Pathophysiology: Neuroanatomy Part I
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This presentation was given to first year pharmacy students as part of a course on medical physiology and pathophysiology.
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- 1. Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology Brian J. Piper, Ph.D.,
M.S.
- 2. Goals Major Brain Areas Sensory Motor Emotion Cognition
Neuroimaging
- 3. Spinal Cord Divided into regions: Cervical Thoracic Lumbar
Sacral Function Motor Sensation
- 4. Beneath Skull Dura: thick/tough layer Arachnoid: contains
blood vessels Pia: thin layer
- 5. ______ lobe
- 6. Match Color
- 7. Description of 3-Dimensional Space Coronal: section from ear
to ear, like a loaf of bread Axial: section that parallels horizon
Sagittal: section from front to back mid-sagittal shows brain with
left and right cortex separated
- 8. Corpus Callosum Fibers that connect left and right
cortex
- 9. Anatomical Terminology
- 10. Cingulate Gyrus Tissue surrounding corpus collosum Anterior
Posterior
- 11. BrainstemThe Medulla is the base of the brainstem
thatcontrols heartbeat and breathing. Example: SIDS
- 12. Cerebellum Located below the occipital cortexCC Important
for motor functionBS Site of action of alcohol
- 13. Cerebellum (a mid-sagittal) Located below theCC occipital
cortex Important for motor function BS Site of action of
alcohol
- 14. Functions of Different Cortical Areas Frontal: cognition,
executive function Temporal: hearing, olfaction Occipital: vision
Parietal: integration of sensory information Dorsal Posterior
Anterior Ventral
- 15. Sensory Areas
- 16. Thalamus Located in the center of the brain Major relay
center, information from spinal cord goes to thalamus, thalamus has
many connections to the cortex
- 17. Hippocampus Bilateral structure Greek for seahorse
Essential for memory, especially spatial memory Forms new
neuronshttp://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Synaptic/info/pathway/hippocampal.htm
- 18. Animal Research = ?Very helpful, but .
- 19. Hippocampus Comparison
- 20. Amygdala The Amygdala consists oftwo lima bean-sized neural
clusters linked to the emotions of fear
- 21. Brain Areas Important for Hormone Control Rene Descartes
Pineal Gland Very small subcortical structure Releases the hormone
melatonin Hypothalamus Hypo = below therefore located under
thalamus Regulates activity of Pituitary Pituitary communicates
with other endocrine glands (e.g. testes) 4F!
- 22. Ventricles: Contain CSF
- 23. What is the impact of ?
- 24. http://www.omsi.edu/visit/life/aging/brainText.cfm
- 25. Brain Imaging Can provide information about anatomy or
physiology Imaging procedures differ in their: Spatial resolution:
the ability to differentiate nearby brain regions Temporal
resolution: the ability to differentiate brain activity at
different times
- 26. Electroencephalography (EEG) 1873-1941 Developed by Hans
Berger in 1929 Electrodes are placed on the surface of the skull
Electrical activity from the cortex is recorded Time
- 27. Computed Tomagraphy (EMI scan, axial) Gr: tomos (slice)
& graphein (to write). Developed in the 1970s X-ray beams are
passed through the head A 2 or even 3- dimensional structural map
is created
- 28. Atypical CT 68 year old man Cerebellar hemorrhage extending
into midbrain & ventriclesKlein JP, Ryther RC (2009). Images in
clinical medicine. Central nervous system hemorrhage. NewEngland
Journal of Medicine, 361(18),
1786.http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2009/10/ghost_in_the_brain_an_appariti.html?sc=fb&cc=fp
- 29. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Radioactive material is
injected into the blood Scanner records the radioactivity
(positron) in different parts of the brain Provides information
about function Very useful for researchFor more detailed
information about PET,
goto:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography
- 30. Figure 2. Brain Glucose Metabolic Images Showing Axial
Planes at the Level of the Orbitofrontal Cortex Volkow, N. D. et
al. JAMA 2011;305:808-813Copyright restrictions may apply.
- 31. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) A cylindrical
magnet creates a magnetic field A sensor records blood flow and
brain activation Can also be used for just structure White matter
Gray matter Ventricle
- 32. Comparison of Imaging Techniques MeasuresProcedure Brain:
Advantage Disadvantage Function Excellent temporal Measures only
from brainEEG resolution (msec) surfaceCT Structure Found in many
Some radiation exposure hospitals Function Wide variety of Poor
temporal resolution (min),PET Poor spatial resolution (cm) uses
Radiation exposurefMRI Function Good temporal Patient cannot have
resolution (sec), metal implants Good spatial resolution
(0.5cm)
- 33. What plane? Sarah Tappon, 8/5/2009
- 34. Useful video 2 Mininute Neuroanatomy Overview (Humorous,
really!) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAurv6m AWKM
- 35. CA B D E L K H F G J I
- 36. and sheep brain
- 37. Cranial Nerves I. Olfactory: smell (S) II. Optic: vision
(S) III. Oculomotor: pupil construction (M) IV. Trochlear: eye
movement (M) V. Trigeminal: face & teeth (S), jaw (M) X. Vagus:
heart (SM), autonomic nervous system
- 38. The Nervous System
- 39. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Sympathetic NS Arouses
(fight-or-flight)Parasympathetic NS Calms (rest and digest)