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The classification of living things
Groups of living things with similar cells are called
kingdoms. There are five kingdoms: Animal, Plant,
Monera, Fungi and Protoctista.
The classification of living things
The Monera, Protista and Fungi kingdoms
Monerans are simple unicellular
organisms. They don’t have bodies.
Monerans are microscopic, but not
all share the same characteristics.
The shape of the cell varies according to the type of organism. Some
monerans produce a substance that breaks down plant or animal
matter: they are heterotrophs. Moneras reproduce by division.
The Monera, Protista and Fungi kingdoms
Most fungi are multicellular organisms, like
mould, but some are unicellular, like yeast.
Fungi produce spores that are carried by
the wind.
Many multicellular fungi consist of a cap, a
stem and a network of hyphae, long tubular
structures.
The Monera, Protista and Fungi kingdoms
Protists can be unicellular or
multicellular.
Algae contain chlorophyll and carry
out photosynthesis to produce food.
They are autotrophs.
Protists reproduce in two ways. Some produce spores. Algae
cells divide into two.
Plant kingdom
Seed plants Non-seed plants
Plants can be classified into two main groups.
Plant kingdom
Seed plants reproduce by creating seeds.
There are two main types of seed plant: angiosperms
and gymnosperms.
Plant kingdom
Some plants, such as ferns and mosses, don’t have seeds.
They produce special cells called spores. When spores
fall to the ground, they grow into new plants.
The classification of invertebrates
Invertebrate animals are classified into six groups: arthropods,
molluscs, porifera, coelenterates, echinoderms and annelids.
The classification of invertebrates
Porifera
These invertebrates have a soft body
with holes called pores. They absorb
oxygen and nutrients through the pores.
They reproduce by forming a bud, or
small body part.
The classification of invertebrates
Molluscs
These invertebrates have soft bodies, and most also have a
hard shell. They absorb oxygen through gills, and reproduce
by laying eggs.
The classification of invertebrates
Cnidarians
These invertebrates have soft
bodies, and most also have a hard
shell. They absorb oxygen through
gills, and reproduce by laying eggs.
The classification of invertebrates
Arthropods
These invertebrates have an
exoskeleton and jointed legs that
bend. Most arthropods use trachea to
breathe, some have simple lungs, and
others absorb oxygen through their
gills. Arthropods are oviparous.
The classification of invertebrates
Annelids
These animals have a long, soft body
that is divided into rings called
segments. Some annelids absorb oxygen
through their skin, but others have
gills. Annelids can reproduce by
budding, but some are oviparous.
The classification of invertebrates
Echinoderms
Some of these animals have bodies
covered with sharp spines. Some
echinoderms have gills: others absorb
oxygen through their skin. Echinoderms
are oviparous.
The classification of invertebrates
Invertebrates can have different types of body coverings:
Hard shell Exoskeleton Soft body
Vertebrates: mammals and reptiles
All mammals have lungs to breathe.
Mammals have skin and hair. Most mammals have four legs.
Almost all mammals are viviparous.
Vertebrates: mammals and reptiles
Reptiles have hard scales.
Reptiles have lungs to breathe.
Many reptiles have four legs, but snakes
don’t have legs.
Reptiles are oviparous.
Vertebrates: fish, amphibians and birds
Fish breathe with their gills.
They have a long body covered with scales.
Fish have fins and tails.
Almost all fish are oviparous.
Vertebrates: fish, amphibians and birds
Birds have lungs and four extremities:
two wings and two legs.
Birds have aerodynamic bodies.
Birds are oviparous.
Vertebrates: fish, amphibians and birds
Amphibians have thin, smooth skin and
they have four legs.
When they’re young, they have gills to
breathe. When they become adults,
they grow lungs to breathe.
Amphibians are oviparous.
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