ROCKS AND MINERALS - Mr. Pelton...

9/11/2017

1

ROCKS AND MINERALS

UNIT 1

Observing Natural Resources

Lab 3

9/11/2017

2

Vocabulary:

Natural Resource:

• Any naturally occurring substance that is useful

Renewable:

• Able to be replenished

Non-renewable:

• Not easily or quickly replaced

Focus Question:

Hypothesis:

What useful properties do natural resources have? • “Answer the Focus Question”

9/11/2017

3

Procedures:

• Read through steps 1-6 on page B-5 of the text book.

DATA: Natural Resource

Observations Ranking Reason(s) for Ranking

Coal

Rock with Fossils

Rock with garnets

Wood

9/11/2017

4

Analysis: 1. What was the most valuable natural

resource, according to the class?

2. What was the least valuable resource according to the class?

3. What else would you like to know about these natural resources to help you determine their value?

Conclusion:

•What was the purpose of this lab?

•Summarize what we did during this investigation.

•What did you learn from completing this lab?

9/11/2017

5

The Diamond

Dilemma

Lab 4

Focus Question:

•What information can you get from examining a material?

9/11/2017

6

Hypothesis

•State your own answer to the focus question.

Vocab: • Crystal Shape : The shape of a crystal sample

of a mineral, generally referred to by mineralogists as crystal habit

• Luster: The shininess of a material

• Property: The nature of a material, such as the physical qualities of color, hardness, state, density, and conductivity.

9/11/2017

7

Vocabulary: • Mineral: A naturally occurring (solid)

material that has a specific chemical composition, crystal form and characteristic physical properties. Crystalline solids are found naturally in the earth. There are about 3,500 different minerals

Data: Property Observations of Material

Color

Transparency

Luster

Crystal Shape

Size (longest edge)

Harder or softer than copper

Harder or softer than glass

9/11/2017

8

Procedures:

•Follow the procedures in the lab handout.

Analysis: 1. Every group received a sample of the

same material. Which observation(s) do you believe will be most useful when trying to identifying the material?

2. What material do you think this is? Could it be diamond? Explain using your observations.

9/11/2017

9

Conclusion:

•What was the purpose of this activity?

•What did you do during this activity?

•What did you learn by completing this activity?

Analyzing Diamond

Data Lab 5

9/11/2017

10

Vocabulary: • Acrylic: a type of synthetic (man made)

plastic.

• Diamond: A mineral typically colorless and made of pure carbon. The hardest naturally occurring substance.

• Fluorite: A mineral that can form octahedral crystals.

Vocabulary: • Glass: A solid substance that does

not form crystals. Glass is not a mineral.

9/11/2017

11

Focus Question:

•What additional information would we need to identify the unknown sample?

Hypothesis:

•State your own prediction to the focus question.

9/11/2017

12

Procedure:

•Follow steps 1-7 on page B-12 of the text book.

Analysis Questions:

9/11/2017

13

Conclusions:

•What was the purpose of this activity?

•What properties are most useful when identifying a mineral?

•How did you identify your mineral sample as fluorite?

Mineral Properties Lab 6

9/11/2017

14

Vocabulary:

• Crystalline structure: the regular pattern of atoms, molecules, or ions in a crystal.

• Geologist: Scientist who studies the earth and the changes that take place on and beneath its surface.

Vocabulary cont.:

• Rock: A naturally occurring solid substance composed of one or more minerals.

• Synthetic: A material that is not naturally occurring. Synthetic materials are made by humans instead of by nature.

9/11/2017

15

Focus Question: •What makes diamonds a valuable

natural resource?

Hypothesis: • :Answer the focus question here”

9/11/2017

16

Procedures:

•Read through the lab on page B-14 and complete student data sheet 15.1 “Three-Level Reading Guide”.

Analysis Questions:

1. Does the size of a mineral affect its properties?

2. Is the mineral color always the same as the streak color?

3. How do you determine mineral hardness?

9/11/2017

17

Mineral ID Lab 7

Focus Question:

How do we identify an unknown mineral? “Write your answer to the focus question here”

Hypothesis:

9/11/2017

18

Procedure: 1. Obtain a tray with your materials

2. Choose 1 of the 7 minerals to observe first

3. Identify the mineral’s color and luster (The mineral will have either a metallic or non-metallic luster)

4. Identify the color of the mineral’s streak by rubbing it against the porcelain plate.

5. Determine the hardness of the mineral by scratching the mineral against copper and glass.

DATA:

Mineral Name Color Luster

(metallic or non-metallic)

Streak Color Hardness

(1-10)

A=

B=

C=

D=

E=

F=

G=

9/11/2017

19

Analysis:

1. Which mineral(s) that you tested was/were the hardest?

2. Which mineral(s) had a metallic luster?

3. Which mineral(s) had a different streak color than the color of the mineral?

Analysis:

4. Identify the Minerals:

A=

B=

C=

D=

E=

F=

G=

9/11/2017

20

Conclusion:

• What was the purpose of this activity? (what were we trying to learn)

• What did you do during this activity? (summarize your procedure)

• What did you learn about minerals and mineral identification by completing this lab?

Rock Formation Lab 8

9/11/2017

21

Focus Question:

•How are rocks formed?

Hypothesis: •“Answer the focus question here”

Vocabulary:

•Magma: Molten rock found beneath the Earth’s surface

•Lava: Molten rock found on the surface of Earth.

9/11/2017

22

Vocabulary: • Igneous: Rocks that have formed from

the cooling of magma and/or lava. • Metamorphic: A rock formed when

another rock has been changed because of Earth’s heat and/or pressure

• Sedimentary: A type of rock that is made up of sediments that have been cemented together, such as shale, sandstone, and limestone.

Turn to Page B-34

9/11/2017

23

Analysis: •Answer analysis questions 1-3 on

page B-37

Conclusions:

•What was the purpose of the reading?

•Explain the different ways that rocks can form.

•Does the cost of an object always reflect its true value? Explain.

9/11/2017

24

Identifying Rock Types Lab 9

Focus Question:

•How can we identify different types of rocks?

Hypothesis: •“Answer the focus question”

9/11/2017

25

Igneous Rock

• Igneous rock is formed by the cooling of magma.

• Surface can be as smooth as glass or individual crystals may be large enough to see by eye.

• Crystals seem to interlock like a puzzle

9/11/2017

26

Sedimentary

• Formed by Tiny rock pieces cemented together

• Can contain fossils

• Can feel individual sand or pebbles

• Can be crumbly

• Layers

9/11/2017

27

Metamorphic

• Formed by high heat and/or high pressure of the earth

• Often may see bands, like the rock was pressed together.

9/11/2017

28

Elephant’s Trunk Nebula

Name of Rock Observations of Identifying Characteristics

Igneous, Metamorphic, or Sedimentary

Coal

Gabbro

Gneiss

Granite

Limestone

Obsidian

Phyllite

Sandstone

9/11/2017

29

Color Name of Rock Observations of Identifying Characteristics

Igneous, Metamorphic, or Sedimentary

yellow Coal Sedimentary

Purple Gabbro

red Gneiss

Light blue Granite

Blue Limestone

White Obsidian

brown Phyllite

black Sandstone

Color Name of Rock Observations of Identifying Characteristics

Igneous, Metamorphic, or Sedimentary

yellow Coal Sedimentary

Purple Gabbro Igneous

red Gneiss

Light blue Granite

Blue Limestone

White Obsidian

brown Phyllite

black Sandstone

9/11/2017

30

Color Name of Rock Observations of Identifying Characteristics

Igneous, Metamorphic, or Sedimentary

yellow Coal Sedimentary

Purple Gabbro Igneous

red Gneiss Metamorphic

Light blue Granite

Blue Limestone

White Obsidian

brown Phyllite

black Sandstone

Color Name of Rock Observations of Identifying Characteristics

Igneous, Metamorphic, or Sedimentary

yellow Coal Sedimentary

Purple Gabbro Igneous

red Gneiss Metamorphic

Light blue Granite Igneous

Blue Limestone

White Obsidian

brown Phyllite

black Sandstone

9/11/2017

31

Color Name of Rock Observations of Identifying Characteristics

Igneous, Metamorphic, or Sedimentary

yellow Coal Sedimentary

Purple Gabbro Igneous

red Gneiss Metamorphic

Light blue Granite Igneous

Blue Limestone Sedimentary

White Obsidian

brown Phyllite

black Sandstone

Color Name of Rock Observations of Identifying Characteristics

Igneous, Metamorphic, or Sedimentary

yellow Coal Sedimentary

Purple Gabbro Igneous

red Gneiss Metamorphic

Light blue Granite Igneous

Blue Limestone Sedimentary

White Obsidian Igneous

brown Phyllite

black Sandstone

9/11/2017

32

Color Name of Rock Observations of Identifying Characteristics

Igneous, Metamorphic, or Sedimentary

yellow Coal Sedimentary

Purple Gabbro Igneous

red Gneiss Metamorphic

Light blue Granite Igneous

Blue Limestone Sedimentary

White Obsidian Igneous

brown Phyllite Metamorphic

black Sandstone

Color Name of Rock Observations of Identifying Characteristics

Igneous, Metamorphic, or Sedimentary

yellow Coal Sedimentary

Purple Gabbro Igneous

red Gneiss Metamorphic

Light blue Granite Igneous

Blue Limestone Sedimentary

White Obsidian Igneous

brown Phyllite Metamorphic

black Sandstone Sedimentary

9/11/2017

33

COAL = Sedimentary

Gabbro = Igneous

9/11/2017

34

Gneiss = Metamorphic

Granite = Igneous

9/11/2017

35

Limestone = Sedimentary

Obsidian = Igneous

9/11/2017

36

Phyllite = Metamorphic

Sandstone = Sedimentary

9/11/2017

37

Analysis:

1. Do all rocks of the same type, such as all igneous rocks, look the same? Explain.

2. Which rock type was the most difficult to identify? Explain why.

Conclusions:

•What was the purpose of this lab?

•Summarize what we did during the lab.

•Explain what you learned about rocks by completing this lab.

9/11/2017

38

Rock Review (Igneous):

• Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.

• Surface can be as smooth as glass or individual crystals may be large enough to see by eye.

• Interlocking crystals/shiny surfaces

Rock Review (Sedimentary):

• Formed by Tiny rock pieces cemented together

• Can contain fossils

• Can feel individual sand or pebbles

• Can be crumbly

• Can be lighter than other types of rocks

9/11/2017

39

Rock Review (Metamorphic):

• Formed by high heat and/or high pressure of the earth

• Often may see bands, like the rock was pressed together.

• Bands of color sandwiched together, may be wavy.

Making Minerals Lab 10

9/11/2017

40

Vocabulary: • Model: any representation of a system,

or its components, to help one study and understand how it works.

• Rock Cycle: the continual process that

form and break down rocks, often resulting in the formation of one rock type from another.

Model: The rock cycle

9/11/2017

41

Model: The rock cycle

Heat & Pressure

Meltin

g

9/11/2017

42

Focus Question:

•How do diamonds made in lab compare to diamonds mined from the Earth?

Hypothesis: • Write your own prediction here.

9/11/2017

43

9/11/2017

44

9/11/2017

45

Science Textbook

page B-52

9/11/2017

46

Analysis Questions:

1. Do you think a geologist would consider a manufactured diamond to be a “real” diamond? Why or why not?

2. Would a geologist consider a manufactured diamond to be a mineral? Why or why not?

Analysis Questions:

3. Are rocks and minerals renewable or non-renewable resources?

4. Which type of diamond has less environmental impact, mined or manufactured diamonds? Explain?

9/11/2017

47

Conclusions • Discuss what you learned about

the differences between mined and manufactured diamonds?

• If you were to purchase a diamond, would you rather purchase a mined or manufactured diamond? Why?

Do-Now:

•Use a Venn Diagram to compare and contrast the similarities and differences between rocks and minerals.