SA 145 Workplace Safety Today and Tomorrow

SA 145 Workplace Safety Today and

TomorrowUnit 3 Identifying

Hazards

Introduction

Recognition of Hazards• Systems Approach to recognizing

hazards• Systems Safety Engineering

– Defined: a logical systematic approach utilizing scientific and engineering principles to identify hazards via a cause and effect pattern of events and actions, which ultimately cause a loss incident.

InspectionsPurpose for Inspections

Two primary purposes:• Identify hazards and ensure

correction (Supervisor)

• Audit the effectiveness of the safety program and hold supervisors accountable (Safety Manager)

InspectionsFormat for Inspections

•policy and procedure for completing inspections

•inspection form

•training for supervisors

Accident Investigations (AI)

Why investigate accidents?Why investigate accidents?

Develop a written procedure for AIDevelop a written procedure for AI– Purpose and scope of AI– Accident notification– Employee training in AI – Forms to be completed and time frames– Review and follow-up of AI

Accident Investigations

Procedures for gathering evidence and Procedures for gathering evidence and facts surrounding the accidentfacts surrounding the accident

• Injured and witness interviews

• Take pictures, sketches, etc.

• Examine accident records

• Test circumstantial evidence

• Site security and the media

Accident Investigations

Accident Report Information • Employee Data (Who)• Accident Description (What Happened,

When and Where) • Costs associated with an accident:

Medical/indemnity (direct or insurable costs) and Indirect or uninsured costs

• Identification of Causes: Identification of Causes: Unsafe acts and conditions “symptoms” and problems in the management system “underlying causes”

Accident InvestigationsAccident Report Information

Determine Corrective Action Major objective is to remove causes!

• Emphasis on engineering controls• Consider administrative controls

• Review and follow-up of corrective action

Accident Investigations

Accident Description• While walking through the machining

department, you observe the overhead crane moving across the bay. Suddenly, the crane strikes another crane and the load swings out of the rigging and strikes an idle piece of machinery below, nearly missing an employee standing below.

• Accident Causes - Recommendations?

Pre-operations Planning

• Emphasis on identifying hazards and bottle necks prior to construction

• Goal is to ensure that safety is incorporated into equipment, facility, and new process design

Review Building Codes

Codes are ordinances that set forth

minimum requirements for building construction and design

Examples of building codes

Pre-operations PlanningPre-operations Planning

Layout Considerations

• Material flow

Questions to consider:

• Roadways

Reference U.S. DOT: “Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways”

Pre-operations Pre-operations PlanningPlanning

Pre-operations PlanningPre-operations Planning

Layout Considerations

• Aisles Aisles for one-way forklift traffic

be at least 3 ft. wider than the widest forklift.

For two way traffic, at least 3 ft. wider than twice the width of the widest vehicle

Pre-operations PlanningPre-operations PlanningLayout Considerations• Equipment

Materials Power transmission exposuresMaintenance Environmental concernsFire concernsPressurized equipment

Pre-operations PlanningPre-operations Planning

Equipment (continued)

Drainage for wet processes

Life safety concerns

Electrical requirements

Ergonomic considerations

Pre-operations PlanningPre-operations Planning• Life Safety and Fire Prevention

– Workplace fires and explosions kill 200 and injure more than 5,000 workers each year.

– In 1995, more than 75,000 workplace fires cost businesses more than $2.3 billion.

Pre-operations PlanningPre-operations Planning• Life Safety and Fire Prevention

NFPA #101 “Life Safety Code”

Each work location should have a sufficient number of unobstructed, easily visible, properly designed paths of travel with a capacity adequate to safely evacuate the maximum number of persons expected to be in the area.

Pre-operations PlanningPre-operations Planning

• Life Safety and Fire Prevention

Egress capacity

• Occupancy

• Egress surface

Pre-operations PlanningPre-operations Planning• Life Safety and Fire Prevention

Fire Prevention: Control of combustibles:

flammable liquids, ordinary combustibles

Control of ignition hazards: electrical hazards

Extinguishment and detection: Fire extinguishers and sprinkler systems Fire brigades

Fire Definitions• "Class A fire" means a fire involving ordinary

combustible materials such as paper, wood, cloth, and some rubber and plastic materials

Fire Definitions• "Class B fire" means a fire involving flammable or

combustible liquids, flammable gases, greases and

similar materials, and some rubber and plastic

materials

Fire Definitions• "Class C fire" means a fire involving energized

electrical equipment where safety to the employee

requires the use of electrically nonconductive

extinguishing media

Fire Definitions• "Class D fire" means a fire involving

combustible metals such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium, lithium and potassium

"Dry powder" means an compound used to extinguish or control Class D fires

Portable Fire Extinguishers

• Key Issues:

• Placement

• Use

• Maintenance

• Testing

Pre-operations Planning: Illumination

Basic types of lighting

General lighting

Localized general lighting

Supplementary lighting

Emergency lighting

Pre-operations Planning: Illumination

Quantity of illumination

Quantity depends primarily on the work being done

Reference on quantity: ANSI RP-7 Practice for Industrial Lighting

Pre-operations Planning: HVAC

Importance of HVAC

Temperature comfort zone

General recommendation for temperature is between 66° and 79° F

Pre-operations Planning: HVAC

Indoor air quality

Importance

Cause of poor indoor air quality

Pre-operations Planning: HVAC • Complaints due to poor indoor

air quality

• Evaluation of indoor air quality

Pre-operations Planning: Sanitation• Areas which must remain sanitary

• General sanitation rules

• Drinking water

– Water Quality Standards: Primary and Secondary Standards

Pre-operations Planning: Sanitation

Sewage and Garbage Disposal

Types of Sewage

- Sanitary sewage

- Process Waste

Pre-operations Planning: Sanitation

Rest rooms/Locker rooms

Lavatories with hot and cold water

One shower per 50 employees with max. water temp. inside shower of 140 degrees

# of toilets based on # of employees, Reference for washrooms and locker rooms ANSI Z4.1

Pre-operations Planning: Color coding to Identify HazardsNot intended to be a substitute for

other control measuresRedYellowOrange Green Black and White

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Safety Hazards in IndustryOSHA Most Frequently Cited Serious Safety Violations in General Industry – FY 2005

Scaffolding 8891 citations

Hazard Communication 7267 ’’

Fall Protection 6122 ’’

Respiratory Protection 4278 ’’

Safety Hazards in IndustryOSHA Most Frequently Cited Serious Safety

Violations in General Industry – FY 2005

Lockout/Tagout 4051 citations

Powered Industrial Trucks3115 ’’

Electrical Wiring 3077 ’’

Machine Guarding 2956 ’’

Electrical – General Requirements 2348

Ladders2276

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Scaffolding • Failure to provide fall

protection• Failure to provide

proper access• Failure to ensure

adequate platform construction

• Lack of personal fall arrest or guardrail systems

• Failure to properly support scaffolding

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Hazard Communication• Failure to develop and

maintain a written program

• Failure to maintain training

• Failure to have a MSDS for each hazardous chemical

• Lack of employee training

• Failure to label

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Fall Protection • Failure to use a

guardrail, safety not or personal fall arrest system

• Failure to provide protection/residential construction

• Failure to provide protection/low-slope roof

• Failure to provide protection/steep roof

• Failure to provide protection/falling through holes

Respiratory Protection• Failure to establish a

program• Failure to provide

medical evaluation• Failure to provide

respirators • Failure to conduct fit-

testing• Failure to identify

respiratory hazards

Lockout/Tagout

• Failure to establish written program

• Failure to utilize procedures

• Failure to provide training

• Failure to conduct inspection of procedures