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Phrases and Clauses. Preposition Review. A preposition relates the noun or pronoun following it to another word in the sentence. Fifty Common Prepositions. Compound Prepositions. Prepositional Phrases. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Preposition Review A preposition relates the noun or pronoun
following it to another word in the sentence.
Fifty Common Prepositions
about above across after against along among around at before
behind below beneath beside besides between beyond but by down
during except for from in inside into like near of
off on onto opposite out outside over past since through
to toward under undernea
th until up upon with within without
Compound Prepositionsaccording to ahead of aside from as of because of
by means of in addition to in back of in front of in place of
instead of next to on account of on top of out of
Prepositional Phrases A prepositional phrase has at least two
parts: a preposition and a noun or pronoun that is the object of the preposition
prep object
EXAMPLE: near airports
The object of the preposition may be modified by one or more adjectives.
prep adj adj object
EXAMPLE: near busy urban airports
The object may also be compound. prep adj adj object conj object
EXAMPLE: near busy urban highways and airports
Prepositional Phrases That Act as Adjectives
An adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or a pronoun by telling what kind or which one.
The roadway with two lanes began there.What kind of highway began there?
The rancher with the angry face stopped us.Which rancher stopped us?
Prepositional Phrases That Act as Adverbs
An adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. Adverb phrases point out where, when, in what way (how), or to what extent.
modifying a verb : Raindrops fell in heavy torrents. (Fell in what way?)
modifying an adjective: The day was warm for December.
(Warm in what way?)
modifying an adverb: The tornado struck suddenly, within minutes of the warning.
(Suddenly to what extent?)
Appositives An appositive is a noun or a pronoun
placed after another noun or pronoun to identify, rename, or explain the preceding word.
EXAMPLESThe painter Pablo Picasso lived in Spain.I want to visit Spain’s famous museum, The Prado.His painting Guernica impressed my father.
Appositive Phrases An appositive phrase is an appositive that
has modifiers.
EXAMPLES Willa Cather, an American novelist, wrote My Antonia.Lisbon, a thriving port in Portugal, has often been the
scene of espionage.The shopping center – a network of cars, shops, and
people – provides many jobs.
Participles Participles are verb forms with two basic
uses: 1) used with helping verbs, they are verbs 2) used to modify nouns or pronouns, they are adjectives
all present participles end in –ingShe is walking to school. walking = verbThey took a walking tour of the city. walking = adjective
some past participles end in –edHe has cooked dinner three times this week. cooked = verbThe cooked food won’t spoil. cooked = adjective
other past participles end in –n, -t, -en, or another irregular endingHe has grown six inches!He was by then, of course, a grown man.
Participial Phrases A participial phrase is a present or past
participle and its modifiers.
EXAMPLESThe instructor, speaking slowly, explained the use of
skis.The skier, choosing her slope, looked at its features
carefully.The esteemed poet, honored by the award, expressed
his thanks.
**Notice the commas
Clauses A clause is a group of words with a
subject and a verb.
There are two basic kinds: 1) independent 2) dependent (a.k.a. subordinate)
Independent Clauses An independent clause is a group of
words with a subject and a verb that can stand alone as a complete sentence.
EXAMPLES S V
The air vibrated. S VIn the morning, he began to play the cello.
Subordinate Clauses A subordinate, or dependent, clause is a
group of words with a subject and a verb that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.
EXAMPLES S V
after she performed her solo S Vwhile the band practiced in the garage
Adjective Clauses An adjective clause is a subordinate
clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun.
EXAMPLESThe student whom I asked for help turned pages of
music for me.By pushing the pedal that is connected to the drum,
you will make sound.The harp, which was played in ancient Egypt, was
forbidden for women to play.The piano, whose strings are hit by hammers to
produce sound, can be made louder or softer by foot pedals.
Adverb Clauses An adverb clause is a subordinate clause
that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.
A subordinating conjunction (next slide) always introduces the adverb clause.
EXAMPLESSince you expect to be late, I will prepare dinner.I will prepare dinner since you expect to be late.Whenever you are late, I expect you to call.I expect you to call whenever you are late.
Common Subordinating Conjunctions
after although as as if as long as because before
even though if in order that since so that than though
unless until when whenever where wherever while
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