding style and

age. Calves are kept in calf huts for the first 2-3 months, and colostrum and milk application

method is applied after birth. Maintenance, repair and cleaning of calf huts are routinely done.

There are infirmary halls in the facility. Accordingly, standard treatments are carried out by the

assigned veterinarian, and in advanced and complicated cases, Erciyes University Veterinary

Faculty, faculty members are applied. The entry of animals from outside is strictly prohibited.

Necessary sanitation is provided with antiseptic application at vehicle entrances and exits to the

facility. In order to maintain sanitation and maintain the biosecurity level achieved in the

facility, entry and exit of other species are not allowed.

It is ensured that those working in the center comply with biosecurity practices at the maximum

level when entering and exiting the relevant units. The personnel make the necessary clothing

changes in the relevant unit. In addition, disposable clothes and plastic boots are provided for

students and researchers coming from outside for applications to the facility. Students and

researchers are given separate rectal examination gloves, latex gloves and disposable gowns for

each examination.

Material management

All tools and equipment used as diagnostic, treatment and training materials in the facility are

supplied only from the tools created for the facility. Access to equipment from outside is not

allowed.

Pest Control

In the facility, insecticide, acaricide and pesticide applications are carried out periodically

against arthropod infestations such as flies, ticks, mice and other pests in accordance with the

principle of a continuous monitoring system.

Notifiable disease follow-up

In our facility, obligatory disease follow-up and application are carried out in full coordination

with the relevant official institutions in accordance with the relevant legislation.

Feed and manger management

In our facility, feed production facilities have been ideally designed for feed hygiene, and every

precaution has been taken against mold and deterioration.

Parlor management

The parlor is cleaned with normal water before every milking. The entire parlor is washed with

disinfectants on a weekly basis. Before each milking, the udders of the cows are washed with

normal water and dried with disposable paper towels. Teat deeping is applied to the udders after

each milking.

Milk storage, milk handling and management

The facility has a cooled (+4 oC) milk collection tank large enough to store 3 tons of milk. The

maintenance and repairs of the milk tank and milking equipment are routinely carried out with

high precision. Milk shipments are made daily.

7.3.3. Measures taken in terms of human health in dairy cattle facility

Necessary information warnings are made for the health of all personnel working at the facility,

students coming from outside and researchers, and warning posters are hung in a way that

everyone can easily see. Eating and drinking processes of the personnel in the facility are only

in a special place (dining hall/cafe) reserved for this purpose. It is forbidden to eat or drink

anything, especially during animal practices. In case of zoonotic diseases or a suspected

infectious pathogen, the hygiene-mask-distance rule is followed to the maximum. In such cases,

the use of materials such as disposable masks, bonnets, gloves, protective glasses, clothes in

our facility is an uncompromising obligation for everyone.

7.4. Sheep Farm

There are 200 Akkaraman sheep and 4 rams in our center. The sheep breeding unit is a semi-

open soil ground and the ground is routinely cleaned of manure every 6 months. The manure

obtained at the end of the period is used in the fertilization of the land. The herd of sheep is

mainly managed by the principle of pasture grazing on approximately 3000 decares of land.

Sheep are routinely vaccinated with Mixed, FMD, Smallpox and Brucella vaccines. In newborn

lambs, preventive treatment practices are carried out due to trace element and vitamin

deficiency. In the herd of jeans, the principles of herd health and protective veterinary medicine

are fully applied.

7.5. Poultry Facility

There are 1,000 laying hens of Leghorn breed in the facility. Our house has adequate space size,

lighting and ventilation for animal welfare criteria. In the facility, aquaculture is carried out in

the cage system. Feeding and irrigation are done automatically. Vaccination of animals for

diseases such as IBD, ND, IB, ART, Salmonella, Pox is routinely applied. In our unit, a safe

environment and a healthy poultry house environment are provided for the prevention and

control of diseases, and universal standard biosecurity measures are applied.

7.6. Swine Unit

In this unit, a limited number of pigs are available as educational material due to the

characteristics of Veterinary Medicine education. The unit has animal welfare criteria.

CHAPTER 8:

BIOSAFETY RULES FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF

ANATOMY

8.1. General Cleaning and Hygiene

8.11. General disinfection protocol

• Staff and students are not allowed to bring pets to the anatomy laboratories.

• Before leaving the anatomy laboratory, hands should be washed and disinfected.

• It is mandatory to use latex gloves during cadaver dissection.

• It is necessary to wash hands again after using gloves.

• After the dissection process, students should throw their latex gloves and disposable gowns

into a separate medical waste bag.

• Tools and equipment used after the dissection process are washed and disinfected.

8.2.2. Disinfection protocol for device and equipment

• Dissection instruments used by staff and students should be thoroughly washed and

disinfected.

• Used scalpels should be disposed of in yellow sharps waste bins and dirty latex gloves in

medical waste bags.

• Dissection instruments used by personnel should be washed and disinfected daily.

• Dissection rooms should be washed with detergent and water on the last day of the week.

• Dissection tables should be washed with detergent and water every day and disinfected on the

last day of the week.

8.2.4. Detergents and disinfectants used in the Department of Anatomy

8.2.4.1. Detergents and disinfectants

• Chlorinated Antiseptics should be preferred for tables and floors.

• Quaternary Ammonium compounds or Chlorhexidine should be preferred for dissection

materials.

• Liquid soap should be used for hand washing. Solid soap should not be used.

• Students enrolled in the first year of the faculty are required to have tetanus and rabies

vaccinations. If any cuts and/or injuries occur during the dissection, the dissection process

should be interrupted, and information should be obtained by washing the hands under the

supervision of the relevant faculty member. If the wound is deep, the bleeding should be

controlled and referred to the emergency room for stitching and dressing. If the wound is

superficial, it is prevented from becoming infected by dressing the wound. In both cases, tetanus

vaccination of students and staff should be questioned and tetanus anti-serum should be made

when necessary.

• Consumption of food and drink is prohibited in all areas of anatomy laboratories.

8.3. Selection and Retrieval of Cadavers

Only healthy animals are accepted for use as cadavers in the anatomy laboratory.

8.4. Preservation of cadavers

• Cadavers should be stored in a cold room and removed when they are to be used.

• All cadavers and organs that have not been treated with any preservative should be stored in

a cold room and freezer until used, removed and used within the week of dissection. At the end

of the dissection week, cadavers should be disposed of in medical waste bags.

• Deep freezers and refrigerators used for cadaver storage should be cleaned and disinfected.

8.5. Breaking Transmission Routes

8.5.1. Visitors

Visitors are allowed to the anatomy laboratory only in the clean area area. Visitors are not

allowed in other areas.

8.5.2. Visiting School Students

• From time to time, it is possible for primary school students to be accepted as visitors to the

anatomy laboratories in order to increase their knowledge and manners. A faculty member and

an assistant are assigned to accompany the accepted students during the visit. Accompanied by

the academic staff, the visiting group tours the relevant departments of the department. During

the visit, the necessity of complying with the hygiene rules at the maximum level is emphasized

and explained.

CHAPTER 9:

BIOSAFETY GUIDELINES FOR DIAGNOSTIC

LABORATORIES

9.1. Necropsy hall Biosafety Rules

9.1.1. Introduction

• Due to the high risk of infection in the necropsy area, staff and students should be protected

against the danger of infection in the application areas.

• With the precautions to be taken in the field of necropsy, the risk of infection of faculty

members, students and patient owners should be minimized.

• If serious infection is suspected during the applications, the university hospital located in the

campus area should be consulted.

9.1.2. Infection risk factors in the necropsy room

• Exposure to infection in autopsy rooms occurs in five ways: through the disruption of skin

integrity, through the respiratory tract, orally, directly through the skin and through the mucosal

surfaces.

• There is always the possibility of encountering unpredictable risks (such as infection) during

necropsy.

• During the necropsy procedure, the necropsy process should always be started by using the

necessary personal protective equipment, taking into account the risk of a zoonotic infection.

• The main risk factors for infection during pet necropsy are rabies virus, Mycobacterium spp,

Salmonella, Clostridium and prions.

9.1.4. Classification of pathogens (www.biosafety.be)

• Infectious factors are divided into four different risk groups in terms of human and animal

health.

• Pathogens that may pose a risk to students and staff in the necropsy room are in Class 3 and

Class 4.

• Animal pathogens in Class 4 for humans (https://www.biosafety.be/content/tools-belgian-

classification-micro-organisms-based-theirbiological-risk)

9.1.5. Class 2 pathogens

• The main mode of transmission of agents in this class is hand-to-mouth, and the risk of

transmission can be eliminated by good hygiene practices and washing hands.

• During necropsy, tuberculosis/tularemia can also be transmitted by stinging or cutting the

skin. Therefore it is necessary to wear masks, and eye protectors.

9.1.6. Class 3 human pathogens

They are pathogens that cause serious diseases in humans and can be transmitted by respiratory

tract during necropsy and there is also a risk of spreading to the community. In these cases,

students should not be allowed to enter the necropsy areas. During the necropsy, personnel are

required to wear a high level of protective clothing (goggles, masks, face and eye protection).

9.1.7. Class 4 animal pathogens

Pathogens in this class cause economic losses due to their epidemics in animals and their

potential to hinder animal movements and trade.

When suspicious cases arise, staff and students participating in the necropsy should be

prevented from going to the enterprises and farms producing animal products and contacting

the farmers for a week.

9.1.8. Class 4 human pathogens

Pathogens in this class include hemorrhagic fever viruses such as Marburg, Ebola, Lassa-fever,

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever and Nipah virus for which vaccines are not available.

9.1.9. Standard procedures for all autopsies

• Safety and hygiene measures should be taken during necropsy.

• Students and faculty staff should participate in the necropsy procedure by wearing personal

protective equipment (safety glasses, waterproof disposable apron that completely covers the

arms, chest, legs, latex gloves, rubber boots, mouth-nose mask to protect from splash

contamination, and face shield when cutting hard bones). .

• With these measures to be taken, protection can also be provided at the point of class 2 and

class 3 pathogens, which are very likely to be transmitted.

• The pathologist should be aware that he or she is responsible for minimizing the risk of anyone

touching the cadaver during and after the autopsy.

• The necropsy area consists of 4 different parts. These sections are as follows;

• Dressing room

• Hall

• Working area

• Disinfection area

• These areas should be navigated as follows.

• Students put their personal belongings in lockers and wear disposable aprons and yellow

boots.

• Holden pass,

• Access to the work area with disinfected dissection instruments and disposable gloves.

• Faculty staff and students should be informed about how to use these areas.

9.1.10. Waterproof shipping containers

• Transportation of cadavers in the faculty is done with forklift (fork lifter) compatible

waterproof transport containers.

• Cadavers should be taken under control at the entrance of the autopsy room.

• Cadavers should be kept in the refrigerator by responsible technicians.

• Containers and forklift wheels should then be washed with hot water + disinfectant and high

pressure.

• The same procedure should be applied to truck wheels and containers that bring cadavers from

outside the faculty to the faculty.

9.2. Imaging Center Biosafety Rules

9.2.1. General principles

• Radiological application should not be performed on animals with suspected infectious

disease, but should be done at the end of the day if necessary.

• It is the primary duty of the responsible clinician to inform the personnel in the imaging

department and to take necessary actions to prevent the transmission of infectious agents from

the sick animal.

• If the examination cannot be left at the end of the day (such as a surgical operation), the

examination room and instruments should be cleaned and disinfected after the examination by

taking the necessary precautions.

• It is the duty of the responsible clinician to ensure the safety of staff and students participating

in the examination of animals at risk of communicable diseases. Risks in radiography,

ultrasonography and tomography consultation should be marked with a yellow label.

• It is the duty of the responsible clinician to organize the transport of the animal to the imaging

department or in cases where the patient cannot be brought to the imaging department. At least

one student should be assigned to follow up on procedures.

• The clinician responsible for the procedure is responsible for applying protective clothing

(apron, gloves) and effective disinfectants.

• Sections and instruments should be cleaned and disinfected as much as possible. Radiology

personnel should supervise the cleaning and disinfection of instruments.

• Ultrasonography probes should be protected in disposable gloves. The probe and cables

should be carefully disinfected after the examination. Ultrasonography pillows (pillows) used

for cats and dogs should be in a plastic bag and should be wrapped with a waterproof pad. Waste

should be disposed of in a yellow waste container.

• Paper towels, gloves, disposable clothing, urine and faeces used to dry animals and tools

should be disposed of in the yellow waste container. These containers should be sealed

following cleaning.

• The ultrasonography device should be used with the clean left hand of the user or by another

person who does not have contact with the patient. The device should be kept in the corridor,

and the device should not be brought into the paddocks, while viewing the animals in the

Infectious Disease Unit of the Equine and Farm Animals Clinic. After the inspection, the wheels

of the device should be disinfected. Only necessary materials should be taken into the unit.

Alcohol and gels used for ultrasonography should be kept on the unit.

• The person performing the radiology examination should wash their hands in every case,

regardless of the patient's infectious status.

• Staff and students should wear disposable gowns and gloves when touching the patient.

• All persons in contact with the patient should wash their hands thoroughly when the

procedures are completed.

• After examination for known or suspected infectious disease, the radiography application

room should be closed and disinfected by technicians as soon as possible.

• Paper towels, gloves, disposable clothing, urine and faeces used to dry animals and tools

should be disposed of in the yellow waste container.

• These containers must be sealed after cleaning.

• The number of people who will participate in the viewing application should be limited as

much as possible.

• All staff and students working with radiology should wear radiation protective clothing and

staff badges.

9.2.2. Equine and Livestock Clinic Cases

• Portable radiographs should be used whenever possible when the number of animals with

known or suspected infectious disease is large.

• Small ruminants should be transported to the imaging department, if possible, on a stretcher

or trolley.

• Students and staff entering Equipoise and Livestock Clinics must dress in accordance with

this regional protocol.

• For applications related to horses, see the relevant section.

9.2.3. Cat Dog Clinic Cases

• If there is known or suspected infectious disease, patients should be kept in their own shelter

until imaging.

• The hospital should have as many stretchers and transport cages as possible to minimize

contamination.

9.2.4. Imaging Rooms and Appliances

• Disinfectant sprays or mops should be used after known or suspected cases of infectious

disease.

• After known or suspected cases of infectious disease, lead aprons and gloves should be cleaned

with disinfectant sprays.

• The leashes, caps and their ropes (lead rope/head rope) used for sick animals in the hospital

should be cleaned and disinfected once a week.

• All instruments should be cleaned and disinfected daily.

This guide has been prepared on the basis of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the

University of Liege biosafety guide recommended by the European Association of

Establishments for Veterinary Education (EAEVE).

The preservation of Turkish has been taken as a basis in the preparation of this guide. In

this context, "Veterinary Medicine Terms Dictionary" was used as a source in the writing

of the guide presented.