Adverbial Clauses and PhrasesLesson 8

Santa Clause does like to write.

We’ll discuss two type of clauses.

Independent

IndependentShe came to the U.S.

Dependent (Adverb Clause)

Dependent (adverb clause)

so that she could be with her relatives.

Independent and dependent She came to the U.S. so that

she could be with her relatives.

Independent and dependent So that she could be with her

relatives, she came to the U.S.

Independent / DependentShe came to the U.S. So that she could be with her

relatives.

If she saves enough money, she will visit her first country.

She came to Canada before she came to the U.S.

Because of war, many Bosnians came to the U.S.

Even though she didn’t know English, she came to Canada.

Independent / DependentShe came to the U.S. So that she could be with her

relatives.

If she saves enough money, she will visit her first country.

She came to Canada before she came to the U.S.

Because of war, many Bosnians came to the U.S.

Even though she didn’t know English, she came to Canada.

Independent / DependentShe came to the U.S. So that she could be with her

relatives.

If she saves enough money, she will visit her first country.

She came to Canada before she came to the U.S.

Because of war, many Bosnians came to the U.S.

Even though she didn’t know English, she came to Canada.

5 Types of Adverbial Clauses

• Time• Reason• Purpose• Contrast• Conditions

5 Types of Adverbial Clauses

• Time (before) • Reason (because)• Purpose (so that)• Contrast (even though)• Conditions (if)

Types of Adverbial Clauses• Time Clauses (She went to Canada

before she came to the U.S.• Reason Clause ( She went to

Canada first because she couldn’t get a visa for the U.S.

• Purpose Clause (She came to the U.S. so that she could be with her relatives

Types of Adverbial ClausesCont.

• Contrast Clause (She came to the U.S. even though she didn’t know English.

• Condition Clause (She will go back to her country if she saves enough money.

Language note• An adverbial clause

is dependent on the main clause and MUST be attached.

Wrong: She came to America. Because she wanted to study.

Right: She came to America because she wanted to study.

• The dependent clause can come before or after the independent clause.

• If it comes before, it is usually separated by a comma.

Even though I’m not tired, I think I’ll take a break.

Reasons and purposes• Many Irish came to the U.S. because of

hunger.• Since you are late, you will need a

pass. (similar to because)• In order to make money, my family

came to the U.S.• Some people came to the U.S. for

freedom.

Reasons and purposes(cont.)

• Many people come to the U.S. so that they can be reunited with family. (present tense)

• So that I would learn English, I came to Canada. (past tense)

Page 330Read “Reason and

PurposeCreate 6 sentences

because because of

sincefor

in order toso that

Page 331 and 332#1 and #2

because because of

sincefor

in order toso that

Answers for ex. 1 p. 331

Time Expressions• When “at that time” “immediately

after that time”• Whenever “any time” or “every

time”• Until “up to that time”• Since/ ever since from that time in

the past to the present”• For the amount of time

Time Expressions Cont.• During use with day, night, month, summer

or a specific time period.• While / as with a continuous actionNotes:For is an amount of time, but during is

with a named time period.When: used with a sample past actionWhile: used with a continuous action

(ing)

Now practice in your journal

• Page 337 Exercises 4 and 5 (only write the answers)

Answers p. 337 ex 4

Answers p. 337 and 338 ex. 5

To Show ContrastFor an unexpected result or contrast of ideas, use a clause beginning with:

Even thoughAlthoughIn spite of the fact thatTry using each of these phrases in

a sentence with a partner.

Note on in spite of• Use in spite of + noun phrase to

show contrast. • A clause does not follow in spite ofEx: In spite of their hard lives, the

lost Boys are hopeful about their futures.

Still and Anyway• Still and anyway can be used in the

main clause to emphasize the contrast.Ex: Even though the Lost Boys are happy

in the U.S., they still miss their families.

Ex: Even thought it’s hard for an immigrant to work and go to school, they have to do it anyway.

Let’s Practice!• Find a partner and complete the

sentences out loud. Do NOT write• P. 343 Ex. 10 and 11Examples for 101. I like my apartment even though the rent is high.6. I like my job in spite of the fact that my boss

doesn’t handle conflict well.Example for 11: (make a contrast.)Even though the U.S. is a rich country, there are

many homeless.

Scored ReviewUse the following phrases in sentences.Write on a piece of paper and hand inWhile (ing verb)WheneverEver sinceUntilEven though. . .stillAlthough. . .anywayIn spite of the fact that

Transitions(Sentence Connectors)

• However, Nevertheless: Show contrast (similar to but)

Ex.: The U.S. is not a perfect country. Nevertheless, many people want to immigrate here.

• In addition, Furthermore, Moreover: add more information (similar to and)

Ex: My sister came to the U.S. to earn money. Furthermore, she wanted to be reunited with her family.

Transitions Cont.• Therefore, As a result, For this

reason: show result or conclusion. (similar to so)

Ex: Many couples in China prefer sons. As a result, the majority of adoptions from China are girls.

Punctuation Note• Use either a period or a semicolon (;)

before a transition.• A comma is used after the connector.Ex: My friends couldn’t adopt a baby

here. Therefore, they went to another country to adopt.

Ex: My friends couldn’t adopt a baby here; therefore, they went to another country to adopt.

Let’s Practice!• Write the answer in your journal

after your notes.• Page 352-354 Ex 18 #1-21

So. . .that/ Such. . .that• Such + adjective + noun + thatEx. The Sudanese Boys had such an

awful trip that many of them died along the way.

Ex. We waited such a long time to catch the bus that we missed the concert.

So. . .that/Such thatcontinued

• So + adjective + that • So + adverb + thatEx. Foreign adoption is so expensive

that many people cannot afford it.Ex. Small children learn English so

easily that the become fluent in a short time.

So. . .that/Such thatWith Countable Nouns

• So many + plural count noun + that• So few + plural count noun + thatEx. There are so many students in

the room that we don’t have enough desks for them.

There are so few desks available that many students need to sit on the floor.

So. . .that/Such thatWith uncountable nouns

• So much + noncount noun + that• So little + nonount noun + thatEx.: There was so much poverty in

Ireland in the 1800s that Irish people were forced to leave.

Ex: The Sudanese Boys had so little to eat that many of them died.

Let’s practice• Write your answers in your journal

beneath your notes.• Page 357 Ex. 21 #1-10