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CLASSIFICATIONChapter 18
CLASSIFICATIONChapter 18
Reference Text:Modern BiologyChapter 18 – Section 1Pgs. 336 - 341
BIG IDEA
• All Organisms on earthare said to have descended from an ancient common ancestor.
WHAT THINGS DO WE CLASSIFY?WHY DO WE CLASSIFY THEM?
HISTORY OF TAXONOMY
Every Year, thousands of new species are discovered.
To study so many life-forms, biologists organize or classify them
into numerous groups based on similar characteristics (structures).
HISTORY OF TAXONOMY
Biological Classification: to group things according to similar/different structures that they share.Classification is very useful in Biology…
• Indicates relationships between species
• Accurately & uniformly names organisms; star fish and jelly fish aren't’ really fish
WHAT IS CLASSIFICATION?
TAXONOMY:The branch of biology that classifies organisms according to
their characteristics andevolutionary history
TAXONOMISTS:
• scientists that identify & name organisms.
• named organisms in a way that reflects their classification.
• use the same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names.
EARLY SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION
The first classification system was developed 2000 years ago by Greek Philosopher, Aristotle.
• He was the first taxonomist.•He simply divided organisms into plants & animals
•He then subdivided them by their habitat:
•land, sea, or air dwellers•Plants, by stem structure
EARLY SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION
EARLY SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION
As modern science developed and more & more organisms began to be discovered, Biologists realized Aristotle’s system was no longer adequate for naming & organizing all life on earth. Sea”horse
”??
EARLY SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION
European bee: Apis pubescens, thorace subgriseo, abdomine fusco, pedibus posticis glabris utrinque margine ciliatis.
In response to the need for better organization, an 18th century Swedish botanist named Carolus Linnaeus offered a solution to the confusion of classifying and naming organisms.
• Created a hierarchical system for classifying organisms
• Developed naming system still used today
Linnaeus’s SystemCarolus Linnaeus
1707 – 1778
The “Father of Taxonomy”
Linnaeus classified organisms into nestedLevels of Classification based on similarities
in morphology (form & structure), rather than by location.
For example, although Bats can fly, he classified them as mammals, not birds, because they share common traits with other mammals; they have hair, have live births and nurse their offspring with milk.
Linnaeus’s System
The Linnaeus System of Taxonomy uses a hierarchical system for classifying organisms from broadest to most
specific.
The Seven Levels of Classification!KingdomPhylum ClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
BROADEST TAXON
MOST SPECIFIC
Linnaeus’s System
Each category or level is called a taxa, hence the
name
taxonomy!
Levels of Classification!
Linnaeus’s System
The Nested Nature of Biological Classification
KeepPlatesCleanOrFamilyGetsSick
Levels of Classification
Taxonomic Group: tiger grey wolfKingdom: Animal Animal Phylum: ChordatesChordates Class: Mammals Mammals Order: Carnivores Carnivores Family: Felines Canines Genus: Panthera Canis Species: tigris lupus
Taxonomic Classification
Name: Genus & species
Which two animals would be more closely related, two from the same phylum or two from the same genus?
THINK ABOUT IT
Linnaeus also developed the
modern system of naming organisms
known as:
Binomialnomenclature
Linnaeus’s System
Why? Common names can vary!What animal is this?
______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ . . . are all names for the same animal
mountain lion
puma
catamou
cougar
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Also, some early scientific names were often long and difficult to remember…
The European bee, for example, carried the name Apis pubescens, thorace subgriseo, abdomine fusco, pedibus posticis glabris utrinque margine ciliatis.
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Binomial nomenclature is a two-part naming system that identifies a species with 2 names: Uses Genus & species Either Latin or Greek Italicized in print Capitalize Genus, but
NOT species Underline when writing American
Robin
Turdus migratorius
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Binomial Nomenclature
copyright cmassengale 30
Which TWO are more closely related?
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