Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran secara Online

PM DR. NORAZAH MOHD. NORDIN

FAKULTI PENDIDIKAN

UKM

Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran secara

Online

2

Intoduction

Definition

Terminology

Emerging Trends and Practices

Technologies and Techniques

Learning Theories

Remarks

Outline

Online learning

the most accessible pathway to the new knowledge

economy and related jobs for the majority of working people

includes mobile learning, e-gaming, online communities, and learning management systems that engage each user.

Online Learning

‘online learning is an educational material that is presented on a computer’

Carliner (1999)

Online Learning

‘online instruction is an innovative approach for delivering instruction to a remote audience,using the Web as the medium. Online learning, however, involves more than just the presentation and delivery of materials using the Web: the learner and the learning process should be the focus of online learning.

(Khan 1997)

Online Learning

‘online learning is [t]he use of the Internet to access learning materials; to interact with the content, instructor, and other learners; and to obtainsupport during the learning process, in order to acquire knowledge, to construct personal meaning, and to grow from the learning experience’

(Ally, 2007)

Terminologies used for online learning

e-learningInternet learningdistributed learning,networked learning tele-learningvirtual learningcomputer-assisted learningweb-based learningdistance learning

Components of Online Learning

Learners+

LMSASP/ESP

MultimediaRow dataOriginal Draft

Training delivery methods OperationSystem Reference

Technology

Contents

Service

Develop course details

Web based e-Learning for statistical education

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Establish discussion Establish discussion guidelineguideline Develop a Develop a flexible syllabusflexible syllabus Develop Contents with Develop Contents with modulemodule

or small unitor small unit Create a Create a timelinetimeline Develop Develop assignmentsassignments Decide about Decide about evaluationevaluation

technique to usetechnique to use

Emerging Trends and Practices

Noble and Worthy MissionBringing learning to the disenfranchised

Those who have not been served by traditional classroom settings

Interesting (and exciting) times!New tools, new techniques, new theories!After centuries of sameness (since

printing press) we now are confronted with a new context in higher education

Millennial Students

Millennials Rising: The Next Great Generation, Neil Howe and William Strauss – 7 descriptors: Special Sheltered Confident Team-Oriented Achieving Pressured Conventional

They expect Student Centered Learning

Digital Natives

So if Digital Immigrant educators really want to reach Digital Natives – e.g. all their students – they will have to change. It’s high time for them to stop their grousing, and as the Nike motto of the Digital Native generation says, “Just do it!” They will succeed in the long run – and their successes will come that much sooner if their administrators support them.

Who are the Millennial Students?

Technologies and Techniques

How do we connect with the digital natives – the millennial students?

Time-shifting technologies Encourage interaction - engage Facilitate individual communication Utilize their means of communication –

digital Meet them where they are – on their turf

Learning Theories

Applying learning theories to online teaching and learning

“Personally, I’m always ready to learn, although I do not always like being taught.”

-Winston Churchill

Learning Theories

Behaviorist, Cognitivist, Behaviorist, Cognitivist, ConstructivistConstructivist

Mental RepresentationsMental RepresentationsCognitive Theory of Multimedia Cognitive Theory of Multimedia

LearningLearningConnectivismConnectivism

Learning Theories

BehavioristBehaviorist Thorndike, Pavlov, SkinnerThorndike, Pavlov, Skinner Learning = observable behavioral changesLearning = observable behavioral changes

CognitivistCognitivist Craik, Tulving, AusubelCraik, Tulving, Ausubel Learning = motivation, thinking, memory, reflectionLearning = motivation, thinking, memory, reflection

ConstrucitivstConstrucitivst Piaget, Vygotsky, BrunerPiaget, Vygotsky, Bruner Learning = observation, processing, interpretationLearning = observation, processing, interpretation

Learning Theories

Mental RepresentationsMental RepresentationsPaivio’s Paivio’s Dual Coding TheoryDual Coding Theory

Verbal and nonverbal subsystemsVerbal and nonverbal subsystems Words/pictures enhance cognitive Words/pictures enhance cognitive

codingcoding Interactive imageryInteractive imagery Research supports use of images & Research supports use of images &

texttext

Learning Theories

Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Cognitive Theory of Multimedia LearningLearning

Mayer extends Paivio’s theoryMayer extends Paivio’s theoryPictures = “animation”Pictures = “animation”Text = “narration”Text = “narration”Computer-based multimedia presentationsComputer-based multimedia presentationsPrior knowledge influences integration of Prior knowledge influences integration of

pictures and text in “working memory”pictures and text in “working memory”

Learning Theories

Connectivism “A learning theory for the digital

age” Personal knowledge is a “network” Personal to network to organization Know “where” to locate “up-to-date”

knowledge

Just Do It Right!

Motivate learnersPromote meaningful learningEncourage interaction & collaborationGive timely constructive feedbackLook at the whole person

Learner and learning process at the center

Sampling of New Technologies

Innovative trends and practices Blogs Podcasting and Enhanced

Podcasting Wikis RSS Gaming – simulations

Blogs

WeB + LOGS = BLOGS Since 1997 Reverse chronological order Quick and easy way to publish

instantly and internationally Provision for responses http://iteslj.org/Techniques/Johnson-Blo

gs/

http://grandtextauto.gatech.edu/2004/08/06/teaching-with-blogs

Blogs

How are blogs used in education? Faculty members sharing info with students Online discussions Students in virtual study groups Students sharing creative writing with world Online journaling E-Portfolios Anonymous evaluations

Incredible reach – last 24 hours for OLU

Podcasts

iPOD + broadCAST = PODCAST Born out of blogs Audio blogging using MP3 or MP4 format Listened to online or through iTunes

auto-downloaded to an iPod Dr. Margaret Maag – USF:

http://feeds.feedburner.com/NursingEducation

Dr. Burks Oakley – University of Illinois: http://burkso2.blogspot.com

Podcasts

Podcasts recorded outside the classroomSkype (Voice over Internet

Protocol) computer-to-computer or telephone – or via iTalk microphone SHU Podcast

Ed-Cast An International Collaboration to Enhance Access and Knowledge via podcasts freely shared across institutions

Vodcasts

Video On Demand + broadCAST = VODCAST

Video files commonly in blogs that can be played on a computer or a video iPod

Some example sites: http://www.vodcasts.tv/ http://research.uchicago.edu/highlights/science/i

ndex.shtml#

Pod/Vodcasts

How are Pod/Vodcasts used in education? Lecture delivery

Those who miss class Review of lectures Slider-bar for review of concepts

Voiced discussion boards Providing richer communication

Student project delivery Enabling audio/video multimedia

Wikis

Wiki = Hawaiian term for “quick” (e.g. wiki wiki buses) Online shared space for composition Normally, anyone with access can edit Wikipedia

http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.wikipedia.org/ Wikispaces

http://rayschroeder.wikispaces.com/ http://rayschroeder.wikispaces.com/ http://rayschroeder.wikispaces.com/shuhttp://rayschroeder.wikispaces.com/shu

RSS

Rich Site Summary / Really Simple Syndication Online XML files pointing to updates

http://people.uis.edu/rschr1/onlinelearning/http://people.uis.edu/rschr1/onlinelearning/blogger_rss.xmlblogger_rss.xml

Aggregators http://newsisfree.comhttp://newsisfree.com

Enables instant sharing of resources Blogs, Podcasts, Vodcasts, Wikis

Dynamic pages http://people.uis.edu/rschr1/oluinfo.htmhttp://people.uis.edu/rschr1/oluinfo.htm

Gaming - Simulation

Millennial learners are veterans at digital gaming and simulation More hours spent with x-box than

prior generations spent with books Comfortable mode of learning http://www.merlot.org/search/http://www.merlot.org/search/

ArtifactList.po?ArtifactList.po?keyword=simulationkeyword=simulation

Theory References

Athabasca University. (2004). Foundations of Educational Theory for Online Learning. In T. Anderson, & F. Elloumi (Eds.), Theory and Practice of Online Learning. (pp. 3-31). Available at http://cde.athabascau.ca/online_book/.

Mayer, R. (2001). Multimedia learning. Cambridge, England: University Press.

Paivio, A. (1986). Mental representations: Adual coding approach. Oxford, England:Oxford University Press.

Theory References

Siemens, G. (2004). Connectivism: A Learning Theory for the Digital Age. Available at: http://www.elearnspace.org/Articles/connectivism.htm.

Technology Sources

Educause has published a free E-Book on the topic: Educating the Net Generation (July, 2005) http://www.educause.edu/http://www.educause.edu/

EducatingtheNetGeneration/5989 EducatingtheNetGeneration/5989

Online Learning Update – more than 5,000 postings since 2001 http://people.uis.edu/rschr1/onlinelearning/http://people.uis.edu/rschr1/onlinelearning/

blogger.htmlblogger.html

Future e-Learning

Web based e-Learning for statistical education

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Future e-Learning

Learner oriented

education

Active Interactivityeducation

Continuing

& Lifelong

Education

Media based distance education

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Just in TimeJust in Time Based on Web : WAP(Wireless Application Based on Web : WAP(Wireless Application

Protocol)Protocol) Notebook PDA based Online LearningNotebook PDA based Online Learning

Just For MeJust For Me Personalized instructional learning objects Personalized instructional learning objects

which is based on individual level and stylewhich is based on individual level and style Usable of inner and outer reference without Usable of inner and outer reference without

limitationlimitation

Future of e-Learning