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Pre-history
Pre-historic = before written records
Two periods of pre-history to knowPaleolithicNeolithic
Pre-history
Paleolithic
(Old) Stone age periodStone primary material for tools
Hunter-gathersNomadic lifestyle
Pre-history
Neolithic Age
(New) stone ageStone still primary tool materialAgricultureDomestication of animalsSome settlementSome nomadic groups
Paleolithic
Age
Neolithic
Age
1st Agricultural Revolution
Neolithic
Age
DevelopCivilization
PeopleStart toSettle
Civilization
A form of culture, characterized by cities,specialized workers, complex institutions, record-keeping and advanced technology
Civilization
To be a civilization, society must have a majority of these:Cities Specialized laborGovernment Science & techReligion ArtTaxes Social classesWritten language
Tigris & Euphrates
Located in modern IraqKnown as Mesopotamia (land
between 2 rivers)Known as Fertile CrescentLook for the only green in the
brownish Middle east on the map
Rivers empty into Persian Gulf
Tigris & Euphrates
The geography does not helpUnpredictable floodingNo natural barriers to invasion
Plenty of fresh water for farming and drinking
Access to trade/travel & cultural diffusion
Silt deposited by rivers
Tigris & Euphrates
Geography does not help, but problems solvedFor defense, walls of mud bricks were built
Trade of grain, cloth and tools brought in natural raw materials like stone, wood and metal
Tigris & Euphrates
Main crops grown were barley & wheat
Surpluses produced led to development of different civilizations in the region
Tigris & Euphrates
Cities associated with MesopotamiaSumer
Akkad Babylon Ur
Tigris & Euphrates
Sumer PolytheismRun by soldiersTemples called ZigguratsInvented sail, plow, wheel & 1st to use bronze
Developed geometry & arithmetic
Tigris & Euphrates
SumerDeveloped arches, columns, ramps
Developed cuneiform (wedge writing in wet mud which was allowed to dry)
Tigris & Euphrates
AkkadSargon of Akkad conquered Sumer
Created world’s first empireDynasty lasted 200 years
Tigris & Euphrates
BabylonBased on Euphrates riverEmpire hit peak under Hammurabi
Hammurabi’s Code
Tigris & Euphrates
Hammurabi’s CodeNeeded single, unified code of law to unify people
Written in stone Placed throughout the empire“eye for an eye”Law applied to everyone, but applied differently to men/women & rich/poor
Written Law Codes
10 CommandmentsHammurabi’s CodeDraco’s Code12 TablesJustinian’s CodeNapoleonic Code
Nile River Valley
Geographic IssuesFloods predictably (develop calendar)
River deposits silt on banksAccess to travel/tradeGrow papyrus (turn into paper)River flows north into Mediterranean Sea
Egyptians forced to live close to river (little cultural diffusion)
Nile River Valley
Egypt = “gift of the Nile”Without the river there is no
Egyptian civilizationSilt very fertileDesert very harshIrrigation ditches to water cropsSurpluses led to civilization
Nile River Valley
EgyptPolytheism
Kings (pharaohs were god-kings)
Egyptian government was theocracy (based on religious teaching/rules)
Nile River Valley
EgyptPyramids were actually
tombs for pharaohs Pharaohs were mummifiedBodies dried and preserved
for use in the afterlife
Nile River Valley
EgyptWriting developed called hieroglyphicsGlyphs are symbols/picturesFirst written on stoneHieroglyphics written on early paper made from papyrus
Nile River Valley
EgyptDeveloped very accurate calendarDeveloped arithmetic & geometryFirst to use stone columnsDeveloped early medical
procedures for broken bones, wounds & fevers
Indus River Valley
Indus became India Indus River starts in
Himalaya mountains & flows to Arabian Sea
Himalayas natural boundary
Unpredictable flooding
Indus River Valley
Indus sites not fully discovered yet
No kings/queens knownFew available recordsWas largest empire until Persia
develops 1000 years later
Indus River Valley
Two main cities of the Indus Valley
HarappaMohenjo-DaroBoth carefully planned & laid
out in a grid patternStructures built of oven-fired
bricksHomes had indoor plumbing
Indus River Valley
Archaeologists believe the 2 cities had strong organized government
Food seemed to be in good supplyCity planning indicates
development of mathematical skills
Indus first to cultivate cottonPolytheistic religious beliefs
Huang He River Valley
China’s geography has isolated it
Chinese developed belief that China was the center of the Earth & source of all civilization
China to south & southwest hemmed in by Tien Shan & Himalaya mountains
Huang He River Valley
China’s history began in Huang He Valley
People learned to farm during the Neolithic Age
The yellow soil particles in the river give it its name “Yellow”
Also known as “China’s Sorrow” because of the unpredictable flooding
Huang He River Valley
The flooding is due in part to the loess in the water that raises the level of the river
Flooding has often been disastrous First Chinese in the valley to
develop were the ShangZhou overthrew the ShangDeveloped Mandate of Heaven
idea
Huang He River Valley
Mandate of Heaven says that the gods allowed a dynasty to rule until that dynasty got old & corrupt
New dynasty was given new Mandate of Heaven to over throw old
This changing of dynasties is called the Dynastic Cycle
Dynastic Cycle
New Dynasty
•Brings peace
•Builds roads
•Land to peasants
•Protects people
•Too many taxes
•No protection
•Unfair treatment
•No building
Old Dynasty
• Floods
• Quakes
• Revolts
• Invaders
Problems
Huang He River Valley
By 1000 BC Chinese had develop silk production
Chinese also produced first books under the Zhou
Also produced porcelain, writing, coined money and cast iron
Other Civilizations to Consider
Indo-European CivilizationsAryansHittites
Aryans
Developed Caste System Lighter skin, higher casteAryans blended culturesBrought in Hinduism
Believed in reincarnationKarma & dharmaCows are sacred
Hittites
Centered in Anatolia (modern Turkey, Asia Minor)
Developed iron technologyDeveloped the chariot
which changed warfare dramatically
Other Civilizations to Consider
Fertile CrescentPhoeniciansCoast of eastern Mediterranean
Sea“Pop-Eyes” of the ancient worldCarriers of civilizationCreated alphabet (“Hooked on
Phonics”)
Hebrews
Centered in the area of modern Israel/Palestine
Hebrews are first monotheistic people
Torah is holy book (same as Old Testament of Christian Bible)
Abraham starts religionGod is YahwehHebrews are God’s “chosen people”Hebrews have a covenant with God
Hebrews
Enslaved in EgyptLed out of Egypt by Moses
Moses presents Hebrews with God’s rules known as 10 Commandments
Settled in modern Israel
Hebrews
Romans show up in Middle East
Jews forced out between 75 & 135 AD
Known as period of Diaspora (dispersal)
Jews spread from Palestine to eastern Europe
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