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Stock Enhancement in European Lobster: Relations to Lobster Biology, Fisheries and Management. Gro I. van der Meeren, Ann- Lisbeth Agnalt , Even Moland , Esopen Moland Olsen, Alf Ring Kleiven , Knut Jørstad , Ellen S. Grefsrud , Eva Farestveit , Ole Ingar Paulsen & Trude H. Thangstad - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Gro I. van der Meeren, Ann-Lisbeth Agnalt, Even Moland, Esopen Moland Olsen, Alf Ring Kleiven, Knut Jørstad, Ellen S. Grefsrud, Eva Farestveit, Ole Ingar Paulsen & Trude H. ThangstadInstitute of Marine Research, PB 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, NORWAY
Stock Enhancement in European Lobster: Relations to Lobster
Biology, Fisheries and Management
Lobster research in Norway todayAquaculture Stock enhancementMPAFisheries monitoring and technologyReproduction, Recruitment and carrying capacity
BehaviourDiseases
(ongoing)(terminated)
(ongoing)(ongoing)
(ongoing)(terminated)
(ongoing)Projects at the IMR
Where are the fisheries?
The development of the fisheries
The value of the fisheries.
Fisheries regulations.
Where are we heading?
The decapod crustacean fisheries in Norway
Data sources: Anon 1995. Historical Statistics 1994. Ch. 15 Fishing, Sealing and Whaling. Statistics Norway, Oslo Kongsvinger 1995: pp343-364. and kindly uptadet to 2007 by the Norwegian Directorate for Fisheries
Euopean lobster Brown crab Deep sea shrimp Norway lobster Red king crab
Historic landings
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000Landings since 1908, all species
Deep sea shrimpRed king crabBrown crabNorway lobsterLobsterM
etri
c to
ns
Fisheries regulations
State of the stocks: Red-listed Expanding Assumed good ExpandingRegulations:TACa - - X - XQuota per boat - - - - XLicense - - X X XSeason closures X X X X XGear regulations X X X X XMLSb X X X X XMaxLS - - - - -Protection of females - - - - XProtection of berried females X - - - XCultivation X - - - XMPAc X - - - -
Lobster Brown crab
Deep sea shrimp
Norway lobster
Red king crab
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
Mean value of annual catch (Nok x 1 000) per species
Data sources: Anon 1995. Historical Statistics 1994. Ch. 15 Fishing, Sealing and Whaling. Statistics Norway, Oslo Kongsvinger 1995: pp343-364. and kindly uptadet to 2007 by the Norwegian Directorate for Fisheries
1908191219161920192419281932193619401944194819521956196019641968197219761980198419881992199620002004
0100200300400500600700800900
1,000
Norway lobsterLobster
Met
ric to
ns
Landings of Homarus gammarus and Nephrops norvegicus
Total catch
# of
lobsters KiloProp of total
Total recreational catch 25400 16600 0,65
Total commercial catch 12100 7900 0,31
Unknown 1400 900 0,04Official commercial landings 2803 1831 0,07
Total catch 39200 25400
Alf Ring Kleiven1,2, Esben Moland Olsen 1 Jon Helge Vølstad1
Mean value of annual catch (Nok x 1 000) per species
Where are we heading?
2005 Introducing ecosystem-based management of marine resources to replace single-species approaches,
Wide geographical scales Traditions Weak databases
= Separate management for these fisheries
The management approach must be founded on Biological and ecological data, Insight in the ecosystem each species
Understanding of the value of these fisheries
The social implications
Will be good for stock size
Cannot replace the management of the surrounding waters.
MPA may not be anything but conservation. Mats UlmestrandSwedish National Board of
Fisheries
Øyvind FiksenModeling group, University
of Bergen
Volker GrimmUFZ, Leipzig
MPAA ) Mean catch-per-unit-effort inside reserve- and control areas before and after reserve establishment.
B) Mean size of lobsters (total length) caught in reserve and control areas before and after reserve establishment.
C) Egg size of egg bearing females inside-outside in reserve and control areas before and after establishment
Even Moland, Esben M. Olsen, Halvor Knutsen, Alf Ring Kleiven, Jan Atle Knutsen, IMR
Cultivation by rear and release strategies
• Protects the organisms through vulnerable life stages
• Provides a stable and controlled recruitment
• Has been attempted in a range of both terrestrial and • limnic organisms
• Has more often than not been based on • ”good ideas” , ”best guesses”, and ”trial-
and-error” methods
Result:Few succesful programmesCause: Lack of ecological understanding
Intention and wanted outcome
Rearorganism
Release
Settling in
Growth
1. Morphology, Physiology and Neurology
2. Effect of Handling, Release and
Physical Sea Conditions 3. Experience4. Competition5. Habitat6. Predators7. Food
Factors that will have influence on the outcome
Morphology: Relations between Claw Size, Weight and Carapace
Length
y = 0,386x - 1,2681
R2 = 0,6343
y = 0,4777x + 6,36262
R = 0,2973
100
200
300
400
350 450 550 650 750 850 950
Weight (g)
CI (
cm3)
American lobster. CI (cm3) European lobster CL (mm)
y = 0,0478x + 61,337
R2 = 0,425
y = 0,0435x + 67,813
R2 = 0,8412
80
90
100
110
350 450 550 650 750 850 950
Weight (g)
CL
(mm
)
van der Meeren, Wahle & Ekeli, in prep
0
3
6
9
12
0,5 2,5 4,5 6,5 8,5 11 15 19 35 55 75
Cum
. nos
.
Min.
Eur. lobster Am. lobster
Evicted from shelter by an introduced competitor
Morphology: Shelter competition
van der Meeren, Wahle & Ekeli, in prep
Handling: Transportation
Ref.: van der Meeren, G.I. 1991. Out-of-Water Transportation Effects on Behaviour in Newly Released Juvenile Atlantic Lobsters Homarus gammarus. Aquaculture Engineering 10: 55-64.
L/P D/P D/P/W D D/W L/W
Seco
nds120
10080604020
Rushingalong bottom
0
L= LightD = DarkP = under PressureW = in Water
Seco
nds
Rushing up in the watercolumn
120100
80604020
L/P D/P D/P/W D D/W L/W
Release strategy: Survival related to season
Recovered in stomach samplesReleased
WinterDec.-April
SummerMay-Nov.
Perc
enta
ge %
60
50
40
30
20
10
70
0
8090
100
Based on: van der Meeren 2000. Predation on hatchery-reared juvenile European lobsters Homarus gammarus released in the wild. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 57: 1784-1793.
Cold Warm
*
Dim Light
n.s.
Fish No fish
*
60
0% fi
ghtin
g lo
bste
rs
50
40
30
20
10
70
Physical Sea Conditions: Temperature and Agressiveness
Based on data from: van der Meeren, G.I. 1993. Initial response to physical and biological conditions in naive juvenile Lobsters Homarus gammarus. Marine Behaviour and Physiology 24: 79-92.
Settling processes at release time
Flee
Confused
Apathetic
Rearing andhandling
Swim Sink
Alert
Biologicalfactors
Win
LooseInjury
Interactions
Settling in
Roaming
Releaseorganism
Growth
Experience: Direction of first move after release
Photo: Eva Farestveit
Ref.: van der Meeren, G.I. 2001. Effects of Experience with Shelter in Hatchery-Reared Juvenile European Lobsters Homarus gammarus. Marine & Freshwater Research 52: 1487-93.
TreatmentNaive Experienced
0
20
40
60
80
%
Centre tube
Shelter position
Nearest corner/wallX Release spot
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
Naive Experienced
Min
utes
Experience: Time to accept shelter,sheltering behaviour
Not threatened Threatened
Ref.: van der Meeren, G.I. 2001. Effects of Experience with Shelter in Hatchery-Reared Juvenile European Lobsters Homarus gammarus. Marine & Freshwater Research 52: 1487-93.
Photo: Eva Farestveit
Habitat: Survival related to substrate types
Released
Freq
uenc
y
60
50
40
3020
10
70
0
8090
100
Rocky grounds Open sand
Recovered in stomach samplesBased on: van der Meeren 2000. Predation on hatchery-reared juvenile European lobsters Homarus gammarus released in the wild. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 57: 1784-1793.
Competitors: Biodiversity
Anomura
Brachyura
Caridea
Thalassinidea
Amphipoda Isopoda
Mysidacea
Astacidae
0 10 20 30 40 50Frequency
Pisces0.5%
Nemertea1.5%
Sipunculidae1.0.%
Echinodermata20.0%
Other phyla1.0%
Mollusca7.4%
Polychata20.0%
Crustacea49.0%
Ref.: Mercer, J., Bannister, R.C.A., van der Meeren, G.I., Debuse, V., Mazzoni, D., Linnane, A., and Ball, B. 2000. The Influence of Competitive Interactions on the Abundance of Early Benthic Stage European Lobster (Homarus gammarus L.) and Hence on the Carrying Capacity of Lobster Habitat. Final Report LEAR FAIR CT-1775. Shellfish Research Laboratory, Carna, County Galway, Ireland, 158 pp.
Ref.: Koponen, H . 2003. Interspecific competition among hatchery reared European lobster (Homarus gammarus L.) juveniles and wild benthic decapods. )(L.).
Master thesis, University of Bergen, Norway
P. longicornis
L. arcuatus
G. squamifera, large
G. squamifera, small
Observation time
Nos
. un
shel
tere
d
0
4
8
12
16
Release 2 h 25 h 49 h 73 h
Competitor species
H. gammarus
0
Nos
. uns
helte
red
4
8
12
16
Release 2 h 25 h 49 h 73 h
Competitors:Biodiversity
Predators
Video by E. Farestveit
Photo: Per Jensen
Photo: Astrid Woll
Photo: T. van der Meeren
Carcinus maenas Cancer pagurus
Labrus bergylta Gadus morhuaSummer/Autumn Summer/Autumn/
Winter
All year
Summer/AutumnBased on: van der Meeren 2000. Predation on hatchery-reared juvenile European lobsters Homarus gammarus released in the wild. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 57: 1784-1793.
Group No.Observed Survival Observed/Expected
Kwild 1061 7,00 % 100 %KReared 1214 3,80 % 54% of W
Overall survival – pooled data in all experimental units (H and P)
Source: Jørstad et al. 2009
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
KWild KReared
Obse
rved
/Exp
ecte
d
Settlingand survival processesafter release
Interactions
LooseInjury
WinCompetition
Death
Predatorattack
Injury
Death
Predatorattack
Injury
Habitat andPredation
Experience
Roaming
Seeking shelter
Entershelter
Settling in successfully
Growth
Settling in succesfully
Food and space require-ments after settling in
No growth
Food shortage
Limited space
Unacceptablesubstrate
Leave shelter
Biologicalfactors
Win
Interactions
LooseInjury
Roaming
Growthfactors
Acceptablesubstrate
Enough space
Growth
Enough food
Adopt shelter
Death
Predatorattack
Injury
Escape
Quality of the release organism depends on:
• Broodstock• Health• Rearing facilities, incl. food qualiyt• Training• Handling and transport• Acclimatisation
Biological and ecologicalknowledge is necessary and should be based on:
• Field studies • Laboratory experiments• Individual-based models• Ecosystem theories
Summary
Summary of important concerns related to juvenile releases
Flee
Confused
Apathetic
Rearing andhandling
Swim Sink
Alert
Roaming
Releaseorganism
InteractionsBiologicalfactors
Win
LooseInjury
Settling in succesfully
No growth
Food shortage
Limited space
Unacceptablesubstrate
Leave shelter
Acceptablesubstrate
Enough space
Growth
Enough food
Adopt shelter
Rearorganism
Release
Settling in
Growth
Death
Predatorattack
Injury
Escape
Ref: van der Meeren 2004. Review Potential of ecological studies to improve survival of cultivated and released European lobsters, Homarus gammarus. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 39: 399-424
1. Morphology, Physiology,Neurology and
Genetics2. Effect of Handling, Release and
Physical Sea Conditions 3. Experience4. Competition5. Habitat6. Predators7. Food
Factors that will have influence on the outcome
Thank you
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