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Spectrum Management
ICTP School on Applica0ons of Open Spectrum and White Spaces Technologies ICTP, Trieste-‐Miramare, 3 -‐ 14 March 2014
Prof. Ryszard Struzak
(CC) R Struzak <r.struzakATieee.org> 2
• Beware of misprints! These materials are preliminary notes intended for my lectures only and may contain misprints.
• Feedback is welcome: if you noJce faults, or you have improvement suggesJons, please let me know.
• This work is licensed under the CreaJve Commons AMribuJon License (hMp://creaJvecommons.org/ licenbses/by/1.0) and may be used freely for individual study, research, and educaJon in not-‐for-‐profit applicaJons. Any other use requires the wriMen author’s permission.
• These materials and any part of them may not be published, copied to or issued from another Web server without the author's wriMen permission.
• If you cite these materials, please credit the author/ICTP. • Copyright © 2014 Ryszard Struzak (r.struzakaJeee.org)
MoJvaJon: …by year 2017 there will be 1000 wireless devices per person (Source: Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF), quoted a\er MD Katz and FHP Fitzek: CogniJve Wireless Networks; Springer, 2007, ISBN 978-‐1-‐4020-‐5978-‐0, page 7)
ObjecJve: to refresh basic concepts
Topics for discussion: ‣ What is the RF spectrum?
‣ ITU & radio regulaJons ‣ Spectrum engineering
‣ Spectrum privaJzaJon
(CC) R Struzak 3
Blind „researchers”
Source: mccaffrey
Property of R. Struzak 5
What is the RF spectrum?
• Abstract mathemaJcal concept Fourier (1822), Maxwell (1865)
• Physical object of no pracJcal value Hertz (1888) • A natural air-‐like communicaJon medium for navy • A limited resource requiring strict regulaJon • A natural freely shared internaJonal resource • A commodity to be privaJzed, aucJoned, etc., like a
piece of land
“Spectrum used" = “spectrum denied to others”
• A protected usage of the spectrum resource results in two complementary denials that can be combined into a single system-‐used space. – A transmiMer denies a Jme-‐frequency-‐geographic region to receivers wishing to receive another signal strong enough to create unacceptable interference:
– A receiver denies a Jme-‐frequency-‐geographic region to transmiMers whose operaJon would would create unacceptable interference with it
– The protecJon requires a separaJon distance • in space (coordinaJon distance & in direcJon), • in frequency (guard bands), in Jme (guard Jme), • in power (protecJon power raJo), …
L. A. BERRY: Spectrum Metrics and Spectrum Efficiency: Proposed DefiniJons; IEEE TransacJons on electromagneJc CompaJbility, VOL. EMC-‐19, NO. 3, AUGUST 1977
Interference types
Adjacent channel
Frequency
Co-‐channel
Power
Virtual-‐channel
Frequency
Power
Frequency
Amplitude
F2-F1
F1+F2
3F2
F1+2F
2F1+F2
3F1
3F2-F1
2F22F1
3F1-F2
2F2-F1
F2F1
2F1-F2
3F1-2F2
Use of spectrum must be coordinated internaJonally
• To permit radio services across the borders (internaJonal roaming)
• To avoid intolerable cross-‐border interference à avoid & solve cross-‐border conflicts
• To create large equipment markets • To enable internaJonal operaJons (e.g. rescue) InternaJonal organizaJons involved in radio spectrum: ITU, ICAO (AviaJon), IMO (MariJme), WTO (Trade), World Bank, UNESCO, Industrial Forums, UNOCHA, URSI, CEPT, EU, IEC, ISO, ETSI, CISPR (Interference), EBU, Regional OrganizaJons,…
Topics for discussion
• What is the RF spectrum?
• ITU & radio regulaJons
• Spectrum engineering
• Spectrum privaJzaJon
InternaJonal TelecommunicaJon Union (ITU)
‣ The central place for negoJaJon, coordinaJon, regulaJon, and collaboraJve engineering and planning of RF spectrum uses among governments, private sector enJJes, & NGOs
‣ Founded in 1865, involved in radio since 1906 ‣ Since 1949 à Specialized UN Agency for informaJon and telecommunicaJon technologies
‣ Since 1963 à satellite & space communicaJons ‣ Since 2003 à InformaJon Society (WSIS)
10 2/15/12 © R Struzak 10
hMp://www.itu.int/wsis/index.html
ITU structure
PlenipotenJary Conference
World Conference on InternaJonal
TelecommunicaJons ITU Council
Radio-‐ communiicaJon Sector (ITU-‐R)
TelecommunicaJon StandardizaJon Sector (ITU_T)
TelecommunicaJon Development Sectot
(ITU-‐D)
hMp://www.itu.int/en/pages/default.aspx
‣ Membership: >190 Member States + >700 Sector Members & Associates including Academia (ref. ITU News 10/2013)
ITU-‐R structure
World/Regional RadiocommunicaJon Conferences & RadiocommunicaJon Assemblies
Radio RegulaJons
Board Study Groups Director BR
Advisory Group
Radio-‐ communicaJo
n Bureau Radio RegulaJons
ITU-‐R objecJves
• To meet, in a raJonal, equitable, efficient and economical way, the ITU membership requirements for radio-‐frequency spectrum and satellite-‐orbit resources, while ensuring operaJons of radio communicaJon systems free of harmful interference
• To provide for worldwide connecJvity and interoperability, improved performance, quality and affordability of service and overall system economy in radio communicaJons
• To foster the acquisiJon of knowledge and know-‐how on radio-‐communicaJons
Source: ITU Doc.: CWG SP-‐FP/3/INF/3-‐E, 10 Feb. 2014
The ITU approach
• EM Spectrum (1906à) and Satellite Orbits (1963à) are "internaJonal commons” ( “common heritage”) of humanity
– Owned & shared for common benefit of all – From which all naJons can profit at no cost, equitably & freely, in a coordinated manner
Notes: 1. There are also other concepts, e.g. discussed in the WB or WTO 2. At naJonal level, the concept of free use is not accepted : almost any use involves a license & fees, except for Jny ISM bands
14 © R Struzak 2/15/12
ITU spectrum-‐related doctrines • Self-‐governance by the whole membership • CollaboraJon, mutual trust, goodwill, equitable
access, common benefit no penalty • Transparency, consensus, democracy, negoJaJons:
1 member = 1 voice; Everybody can submit proposal (or objecJon) in due course via his/her ITU Member/Observer)
• Planning ahead + ad-‐hoc seniority (first-‐come, first-‐served
• StaJc mixed allocaJon (~40 services) + hierarchy of services (primary, secondary)
• Sovereignty & special needs of developing countries
15 2/15/12 © R Struzak 15
Radio RegulaJons • InternaJonal treaty defining RadiocommunicaJon Services & InternaJonal Table of Frequency AllocaJons (9 kHz to 400 GHz) + provisions, rules and procedures necessary for
• use of frequencies and operaJon of radio equipment • coordinaJon of frequencies • frequency plans for
– Allotments (Entry of a designated frequency channel in an agreed internaJonal plan) – Assignments (AuthorizaJon of a staJon to use a frequency band)
• Complex mixture of technical & legal issues • Can be modified by all the membership à WRCs
R Struzak
Why Radio RegulaJons? • To protect the exisJng users & investors • To assure order & predictability • To protect society
from abuse of market power, to achieve social objecJves (e.g. universal services) • To assure mass markets → cheap radio services • To assure uniform QoS standards, protocols, interference control • To avoid (solve) spectrum-‐related conflicts & assure clear legal responsibility in conflict cases
• To facilitate central management of shared resources (analogy: management of telephone numbers, or internet domain-‐names)
U.S. D
EPARTMENT O F C O MMERCE
NATIO
NA
L TELEC
OM
MUN I C ATI O NS & INF O RM ATIO
N A
DM
INIS
TRA
TIO
N
MOB
ILE
(AER
ONAU
TICA
L TE
LEM
ETER
ING)
S)
5.68
5.73
5.90
5.95
6.2
6.52
5
6.68
56.
765
7.0
7.1
7.3
7.35
8.1
8.19
5
8.81
5
8.96
59.
040
9.4
9.5
9.9
9.99
510
.003
10.0
0510
.110
.15
11.1
7511
.275
11.4
11.6
11.6
5
12.0
512
.10
12.2
3
13.2
13.2
613
.36
13.4
113
.57
13.6
13.8
13.8
714
.014
.25
14.3
5
14.9
9015
.005
15.0
1015
.10
15.6
15.8
16.3
6
17.4
117
.48
17.5
5
17.9
17.9
718
.03
18.0
6818
.168
18.7
818
.919
.02
19.6
819
.80
19.9
9019
.995
20.0
0520
.010
21.0
21.4
521
.85
21.9
2422
.0
22.8
5523
.023
.223
.35
24.8
924
.99
25.0
0525
.01
25.0
725
.21
25.3
325
.55
25.6
726
.126
.175
26.4
826
.95
26.9
627
.23
27.4
127
.54
28.0
29.7
29.8
29.8
929
.91
30.0
UNITED
STATES
THE RADIO SPECTRUM
NON-GOVERNMENT EXCLUSIVE
GOVERNMENT/ NON-GOVERNMENT SHAREDGOVERNMENT EXCLUSIVE
RADIO SERVICES COLOR LEGEND
ACTIVITY CODE
NOT ALLOCATED RADIONAVIGATION FIXED
MARITIME MOBILEFIXED
MARITIME MOBILE
FIXED
MARITIME MOBILE
Radiolocation RADIONAVIGATION
FIXED
MARITIMEMOBILE
Radiolocation
FIXED
MARITIMEMOBILE FIXED
MARITIMEMOBILE
AERONAUTICALRADIONAVIGATION
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION
Aero
naut
ical
Mob
ileM
aritim
eRa
diona
vigat
ion(R
adio
Beac
ons)
MAR
ITIM
ERA
DION
AVIG
ATIO
N(R
ADIO
BEA
CONS
)Ae
rona
utica
lRa
diona
vigat
ion(R
adio
Beac
ons)
3 9 14 19.9
5
20.0
5
30 30 59 61 70 90 110
130
160
190
200
275
285
300
3 kHz 300 kHz
300 kHz 3 MHz
3 MHz 30 MHz
30 MHz 300 MHz
3 GHz
300 GHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
AeronauticalRadionavigation(Radio Beacons)
MARITIMERADIONAVIGATION(RADIO BEACONS)
Aero
naut
ical
Mob
ileM
aritim
eRa
diona
vigat
ion(R
adio
Beac
ons)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION
(RAD
IO B
EACO
NS)
AERONAUTICALRADIONAVIGATION(RADIO BEACONS)
AeronauticalMobile
Aero
nauti
cal M
obile
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION
AER
ONAU
TICA
LRA
DION
AVIG
ATIO
NM
ARIT
IME
MO
BILE Aeronautical
Radionavigation
MO
BILE
(DIS
TRES
S AN
D CA
LLIN
G)
MAR
ITIM
E M
OBI
LE
MAR
ITIM
EM
OBI
LE(S
HIPS
ONL
Y)
MO
BILE
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION
(RAD
IO B
EACO
NS)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION
(RAD
IO B
EACO
NS)
BROADCASTING(AM RADIO)
MAR
ITIM
E M
OBILE
(TEL
EPHO
NY)
MAR
ITIM
E M
OBILE
(TEL
EPHO
NY)
MOB
ILE
(DIS
TRES
S AN
D CA
LLIN
G)
MARITIMEMOBILE
LAND MOBILE
MOBILE
FIXED STAN
DARD
FRE
Q. A
ND T
IME
SIGN
AL (2
500k
Hz)
STAN
DARD
FRE
Q. A
ND T
IME
SIGN
ALSp
ace
Rese
arch MARITIME
MOBILE
LAND MOBILE
MOBILE
FIXED
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
ILE (R
)
STAN
DARD
FRE
Q.
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
ILE (R
)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
ILE (O
R)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
ILE (R
)
FIXED
MOBILE**
Radio-location
FIXE
DM
OBI
LE*
AMATEUR
FIXE
D
FIXE
D
FIXE
D
FIXED
FIXE
DMARITIMEMOBILE
MO
BILE
*
MO
BILE
*
MO
BILE
STAN
DARD
FRE
Q. A
ND T
IME
SIGN
AL (5
000 K
HZ)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
ILE (R
)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
ILE (O
R)
STAN
DARD
FRE
Q.Sp
ace
Rese
arch
MOBILE**
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MO
BILE
(R)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
ILE (O
R) FIXE
DM
OBI
LE*
BRO
ADCA
STIN
G
MAR
ITIM
E M
OBI
LE
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MO
BILE
(R)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
ILE (O
R) FIXE
DM
obile
AMAT
EUR
SATE
LLIT
EAM
ATEU
R
AMAT
EUR
FIXED
Mobile
MARI
TIME M
OBILE
MARITIMEMOBILE
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MO
BILE
(R)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
ILE (O
R)
FIXE
D
BRO
ADCA
STIN
G
FIXE
DST
ANDA
RD F
REQ.
AND
TIM
E SI
GNAL
(10,0
00 kH
z)ST
ANDA
RD F
REQ.
Spac
e Re
sear
chAE
RONA
UTIC
AL M
OBILE
(R)
AMAT
EUR
FIXED
Mobile* AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
ILE (R
)AE
RONA
UTIC
AL M
OBILE
(OR)
FIXED
FIXED
BRO
ADCA
STIN
G
MAR
ITIM
EM
OBI
LE
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
ILE (R
)AE
RONA
UTIC
AL M
OBILE
(OR)
RADI
O AS
TRON
OMY
Mob
ile*
AMAT
EUR
BRO
ADCA
STIN
G
AMAT
EUR
AMAT
EUR
SATE
LLITE
Mob
ile*
FIXE
D
BRO
ADCA
STIN
G
STAN
DARD
FRE
Q. A
ND T
IME
SIGN
AL (1
5,000
kHz)
STAN
DARD
FRE
Q.Sp
ace
Rese
arch
FIXED
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
ILE (O
R)
MAR
ITIM
EM
OBI
LE
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
ILE (O
R)AE
RONA
UTIC
AL M
OBILE
(R)
FIXED
FIXE
D
BRO
ADCA
STIN
G
STAN
DARD
FRE
Q.Sp
ace
Rese
arch
FIXE
D
MAR
ITIM
E M
OBIL
E
Mob
ileFI
XED
AMAT
EUR
AMAT
EUR
SATE
LLIT
E
BRO
ADCA
STIN
GFI
XED
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
ILE (R
)
MAR
ITIM
E M
OBIL
E
FIXE
DFI
XED
FIXE
D
Mob
ile*
MOB
ILE*
*
FIXE
D
STAN
DARD
FRE
Q. A
ND T
IME
SIGN
AL (2
5,000
kHz)
STAN
DARD
FRE
Q.Sp
ace
Rese
arch
LAN
D M
OBIL
EM
ARIT
IME
MOB
ILE
LAN
D M
OBIL
E M
OBIL
E**
RAD
IO A
STRO
NOM
YBR
OAD
CAST
ING
MAR
ITIM
E M
OBIL
E L
AND
MOB
ILE
FIXE
D M
OBIL
E**
FIXE
D
MOB
ILE*
*
MOB
ILE
FIXE
D
FIXE
D
FIXE
DFI
XED
FIXE
D
LAND
MOB
ILE
MOB
ILE*
*
AMAT
EUR
AMAT
EUR
SATE
LLIT
E
MOB
ILE
LAN
D M
OBIL
E
MO
BILE
MO
BILE
FIXE
D
FIXE
D
MO
BILE
MO
BILE
FIXE
D
FIXE
D
LAND
MO
BILE
LAND
MO
BILE
LAND
MO
BILE
LAND
MO
BILE
Radio
Astr
onom
yRA
DIO
ASTR
ONOM
YLA
ND M
OBI
LE
FIXE
DFI
XED
MO
BILEMO
BILE
MOBILELA
ND M
OBI
LE
FIXEDLA
NDM
OBI
LE
FIXE
D
FIXE
D
MO
BILE
MOBI
LE
LANDMOBILE AMATEUR
BROADCASTING(TV CHANNELS 2-4)
FIXE
DM
OBI
LE
FIXE
DM
OBI
LE
FIXE
DM
OBI
LEFI
XED
MO
BILE
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RAD
IONA
VIG
ATIO
N
BROADCASTING(TV CHANNELS 5-6)
BROADCASTING(FM RADIO)
AERONAUTICALRADIONAVIGATION
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MO
BILE
(R)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MO
BILE
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MO
BILE
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MO
BILE
(R)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MO
BILE
(R)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MO
BILE
(R)
MO
BILE
FIXE
DAM
ATEU
R
BROADCASTING(TV CHANNELS 7-13)
MOBILE
FIXED
MOBILE
FIXED
MOBILE SATELLITE
FIXED
MOBILESATELLITE
MOBILE
FIXED
MOBILESATELLITE
MOBILE
FIXE
DM
OBIL
E
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RAD
IONA
VIGA
TION
STD.
FRE
Q. &
TIM
E SI
GNAL
SAT
. (40
0.1 M
Hz)
MET. S
AT.
(S-E)
SPAC
E RES
.(S-
E)Ea
rth E
xpl.
Satel
lite (E
-S)
MO
BILE
SAT
ELLI
TE (E
-S)
FIXE
DM
OBIL
ERA
DIO
ASTR
ONOM
Y
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
NAm
ateur
LAND
MOB
ILE
MeteorologicalSatellite (S-E)
LAND
MOB
ILE
BROA
DCAS
TING
(TV C
HANN
ELS 1
4 - 20
)
BROADCASTING(TV CHANNELS 21-36)
TV BROADCASTINGRADI
O A
STRO
NOM
Y
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
N
FIXE
D
Amat
eur
AERONAUTICALRADIONAVIGATION
MOB
ILE*
*FI
XED
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RADIO
NAVIG
ATION
Radio
locat
ion
Radio
locat
ionM
ARIT
IME
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION
MAR
ITIM
ERA
DION
AVIG
ATIO
NRa
dioloc
ation
Radiolocation
Radiolocation
RADIO-LOCATION RADIO-
LOCATION
Amateur
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION
(Grou
nd)
RADI
O-LO
CATIO
NRa
dio-
locati
on
AERO
. RAD
IO-
NAV.(
Grou
nd)
FIXED
SAT.
(S-E
)RA
DIO-
LOCA
TION
Radio
-loc
ation
FIXED
FIXEDSATELLITE
(S-E)
FIXE
D
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RAD
IONA
VIGA
TION
MOB
ILE
FIXE
DM
OBIL
E
RADI
O AS
TRON
OMY
Spac
e Res
earch
(Pas
sive)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RAD
IONA
VIGA
TION
RADI
O-LO
CATI
ON
Radio
-loc
ation
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION
Radio
locat
ion
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
NRa
dioloc
ation
Radio
locat
ion
Radio
locat
ionRA
DIOL
OCAT
ION
RADI
O-
LOCA
TION
MAR
ITIM
ERA
DION
AVIG
ATIO
NM
ARIT
IME
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION
MET
EORO
LOGI
CAL
AIDS
Amat
eur
Amat
eur
FIXED
FIXE
DSA
TELL
ITE
(E-S
)M
OBILE
FIXE
DSA
TELL
ITE
(E-S
)
FIXE
DSA
TELL
ITE
(E-S
)M
OBI
LE
FIXE
D FIXE
D
FIXE
D
FIXE
D
MOB
ILE
FIXE
DSP
ACE
RESE
ARCH
(E-S
)FI
XED
Fixed
MOBI
LESA
TELL
ITE (S
-E)
FIXED
SAT
ELLIT
E (S
-E)
FIXED
SAT
ELLIT
E (S
-E)
FIXED
SATE
LLITE
(S-E
)FIX
EDSA
TELL
ITE (S
-E)
FIXED
SATE
LLITE
(E-S
)FIX
EDSA
TELL
ITE (E
-S) FIX
EDSA
TELL
ITE(E
-S) FIX
EDSA
TELL
ITE(E
-S)
FIXE
D
FIXE
D
FIXE
D
FIXE
D
FIXE
D
FIXE
D
FIXE
D
MET.
SATE
LLITE
(S-E
)Mo
bile
Satel
lite (S
-E)
Mobil
eSa
tellite
(S-E
)
Mobil
eSa
tellite
(E-S
)(no
airbo
rne)
Mobil
e Sa
tellite
(E-S
)(no
airbo
rne)
Mobil
e Sa
tellite
(S-E
)
Mobil
eSa
tellite
(E-S
)
MOBI
LESA
TELL
ITE
(E-S
)EA
RTH
EXPL
.SA
TELL
ITE(S
-E)
EART
H EX
PL.
SAT.
(S-E
)
EART
H EX
PL.
SATE
LLITE
(S-E
)
MET.
SATE
LLITE
(E-S
)
FIXE
D
FIXE
D
SPAC
E RE
SEAR
CH (S
-E)
(deep
spac
e on
ly)SP
ACE
RESE
ARCH
(S-E
)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
NRa
dioloc
ation
Radio
locat
ion
Radio
locat
ion
Radio
locat
ion
MAR
ITIM
ERA
DION
AVIG
ATIO
N Met
eoro
logica
lAi
dsRA
DION
AVIG
ATIO
N
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
NRa
dioloc
ation
RADI
O-
LOCA
TION
Radio
locati
on
Radio
locat
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RADI
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RADIO-NAVIGATIONSATELLITE
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(E-S)
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3.0
3.02
5
3.15
5
3.23
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3.4
3.5
4.0
4.06
3
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8
4.65
4.7
4.75
4.85
4.99
55.
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5.00
55.
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5.45
MARITIMEMOBILE
AMAT
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AMAT
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Mobile
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Fixe
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AMAT
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RADI
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H E
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MOBILE
FIXEDSATELLITE (S-E)
FIXE
DM
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FIXE
DSA
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(E-S
)
FIXE
DSA
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(E-S
)M
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)(D
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) AERO
NAUT
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RAD
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VIGA
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EART
HEX
PL. S
AT.
(Pas
sive)
300
325
335
405
415
435
495
505
510
525
535
1605
1615
1705
1800
1900
2000
2065
2107
2170
2173
.521
90.5
2194
2495
2501
2502
2505
2850
3000
RADIO-LOCATION
BROA
DCAS
TING
FIXED
MOBILE
AMAT
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RADI
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N
MOB
ILEFI
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MAR
ITIM
EM
OBILE
MAR
ITIM
E M
OBILE
(TEL
EPHO
NY)
MARI
TIME
MOBI
LELA
NDMO
BILE
MOBI
LEFI
XED
30.0
30.5
6
32.0
33.0
34.0
35.0
36.0
37.0
37.5
38.0
38.2
5
39.0
40.0
42.0
43.6
9
46.6
47.0
49.6
50.0
54.0
72.0
73.0
74.6
74.8
75.2
75.4
76.0
88.0
108.
0
117.
975
121.
9375
123.
0875
123.
5875
128.
8125
132.
0125
136.
013
7.0
137.
025
137.
175
137.
825
138.
0
144.
014
6.0
148.
014
9.9
150.
0515
0.8
152.
855
154.
015
6.24
7515
7.03
7515
7.18
7515
7.45
161.
575
161.
625
161.
775
162.
0125
173.
217
3.4
174.
0
216.
0
220.
022
2.0
225.
0
235.
0
300
ISM – 6.78 ± .015 MHz ISM – 13.560 ± .007 MHz ISM – 27.12 ± .163 MHz
ISM – 40.68 ± .02 MHz
ISM – 24.125 ± 0.125 GHz 30 GHz
ISM – 245.0 ± 1GHzISM – 122.5 ± .500 GHzISM – 61.25 ± .250 GHz
300.
0
322.
0
328.
6
335.
4
399.
9
400.
0540
0.15
401.
0
402.
0
403.
040
6.0
406.
1
410.
0
420.
0
450.
045
4.0
455.
045
6.0
460.
046
2.53
7546
2.73
7546
7.53
7546
7.73
7547
0.0
512.
0
608.
061
4.0
698
746
764
776
794
806
821
824
849
851
866
869
894
896
9019
0190
2
928
929
930
931
932
935
940
941
944
960
1215
1240
1300
1350
1390
1392
1395
2000
2020
2025
2110
2155
2160
2180
2200
2290
2300
2305
2310
2320
2345
2360
2385
2390
2400
2417
2450
2483
.525
0026
5526
9027
00
2900
3000
1400
1427
1429
.5
1430
1432
1435
1525
1530
1535
1544
1545
1549
.5
1558
.515
5916
1016
10.6
1613
.816
26.5
1660
1660
.516
68.4
1670
1675
1700
1710
1755
1850
MARIT
IME
MOBIL
E SA
TELL
ITE(sp
ace to
Earth
)MO
BILE
SATE
LLITE
(S-E)
RADI
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ATIO
NRA
DION
AVIG
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NSA
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ITE
(S-E
)
RADI
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NAm
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Radio
locat
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N
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MOB
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(E
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FIXE
D
FIXE
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D**
LAND
MOB
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LM)
MOBIL
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.(S
pace
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arth)
MARI
TIME
MOBIL
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T.(S
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to E
arth)
Mobil
e(A
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LM)
MOB
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SATE
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MOBIL
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Eart
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ATEL
LITE
(R)(sp
ace to
Earth
)
3.0
3.1
3.3
3.5
3.6
3.65
3.7
4.2
4.4
4.5
4.8
4.94
4.99
5.0
5.15
5.25
5.35
5.46
5.47
5.6
5.65
5.83
5.85
5.92
5
6.42
5
6.52
5
6.70
6.87
5
7.02
57.
075
7.12
5
7.19
7.23
57.
25
7.30
7.45
7.55
7.75
7.90
8.02
5
8.17
5
8.21
5
8.4
8.45
8.5
9.0
9.2
9.3
9.5
10.0
10.4
510
.510
.55
10.6
10.6
8
10.7
11.7
12.2
12.7
12.7
5
13.2
513
.4
13.7
514
.0
14.2
14.4
14.4
714
.514
.714
515
.136
5
15.3
5
15.4
15.4
3
15.6
315
.716
.617
.1
17.2
17.3
17.7
17.8
18.3
18.6
18.8
19.3
19.7
20.1
20.2
21.2
21.4
22.0
22.2
122
.5
22.5
5
23.5
5
23.6
24.0
24.0
5
24.2
524
.45
24.6
5
24.7
5
25.0
5
25.2
525
.527
.0
27.5
29.5
29.9
30.0
ISM – 2450.0 ± 50 MHz
30.0
31.0
31.3
31.8
32.0
32.3
33.0
33.4
36.0
37.0
37.6
38.0
38.6
39.5
40.0
40.5
41.0
42.5
43.5
45.5
46.9
47.0
47.2
48.2
50.2
50.4
51.4
52.6
54.2
555
.78
56.9
57.0
58.2
59.0
59.3
64.0
65.0
66.0
71.0
74.0
75.5
76.0
77.0
77.5
78.0
81.0
84.0
86.0
92.0
95.0
100.
0
102.
0
105.
0
116.
0
119.
98
120.
02
126.
0
134.
0
142.
014
4.0
149.
0
150.
0
151.
0
164.
0
168.
0
170.
0
174.
5
176.
5
182.
0
185.
0
190.
0
200.
0
202.
0
217.
0
231.
0
235.
0
238.
0
241.
0
248.
0
250.
0
252.
0
265.
0
275.
0
300.
0
ISM – 5.8 ± .075 GHz
ISM – 915.0 ± 13 MHz
INTE
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.
PLEASE NOTE: THE SPACING ALLOTTED THE SERVICES IN THE SPEC-TRUM SEGMENTS SHOWN IS NOT PROPORTIONAL TO THE ACTUAL AMOUNTOF SPECTRUM OCCUPIED.
AERONAUTICALMOBILE
AERONAUTICALMOBILE SATELLITE
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ALLOCATION USAGE DESIGNATIONSERVICE EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
Primary FIXED Capital LettersSecondary Mobi le 1st Capital with lower case letters
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCENational Telecommunications and Information AdministrationOffice of Spectrum Management
October 2003
MOB
ILEBR
OADC
ASTI
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TRAVELERS INFORMATION STATIONS (G) AT 1610 kHz
59-64 GHz IS DESIGNATED FORUNLICENSED DEVICES
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BANDDESIGNATIONS
ACTIVITIES
FREQUENCY
3 x 107m 3 x 106m 3 x 105m 30,000 m 3,000 m 300 m 30 m 3 m 30 cm 3 cm 0.3 cm 0.03 cm 3 x 105Å 3 x 104Å 3 x 103Å 3 x 102Å 3 x 10Å 3Å 3 x 10-1Å 3 x 10-2Å 3 x 10-3Å 3 x 10-4Å 3 x 10-5Å 3 x 10-6Å 3 x 10-7Å
0 10 Hz 100 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz 100 kHz 1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1 GHz 10 GHz 100 GHz 1 THz 1013Hz 1014Hz 1015Hz 1016Hz 1017Hz 1018Hz 1019Hz 1020Hz 1021Hz 1022Hz 1023Hz 1024Hz 1025Hz
THE RADIO SPECTRUMMAGNIFIED ABOVE3 kHz 300 GHz
VERY LOW FREQUENCY (VLF)Audible Range AM Broadcast FM Broadcast Radar Sub-Millimeter Visible Ultraviolet Gamma-ray Cosmic-ray
Infra-sonics Sonics Ultra-sonics Microwaves InfraredP L S XC Radar
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LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF INFRARED VISIBLE ULTRAVIOLET X-RAY GAMMA-RAY COSMIC-RAY
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This chart is a graphic single-point-in-time portrayal of the Table of Frequency Allocations used by theFCC and NTIA. As such, it does not completely reflect all aspects, i.e., footnotes and recent changesmade to the Table of Frequency Allocations. Therefore, for complete information, users should consult theTable to determine the current status of U.S. allocations.
CriJcizm of (current) ITU pracJces • Spectrum scarcity • Business factors inadequately treated
• Too bureaucraJc, too slow & too expensive
• StaJc system delays innovaJon & blocks frequency bands unused, used sporadically, or reserved for future use
R Struzak
ITU hampers the future growth of radio communicaJons. The spectrum scarcity is mainly due to the inadequate radio regulaJons that should be abandoned a long ago: the free market should decide, not the ITU.
ISM license-‐exempted spectrum • More Internet traffic is carried over Wi-‐Fi than any other path in the U.S.
• It resulted in ~$222 Billion in Value Added to the U.S. Economy in 2013
• The Wi-‐Fi spectrum is becoming congested; to conJnue, 3 acJons are needed: – Protect &strengthen exisJng unlicensed spectrum designaJons – Free up new spectrum for unlicensed use at a various bands – Establish investment-‐friendly, transparent and predictable
unlicensed rules that encourage growth and deployment.
Source: hMps://www.dropbox.com/sh/5tlm3eJj9k2eq9/nM1KhzSzIj
RR No. 4.4 allows experimentaJons • “AdministraJons of the Member States shall not assign to a staJon any frequency in derogaJon of either the Table of Frequency AllocaJons in this Chapter or the other provisions of these RegulaJons, except on the express condiJon that such a staJon, when using such a frequency assignment, shall not cause harmful interference to, and shall not claim protecJon from harmful interference caused by, a staJon operaJng in accordance with the provisions of the ConsJtuJon, the ConvenJon and these RegulaJons.”
Property of R. Struzak 22
ITU Radio Conferences example: GE-‐06
PreparaJons at home • 6-‐year of cooperaJve
work & consultaJons ParJcipaJon • 972 delegates • 38 observers • 104 countries Work in Geneva • 34 days & evenings of
work & negoJaJons • 22 plenary sessions • 48 commiMee sessions CalculaJons • CERN Super-‐computer &
Grid Network Results • Accepted Plan for DTV • 2094 pages A4
Property of R. Struzak 23 1st RRB The RRB members “shall serve, not as represen0ng their respec0ve Member States nor a region, but as custodians of an interna.onal public trust” 1994: CCIR and IFRB Secretariat integrated into ITU RadiocommunicaJon Sector; IFRB transformed into Radio RegulaJons Board (RRB) [ITU consJtuJon, 1999]; Photo: 1998 RRB members
24
Spectrum scarcity • Perceived spectrum scarcity stems from many factors
• law of physics, technology limitaJons, demand, compeJJon, organizaJon, poliJcs, lobbying, laws/regulaJons …
• It can be reduced: – By limiJng the demand through market (wealth criterion) – By limiJng the demand through laws, regulaJons & criteria set by those who rule
– By innovaJve technology & beMer organizaJon improving spectrum engineering (sharing)
– E.g. by beMering knowledge on the actual spectrum use
CriJcizm: ITU hampers the future growth of radio communicaJons: the spectrum scarcity is mainly due to the inadequate radio regulaJons that should be replaced by the free market.
Factors shaping spectrum uses
25
Physics
Knowledge/Technology/OrganizaJon
(EMC)
Profit/CompeJJon/Business/Economy
PoliJcs/Military
Law/RegulaJons
Man-‐made EM environment
Natural EM environment
We have to accept these factors as they are
We can alter these factors
Topics for discussion
• What is the RF spectrum?
• ITU & radio regulaJons
• Spectrum engineering
• Spectrum privaJzaJon
Spectrum engineering
• The 1st transatlanJc transmission in 1901, covered millions of square kilometers and conveyed only a few bits per second; that technology le\ no place for any other such transmission on the earth
• Concept of frequency channel • The number of channels has doubled every 30 months, which means that the effecJveness of spectrum uJlizaJon in personal communicaJons has improved by a factor of about a trillion since 1901
28 R Struzak
Freq
uenc
y
East distance
Geographic region denied
Frequency band denied
Signal volume & distance in mulJdimensional space (UWB)
Fixed Jme!
• Efficient signal-‐processing systems (modulaJons)
• DirecJonal antennas • ExploiJng terrain shadowing
– Computer modeling, analysis and planning in terrestrial television broadcasJng
» Digital terrain maps, spectrum-‐related data banks, and computer simulaJon help to examine the operaJon of exisJng television broadcasJng networks and find a place for new staJons (hMp://www.itl.waw.pl/czasopisma/TiTI/2013/3/8.pdf)
Impact of neighbours’ number
-‐1.2
-‐1
-‐0 .8
-‐0 .6
-‐0 .4
-‐0 .2
0
0 .2
0 .4
0 .6
0 .8
1
1.2
-‐1.2 -‐1 -‐0 .8 -‐0 .6 -‐0 .4 -‐0 .2 0 0 .2 0 .4 0 .6 0 .8 1 1.2
x / Max. Range
y / M
ax. R
ange
n = 1Coverage loss = ~35%
-‐1.2
-‐1
-‐0 .8
-‐0 .6
-‐0 .4
-‐0 .2
0
0 .2
0 .4
0 .6
0 .8
1
1.2
-‐1.2 -‐1 -‐0 .8 -‐0 .6 -‐0 .4 -‐0 .2 0 0 .2 0 .4 0 .6 0 .8 1 1.2
x / Max. Range
y / M
ax. R
ange
n = 1Coverage loss = ~50%
-‐1.2
-‐1
-‐0 .8
-‐0 .6
-‐0 .4
-‐0 .2
0
0 .2
0 .4
0 .6
0 .8
1
1.2
-‐1.2 -‐1 -‐0 .8 -‐0 .6 -‐0 .4 -‐0 .2 0 0 .2 0 .4 0 .6 0 .8 1 1.2
x / Max. Range
y / M
ax. R
ange
n = 6Coverage loss = ~75%
Channel coverage loss: ~35% ~50% ~75%
2 frequencies improve coverage by 35% 3 frequencies 7 frequencies
Impact of neighbors’ distance [m]
31
• 7 idenJcal omnidirecJonal transmiMers in free-‐space. Blue line: PotenJal coverage of an isolated staJon (the other transmiMers switched-‐off); Red line: actual coverage; Brown line: interference-‐limited coverage (idel noise-‐free receiver)
R Struzak
Coverage change ~75% Coverage change ~50%
32 R Struzak
Three-‐frequency staJc network
• 3 frequencies increase 1.7 Jmes the distance of co-‐channel staJons
7 8
1 2
12 13
9 10 11
4 5
15 16
24 25 26
19 20
6
27 28 29
22 23
17 14
3
21
“Green” plane
“Red” plane
“Yellow” plane
White spectrum space
• A porJon of spectrum in a band allocated to the broadcasJng service for television broadcasJng that is idenJfied by an administraJon as available for wireless communicaJon at a given Jme in a given geographical area on a non-‐interfering and non-‐protected basis with regard to other services with a higher priority on a naJonal basis. Reference: Report ITU-‐R M.2225 (2011) “IntroducJon to cogniJve radio systems in the land mobile service
Spread spectrum
• Signal selecJon (filtering) based on CorrelaJon Theory instead of Fourier Theory plus deliberate spread the signal bandwidth – to establish secure communicaJons, to increase resistance to radio interference, noise and jamming, to prevent detecJon, and to limit power flux density
– Some believe spread spectrum + Chaos Theory will solve the problem of spectrum scarcity e.g. see ITU News Nr. 10/2013 (hMps://itunews.itu.int )
Dynamic spectrum management & so\ware defined radio (SDR)
• A radio transmiMer and/or receiver employing a technology that allows the RF operaJng parameters including, but not limited to, frequency range, modulaJon type, or output power to be set or altered by so\ware, excluding changes to operaJng parameters which occur during the normal pre-‐installed and predetermined operaJon of a radio according to a system specificaJon or standard. Reference: REPORT ITU-‐R SM.2152 “DefiniJons of So\ware Defined Radio (SDR) and CogniJve Radio System (CRS)”
CogniJve & self-‐organizing systems (CRS, SOS)
• A radio system employing technology that allows the system to obtain knowledge of its operaJonal and geographical environment, established policies and its internal state; to dynamically and autonomously adjust its operaJonal parameters and protocols according to its obtained knowledge in order to achieve predefined objecJves; and to learn from the results obtained (Source: Report ITU-‐R SM.2152 (2009)
Further research
• Frequency -‐ Time – DirecJon – Distance -‐ PolarizaJon – Scheduling, synchronizaJon; High-‐alJtude pla�orms; LEO; Terahertz systems; Free-‐space laser/ opJcal communicaJons
• Other? – New systems: Quantum Physics; Electron spin; Entangled ParJcles; Neutrino-‐based communicaJons; String Theory; Fasten-‐than-‐light communicaJons; ParJcle tunneling,…
Bio-‐ICT
• Our bodies made up of 60 trillion cells communicaJng among themselves and with environment via electric pulses, chemical reacJons and terahertz waves (near-‐field) – Due to absorpJon by water molekules in the athmosphere, ~0.1THz wave max range ~1km
• Self-‐organizaJon, durability, miniaturizaJon – DNA 2m long, 2nm diameter keeps >2 Gigabytes of informaJon needed to germinate life in seeds buried for >2000 years
– Journal of the NaJonal InsJtute of CommunicaJons and Technlology Vol. 60 No. 2, 2013 (hMp://www.nict.go.jp/publicaJon/shuppan/journal.htm)
NaJonal spectrum management
• Most countries: exclusive use except for unlicensed ISM bands – spectrum licensed/ aucJoned/traded
• First come, first served • Beauty contest • AdministraJve assignment • LoMery • Market
Topics for discussion
• What is the RF spectrum?
• ITU & radio regulaJons
• Spectrum engineering
• Spectrum privaJzaJon
PrivaJzaJon wave Ronald Coase (1910 –2013; 1991 Nobel Prize)
41
1956: …private spectrum & free market is the best spectrum management system: simple, efficient, inexpensive… The demand-‐supply-‐price mechanism eliminates the spectrum scarcity (wealth criterion)
(1910 -‐ 2013)
Spectrum trade – an old idea
• 1906 Berlin: Russia proposes “transit” fees • 1976 Bogota, Colombia: -‐ “parking” GSO fees • 1989 New Zealand: aucJon legislaJon • 1994 US: aucJon legislaJon • 1995 ITU: R. Butler: sales of GSO posiJons Note: Not approved as an internaJonal mechanism, but
accepted in some countries on a naJonal scale; in recent years a strong pressure from (big) private companies
42
(cc) Ryszard Struzak 43
“Flexible use” concept
• Spectrum traded, aggregated, divided and freely used for a wide range of user-‐selected services, under 2 rules only:
Rule 1: Transmit within signal power restric0ons inside your licensed ‘electrospace’ region
Rule 2: Keep your signals below ‘X’ outside your licensed region
• Note: Not applicable to passive services!
Source: Matheson RJ: Flexible Spectrum Use Rights; Tutorial at InternaJonal Symposium on Advanced Radio Technologies (ISART) 2005
Problem of borders Household analogy of coverage area
• You would like to arrange freely the furniture in your home
• But the size and form of the house change under the environmental pressure
(cc) Ryszard Struzak 44
There is no way to determine the radio coverage borders in a dynamic environment
Ryszard Struzak 45
• Once coordinated, there is liMle flexibility, if any, in modifying operaJon of individual systems
• The rules of flexible spectrum use are insufficient in congested environments
• AddiJonal rules are needed to ensure coexistence of radio systems
What does ownership mean? • The concept of ownership exists in all cultures as “natural law” or as “social convenJon”
Applicable to many things, even immaterial; in Middle Ages: sins indulgences put on sale by the Church;
• The owner has exclusive & transferable rights to:
Manage: Decide on how to use the property, for what purpose & by whom, or on not using it at all Aggregate and Divide Buy and Sell –(if the free market concept accepted)
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Spectrum aucJons: comments • The spectrum cost transferred to users • Germany, 2003: “Quam” (Mobilcom & Group 3G) handed back their UMTS licenses worth €8.4 billion (W Sega, Wroclaw, 2011)
• Spectrum aucJon scam in India valued from $5 billion to $28 billion (Source: hMp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2G_spectrum_scam; 17.02.2014)
• Claims that privaJzaJon is the necessary and sufficient condiJon for opJmal spectrum use & management everywhere are quesJonable
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Henry George (1839 – 1897), “people should own what they create and everything found in nature belongs equally to all of humanity”
Joseph SJglitz (1943à) a 2001 laureate of Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. He named free-‐ market economists the "free-‐market fundamentalists”
Noam Chomsky (1928à) famed linguist, philo-‐sopher and logician from MIT
Yochai Benkler (1964à) prominent cyberspace researcher of Harvard University).
General free-‐market criJcism • False assumpJons
• many compeJng buyers & sellers of equal status • full informaJon & raJonality
• Decisions based on individual “own” cost-‐benefit analysis; disregarding externaliJes and social costs
• Individual owners tend to play the CC-‐PP Game “Commonize Costs – PrivaJze Profits” [Hardin, G. (1985). Filters Against Folly, How to Survive despite Economists, Ecologists, and the Merely Eloquent, Viking Penguin, ISBN 0-‐670-‐80410-‐X].
à Market failures & inefficiencies, Global Crises
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Spectrum market criJcism • Individual ownership à Exclusivity à Monopoly
– Market removes social responsibiliJes from governments – Natural trend towards a monopoly generates sharing problems – Maximizing revenues of a company is not always in the best naJonal interest
• Closed network à infrastructure market like monopoly before 1906
• Lack of incenJves for efficient use of spectrum • Owners of the spectrum would not accept innovaJon unless it fits
their revenue models and capacity to own it • Devices opJmized for cost rather than for conserving the spectrum
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R Struzak
RF spectrum as “Commons” • Keep the RF spectrum resource as a shared public shared resource license-‐exempted, (Internet spirit)
• GarreM Hardin (1915 – 2003) – A respected ecologist, proposed in “Tragedy of Commons” his famous model of common pasturelandhMp://blossoms.mit.edu/legacy/tragedy/index.htm
• Seek technical soluJons to make it working via automaJon & built-‐in rules, protocols, eJqueMe (hardware /so\ware) like WiFi
Elinor Ostrom (2009 Nobel Prize) for "her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons”
• Commons can be best managed by the owners’ community – Common ownership = sharing & deciding by all the owners
– Different interests, knowledge, viewpoints, lobbying …
• ITU already does so by consensus at World/ Regional Radio Conferences since 1906
52 (1933 -‐ )
© R Struzak 2/15/12
What we have learned • No raJonal usage of the radio spectrum is possible without cooperaJon
• Spectrum management reflects: – The relaJve balance of powers of the compeJng interest (lobbying) groups
– The „inerJa” à earlier investment – The prevailing „ideology” – Laws of physics, status of science, technology & spectrum engineering
Vision
(cc) Ryszard Struzak 54
Self-‐organizing & learning systems assisJng each other in fulfilling their tasks -‐ co-‐operaJng like ants (CR) Free access to RF spectrum, like roads & bridges hMp://ant.edb.miyakyo-‐u.ac.jp/INTRODUCTION/Gakken79E/Page_04.html
When may it happen? • Not sooner than
– There is a poliJcal will – The investments pay off – Future interests of the present “big boys” in
spectrum maMers are duly accounted for – New technologies are inexpensive
Note: The society is composed of various groups: what is the best for one group is not necessarily good for another. Those, whose needs have already been saJsfied, are against any change.
Mahatma Gandhi on the scarcity problem
“There is enough on the earth to meet everybody’s need but not sufficient to meet anybody’s greed”
1869 -‐ 1948 56
Thank you for your aMenJon
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