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MUSCLES OF THE BODY MUSCLES OF THE BODY Ch 11Ch 11
Human AnatomyHuman Anatomy
Sonya Schuh-Huerta, Ph.D.Sonya Schuh-Huerta, Ph.D.
Leonardo Da Vinci
Muscles of the Body
• Skeletal muscles– Produce movements
• General principles of leverage
• Muscles act with or against each other
• Criteria used in naming muscles
Naming the Skeletal Muscles
• Location– Example the brachialis is located on the
arm (brachium)
• Shape– Example the deltoid is triangular
• Relative size– Maximus, minimus, & longus indicate size– Example gluteus maximus is the large one
& gluteus minimus is the small one
Naming the Skeletal Muscles
• Direction of fascicles & muscle fibers– Name tells direction in which fibers run– Example rectus abdominis & transversus
abdominis (rectus = straight up; transverse across or at right angle to midline)
• Location of attachments name reveals point of origin & insertion– Example brachioradialis
Naming the Skeletal Muscles
• Number of origins– 2, 3, or 4 origins – Indicated by the words biceps (2), triceps (3),
& quadriceps (4)
• Action– Action can be part of the muscle’s name– Indicates type of muscle movement
• Flexor, extensor, adductor, or abductor
(ie. extensor digitorum)
Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles
• Skeletal muscles consist of fascicles– Fascicles arranged in different patterns– Fascicle arrangement tells about action of
a muscle
Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles
• Types of fascicle arrangement– Parallel fascicles run parallel to the long
axis of the muscle• Strap-like sternocleidomastoid• Fusiform biceps brachii
Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles
• Types of fascicle arrangement– Convergent
• Origin of the muscle is broad• Fascicles converge toward the tendon of insertion• Example Pectoralis major
Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles
• Types of fascicle arrangement– Pennate
• Unipennate fascicles insert into one side of the tendon
• Bipennate fascicles insert into the tendon from both sides
• Multipennate fascicles insert into one large tendon from all sides
Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles
• Circular– Fascicles are arranged in concentric rings
• Surround external body openings• Sphincter general name for a circular muscle• Examples
– Orbicularis oris & orbicularis oculi
(f) Bipennate (rectus femoris)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(f)
(g)
(e)
(d)
(a) Circular (orbicularis oris)
(b) Convergent (pectoralis major)
(d) Parallel (sartorius)
(c) Fusiform (biceps brachii)
(g) Unipennate (extensor digitorum longus)
(e) Multipennate (deltoid)
Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles
Lever Systems: Bone-Muscle Relationships
• Movement of skeletal muscles involves leverage– Lever a rigid bar that moves – Fulcrum a fixed point– Effort applied force– Load resistance
Lever Systems
Load
Effort
Load
Effort
10kg
1000 kg
Fulcrum
10 x 25 = 1000 x 0.25 250 = 250
Effort x length of effort arm = load x length of load arm (force x distance) = (resistance x distance)
(a) Mechanical advantage with a power lever
Fulcrum
25 cm
0.25 cm
Lever Systems: Bone-Muscle Relationships
• Bones act as levers
• Joints act as fulcrums
• Muscle contraction provides effort– Applies force where muscle attaches to bone
• Load bone, overlying tissue, & anything being lifted
Lever Systems: Bone-Muscle Relationships
• Levers allow a given effort to– Move a heavier load– Move a load farther
Lever Systems: Bone-Muscle Relationships
• First-class lever– Effort applied at one end– Load is at the opposite end– Fulcrum is located between load & effort
(a) First-class lever
Arrangement of the elements isload-fulcrum-effort.
L
L
Example: scissors
Load
Fulcrum
Load Effort
Effort
Fulcrum
(a) First-class lever
Arrangement of the elements isload-fulcrum-effort.
In the body: A first-class lever systemraises your head off your chest. Theposterior neck muscles provide the effort;the atlanto-occipital joint is the fulcrum;and the weight to be lifted is the facialskeleton.
Load
Fulcrum
Effort
Lever Systems: Bone-Muscle Relationships
• Third-class lever– Effort is applied between the load & fulcrum– Work speedily– Always at a mechanical disadvantage
(c) Third-class lever
Arrangement of the elements isload-effort-fulcrum.
L
L
Example: tweezers or forceps
Fulcrum
Load
Load
Effort
Effort
Fulcrum
(c) Third-class lever
Arrangement of the elements isload-effort-fulcrum.
In the body: Flexing the forearm by thebiceps brachii muscle exemplifiesthird-class leverage. The effort is exertedon the proximal radius of the forearm; thefulcrum is the elbow joint; and the load isthe hand and distal end of the forearm.
Load
Effort
Fulcrum
Embryonic Development of the Muscles
• Muscles organized into 4 groups– Musculature of the visceral organs– Pharyngeal arch muscles– Axial muscles– Limb muscles
• Musculature of the visceral organs– Includes smooth & cardiac muscle– Develops from splanchnic mesoderm
• Pharyngeal arch muscles – Includes
• Skeletal muscles of the pharynx • Muscles of the head & neck
– Develop from the 4th to 7th somitomeres
Embryonic Development of the Muscles
Development of the Muscles
Limb bud
Myotomes
Limb bud
(a) 6-week embryo
Pharynx
Eye
First (occipital)myotomes
Somitomeres
(c) Pharyngeal arch (branchiomeric) muscles: 4th–7th somitomeres
Pharynx
Muscles of facial expressione.g., orbicularis oculi
Chewing musclese.g., temporalis, masseter
Suprahyoid muscles (most)
Pharyngeal constrictors(key swallowing muscles)
Trapezius
Pharyngeal Arch Muscles
Axial Muscles
• Lie anterior & posterior to the body axis
• Muscles of the: – Thorax, abdomen, & pelvis
• And many muscles of the:– Neck & some of the head
• Function to move the trunk & maintain posture
Deep muscles of the backe.g., erector spinae
Extrinsic musclesof the eye
Tonguemuscles
(d) Axial muscles: 1st–3rd somitomeres and myotomes
Tongue
Muscles of the anterior& lateral trunke.g., 1. infrahyoid muscles (neck) 2. intercostal muscles (thorax) 3. external & internal obliques (abdomen) 4. muscles of the pelvic floor
Axial Muscles
Limb Muscles
• Limb muscles arise from lateral parts of nearby myotomes
• Extensors– Muscle mass dorsal to limb bones
• Flexors– Muscle mass ventral to limb bones
Limb MusclesExtensorse.g., triceps brachii, extensor digitorum
Flexorse.g., biceps brachii, flexor carpi radialis
Extensorse.g., quadriceps femoris, tibialis anterior
Flexorse.g., hamstrings, gastrocnemius(e) Limb muscles: From myotomes
Extensors
Flexors
Muscle Actions & Interactions
• A muscle cannot reverse the movement it produces
• Another muscle must undo the action
• Muscles with opposite actions lie on opposite sides of a joint
Muscle Actions & Interactions
• Prime mover (= agonist)– Has major responsibility for a certain movement
• Antagonist– Opposes or reverses a movement
• Synergist helps the prime mover – By adding extra force – By reducing undesirable movements
Muscle Actions & Interactions
Example:Pectoralis major(anterior view)
(a) A muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produces flexion*
*These generalities do not apply to the knee and ankle because the lower limb is rotated during development. The muscles that cross these joints posteriorly produce flexion, and those that cross anteriorly produce extension.
Example:Latissimus dorsi(posterior view)
(b) A muscle that crosses on the posterior side of a joint produces extension*
*These generalities do not apply to the knee and ankle because the lower limb is rotated during development. The muscles that cross these joints posteriorly produce flexion, and those that cross anteriorly produce extension.
Muscle Actions & Interactions
Example:Teres major(posterolateral view)
(d) A muscle that crosses on the medial side of a joint produces adduction
Example:Medial deltoid(anterolateral view)
(c) A muscle that crosses on the lateral side of a joint produces abduction
Muscle Compartments of the Limbs
• Dense fibrous connective tissue divides limb muscles into compartments
• Muscles in opposing compartments are– Agonist & antagonist pairs
• Each compartment is innervated by one single nerve
Muscle Compartments of Arm & Forearm
• The upper limb has anterior & posterior compartments– Anterior arm compartment muscles:
• Flex the shoulder or arm• Innervation is the musculocutaneous nerve
(we’ll learn later)
– Anterior forearm compartment muscles:• Flex the wrist & digits• Innervation is the median or ulnar nerve (..later)
Tricepsbrachii
Lateralhead
Humerus
Posterior compartmentof arm (extends elbow); innervation: radial nerve
Anterior compartment ofarm (flexes elbow); innervation:musculocutaneous nerve
LongheadMedialhead
(a)
Brachialis
Short headLong head
Biceps brachii
(a) Muscles of the arm
ExtensorsFlexors
Muscle Compartments of the Arm
Muscle Compartments of the Thigh
• Posterior compartment muscles – Extend the hip & flex the knee– Innervation is the tibial branch of the sciatic nerve (later)
• Anterior compartment muscles– Flex the hip & extend the knee– Innervation is the femoral nerve (later)
• Medial compartment– Adduct the thigh– Innervation is the obturator nerve (later)
Adductors
Vastuslateralis
Hamstrings
Posterior compartment ofthigh (flexes leg and extends thigh); innervation: tibial nerve (portion of sciatic nerve)
Medial compartment(adducts thigh); innervation:obturator nerve
Anterior compartment (extends leg); innervated by femoral nerve
Vastusintermedius
Rectus femoris
Femur
Vastus medialis
(a)
(a) Muscles of the thigh
Posterior compartmentmusclesAnterior compartmentmusclesMedial compartmentmuscles of thigh and lateral compartment muscles of leg
Muscle Compartments of the Thigh
Lab Guide for Learning the Muscles
Superficial Muscles of the Body
TrapeziusShoulder
DeltoidArmTriceps brachiiBiceps brachiiBrachialisForearmPronator teresBrachioradialisFlexor carpi radialisPalmaris longusPelvis/thighIliopsoasPectineusThighRectus femorisVastus lateralisVastus medialis
LegFibularis longusExtensor digitorumlongus Tibialis anterior
Head Facial
Temporalis Epicranius, frontal bellyOrbicularis oculiZygomaticusOrbicularis oris
NeckSternohyoidSternocleidomastoid
Thorax
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minorSerratus anterior
IntercostalsAbdomen
External oblique
Rectus abdominisInternal obliqueTransversus abdominis
Thigh
Sartorius
Tensor fasciaelatae
Adductor longusGracilis
LegGastrocnemiusSoleus
Masseter
Platysma
Neck
Gracilis
Deltoid
ArmTriceps brachiiBrachialis
ForearmBrachioradialis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor digitorum
Iliotibial tract
LegGastrocnemiusSoleusFibularis longus
Epicranius, occipital bellySternocleidomastoid
Shoulder
HipGluteus mediusGluteus maximus
Thigh
Biceps femoris
Adductor magnus
SemitendinosusSemimembranosus
Hamstrings:
Latissimus dorsi
Rhomboid majorTriangle of auscultation
InfraspinatusTeres major
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi radialislongus
Calcaneal(Achilles) tendon
Trapezius
Superficial Muscles of the Body
Muscles of the Head – Facial Expression
• Muscles of facial expression– Lie in the face & scalp– Thin & variable in shape– Often insert in the skin not on bones– (Innervated by cranial nerve VII the facial
nerve)
Corrugator supercilii
Orbicularis oculiLevator labiisuperioris
Zygomaticusminor and major
BuccinatorRisoriusOrbicularis orisMentalisDepressorlabii inferioris
Depressor anguli oris
Platysma
Galeaaponeurotica
Frontalbelly
Occipitalbelly
Temporalis
Masseter
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Spleniuscapitis
Epicranius
Muscles of the Face & Head
Muscles of Mastication & Tongue Movement
• 4 main pairs of muscles involved in mastication– Innervated by mandibular division of the trigeminal
nerve (cranial nerve V)– Prime movers of jaw closure
• Masseter & temporalis
– Side-to-side movement• Pterygoid muscles
– Compression of cheeks• Buccinator muscles
PLAYPLAY A&P Flix: Buccinator PLAYPLAY A&P Flix: Masseter PLAYPLAY A&P Flix: Temporalis
Muscles of Mastication & Tongue Movement
Orbicularisoris
Temporalis
Masseter
Buccinator
(a)
Lateralpterygoid
Medialpterygoid
Masseterpulled away
(b)
Muscles of the Anterior Neck & Throat – Swallowing
• The neck is divided into anterior & posterior triangles
• Anterior triangle – Divided into suprahyoid & infrahyoid muscles– Participate in swallowing
• Pharyngeal constrictors– Swallowing muscles squeeze food into
esophagus
Muscles of the Anterior Neck & Throat
Buccinator
Tensor veli palatini
Levator veli palatini
Superior pharyngealconstrictor
Middle pharyngealconstrictor
Hyoid boneThyrohyoidmembrane
Inferiorpharyngealconstrictor
Esophagus
Mandible
Mylohyoid(cut)
Geniohyoid
Hyoglossus
Thyroidcartilageof larynx
Trachea
Styloid process
Muscles of the Neck & Vertebral Column
• Head movement:– Sternocleidomastoid – Splenius muscles – Neck movement – scalenes
1st cervicalvertebra
Sternocleido-mastoid
Base ofoccipitalbone
Middlescalene
Anteriorscalene
Posteriorscalene
(a) Anterior
Mastoidprocess
Splenius capitis
Mastoid process
Spinous processesof the vertebrae
Splenius cervicis
(b) Posterior
Muscles of the Neck & Vertebral Column
Muscles of the Neck & Vertebral Column
• Trunk extension – Deep muscles of the back
• Maintain normal curvatures of the spine• Form a column from sacrum to the skull
– Erector spinae group• Largest of the deep back muscles
Mastoid processof temporal bone
Semispinaliscapitis
Semispinaliscervicis
Multifidus
Quadratuslumborum
Semispinalisthoracis
Longissimus capitis
Iliocostalis cervicis
Longissimus cervicis
Iliocostalis thoracisLongissimus thoracisSpinalis thoracis
Iliocostalis lumborum
External oblique
IliocostalisLongissimusErector spinaeSpinalis
Ligamentumnuchae
Muscles of the Neck & Vertebral Column
PLAYPLAY A&P Flix: Iliocostalis
PLAYPLAY A&P Flix: Longissimus
PLAYPLAY A&P Flix: Spinalis
Deep Muscles of the Thorax –Breathing
• Deep muscles provide movements for breathing – External intercostal muscles
• Lift the rib cage during inhalation
– Internal intercostal muscles • Aid expiration during heavy breathing
Deep Muscles of the Thorax—Breathing
Externalintercostal
Internalintercostal
PLAYPLAY A&P Flix: External intercostal muscles PLAYPLAY A&P Flix: Internal intercostal muscles
Deep Muscles of the Thorax –Breathing
• Diaphragm– Most important muscle of respiration!– Flattens as it contracts
• Increases the volume of the thoracic cavity• How does this aid in breathing?• Innervated by phrenic nerve (your brain controls)
Foramen foresophagus
Costal cartilage
Lumbarvertebra
Diaphragm
Quadratuslumborum
Psoas major
Xiphoid process of sternum
Foramen for inferiorvena cava
Centraltendon ofdiaphragm
Foramenfor aorta
12th rib
Deep Muscles of the Thorax—Breathing
Muscles of the Abdominal Wall
• Lateral & anterior abdominal wall– Formed from 3 flat muscle sheets
• External oblique• Internal oblique • Transversus abdominis
– Fourth muscle pair• Rectus abdominis
– Inserts at the linea alba
Serratusanterior
Pectoralis major
Linea alba
Tendinousintersection
Rectusabdominis
Inguinal ligament(formed by free inferior border of the external oblique aponeurosis)
Transversusabdominis
Internal oblique
Externaloblique
Aponeurosisof the externaloblique
(a)
Muscles of the Abdominal Wall
PLAYPLAY A&P Flix: Internal obliques PLAYPLAY A&P Flix: External obliques
PLAYPLAY A&P Flix: Transverse abdominis PLAYPLAY A&P Flix: Rectus abdominis
Rectusabdominis
Internal oblique
Externaloblique
Transversusabdominis
Muscles of the Abdominal Wall
Muscles of the Pelvic Floor
• Pelvic floor (pelvic diaphragm)
• Sheet of 2 muscles– Both support pelvic organs
• Levator ani– Formed from iliococcygeus, puborectalis, &
pubococcygeus
• Coccygeus
Muscles of the Pelvic Floor
Pelvicdiaphragm
Symphysis pubis
Levator aniPiriformis
Posterior
Anterior
Coccyx
Coccygeus
Obturatorinternus
IIiococcygeusLevator ani
Pubococcygeus
Urogenital diaphragm
UrethraVaginaAnal canal
Muscles of the Perineum
Male Female
Penis
Midline raphe
Ischiocavernosus
Clitoris
Urethralopening
Anus
Vaginalopening
Bulbospongiosus
Superficialtransverseperineal muscle
Levator ani
Gluteusmaximus
Superficial Muscles of the Anterior Thorax
• Movements of the scapula– Pectoralis major– Pectoralis minor– Serratus anterior– Subclavius
PLAYPLAY A&P Flix: Pectoralis major
PLAYPLAY A&P Flix: Pectoralis minor
PLAYPLAY A&P Flix: Serratus anterior
Superficial Muscles of Anterior Thorax
Sternocleidomastoid
Deltoid
Pectoralismajor
Sternum
Bicepsbrachii
Subclavius
Clavicle
Subscapularis
Pectoralisminor
Coracobrachialis
Serratusanterior
Humerus
Superficial Muscles of the Posterior Thorax
• Movements of the scapula– Trapezius– Levator scapulae– Rhomboid major– Rhomboid minor
PLAYPLAY A&P Flix: Trapezius PLAYPLAY A&P Flix: Levator scapulae
PLAYPLAY A&P Flix: Rhomboid major PLAYPLAY A&P Flix: Rhomboid minor
Trapezius
Levatorscapulae
Supraspinatus
Clavicle
Spine of scapula
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Humerus
Deltoid
Teresmajor
Latissimusdorsi
Rhomboidminor
Rhomboidmajor
Superficial Muscles of the Posterior Thorax
Muscles Crossing the Shoulder Joint
• Movements of the arm– Deltoid– Pectoralis major
Clavicle
Deltoid
Sternum
Pectoralis major
Lateral headLong head
Medial head
Coracobrachialis
Triceps brachii
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Brachio-radialis
(a) Anterior view
PLAYPLAY A&P Flix: Deltoid
• Movements of the arm
A&P Flix: Latissimus dorsi
A&P Flix: Supraspinatus
A&P Flix: Infraspinatus
Supraspinatus
Spine of scapula
(b) Posterior view
Deltoid (cut)
Greater tubercleof humerusInfraspinatus
Teres minor
Teres major
Triceps brachii
Latissimus dorsi
Humerus
Olecranon processof ulna
Lateral head Long head
Anconeus
PLAYPLAY
PLAYPLAY
PLAYPLAY
Muscles Crossing the Shoulder Joint
• Movements of arm
A&P Flix: Teres minor
A&P Flix: Teres major
A&P Flix: Subscapularis
Supraspinatus
Spine of scapula
(b) Posterior view
Deltoid (cut)
Greater tubercleof humerusInfraspinatus
Teres minor
Teres major
Triceps brachii
Latissimus dorsi
Humerus
Olecranon processof ulna
Lateral head Long head
Anconeus
PLAYPLAY
PLAYPLAY
PLAYPLAY
Muscles Crossing the Shoulder Joint
Questions…?
What’s Next?Lab: MusclesNext Lecture: Muscles cont… Wed Lab: Finish Muscles & Review
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