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Money Ethic Scale Part 4
Structural Equation Modeling
Propose a Model -- Strong Theory Indirect Path, Direct Path
Examine all variables and paths in the Model simultaneously
Two-Step Procedure
Step 1: Confirmatory Measurement Model, Psychometric equivalence (CFA)
Step 2: Sequential chi-square difference tests (SCDTs) (Anderson & Gerbing, 1988)
EFA vs. CFA
Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA): Data Driven
Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA): Theory DrivenFit between the model and the data
Measurement Invariance
Step 1: Configural Invariance: A simultaneous test of invariance between the two samples in the number of factors underlying the factor structures
Step 2: Metric Invariance: A simultaneous test of invariance in factor loadings between the two samples in that the chi-square parameters are constrained to be equal between the two samples.
Measurement Error
The path from any construct to its measured variable (i.e., factor loading) equals the square root of the reliability of the measured variableThe amount of random error variable is the quantity one minus the reliability (Kenny, 1979; Williams & Hazer, 1986). Step 2
Sequential chi-square difference tests
1. A saturated structural model (Confirmatory Measurement Model)(Model 1): All parameters are estimated2. A structural Model (Model 2): Researcher’s theoretical model of interest3. The Null structural model : All parameters are fixed at 0
Squared Multiple Correlation
Endogenous variables are those that have single-headed arrows pointing to them in the path diagram, and depend on other variables. A variable’s squared multiple correlation is the proportion of its variance that is accounted for by its predictors.
MGCFA
Two or more groups can be analyzed simultaneously in the model.US vs. SpainMale vs. Female
Fit Index
NFI, the Bentler-Bonett’s normed fit indexRFI, Bollen’s relative fit indexIFI, Bollen’s incremental fit indexTLI, Tucker-Lewis index*CFI, Bentler’s comparative fit index*RMSEA,
*Assess the improvement in the fit of a model relative to the baseline model0 –1, .90 or higher, adequate fit of model to data
Thank You
Danke Dankeshen Grazie Merci Muchas Gracias
OCB
Organizational Citizenship Behavior:Bateman & Organ, 1983; Organ, 1988;
Organ & Ryan, 1995; Smith, Organ, & Near, 1983;
OCB: Altruism Generalized Compliance (Conscientiousness)
OCB
Altruism: a class of helping behaviors aimed directly at specific persons
Generalized Compliance (Conscientiousness): a good soldier or good citizen syndrome of doing things that are right and proper, for the sake of the system
OCB Motives
1. A single undifferentiated helping motive (Cnaan & Goldberg-Glen, 1991)
2. A two-dimensional structure:
3. Altruistic, Instrumental (Allen & Rush, 1998; Eastman, 1994)
OCB Motives
4. Altruistic, Egoistic (Frisch & Gerranrd, 1981)
5. Other-serving, Self-serving (Batson & Shaw, 1991)
6. Personal Value, Egoistic (Puckett & Wagner, 1996)
OCB Motives
Public Self vs. Private Self (Baumeister, 1986)
Private Self-Serving Motives
Public Other-Serving Motives
Private Motives
Impression Management
Self-handicapping
Social Exchange
Receiver Characteristics
Public Motives
Concern for Organization
Organizational Culture
Concern for People
Situational Variable
OBSE
Organizational members believe that they can satisfy their needs by participating in roles within the context of an organization (Pierce, Gardner, Cummings, & Dunham, 1989)
OBSE
As such, it is the self-perceived value that employees have of themselves within their employing organization.
OBSE
OBSE predicts both the Altruism and Conscientiousness dimensions of OCB in American and Mid-eastern cultures (Tang & Ibrahim, 1998)
Money and OCB
The lowest levels of helping behavior have been documented among participants assigned difficult goals and paid on the basis of goal attainment (Wright, George, Farnsworth, & McMahan, 1993)
MES, Motives, OBSE, & OCB
Whole
MESSuccess
PrivateMotives
Public Motives
OBSE
Altruism.46*
.07
-.18*
.59*Conscientiousness
.65*
.61*
.21
.00
.38
.42
.38
MES, Motives, OBSE, & OCB
The US
MESSuccess
PrivateMotives
Public Motives
OBSE
Altruism.46*
.06
-.17*
.59*Conscientiousness
.65*
.61*
.21
.00
.37
.43
.37
MES, Motives, OBSE, & OCB
Non-US
MESSuccess
PrivateMotives
Public Motives
OBSE
Altruism.43*
-.13*
-.15*
.78*Conscientiousness
.83*
.38*
.19
.02
.64
.69
.15
MES, Motives, OBSE, & OCB
The US
MESSuccess
PrivateMotives
Public Motives
OBSE
Altruism.46*
.06
-.17*
.59*Conscientiousness
.65*
.61*
.21
.00
.37
.43
.37
MES, Motives, OBSE, & OCB
Taiwan
MESSuccess
PrivateMotives
Public Motives
OBSE
Altruism.49*
.40*
-.02
.66*Conscientiousness
.76*
.56*
.24
.16
.43
.58
.31
MES, Motives, OBSE, & OCB
Poland
MESSuccess
PrivateMotives
Public Motives
OBSE
Altruism.59*
.13
.02
.54*Conscientiousness
.59*
.27*
.35
.02
.29
.34
.07
MES, Motives, OBSE, & OCB
Egypt
MESSuccess
PrivateMotives
Public Motives
OBSE
Altruism.39*
-.11
-.26*
.64*Conscientiousness
.96*
.89*
.16
.01
.50
.93
.80
Culture Free (etic) Paths
1. MES Private Motives
2. Public Motives OBSE Altruism
MES, Motives, OBSE, & OCB
etic
MESSuccess
PrivateMotives
Public Motives
OBSE
Altruism*
*Conscientiousness
*
Materialism and Money Ethic
In popular usage, materialism more often refers to a “devotion to material needs and desires (Oxford English Dictionary, 1989)
The importance a consumer attaches to worldly possessions (Belk, 1985; p. 265)
Materialism and Money Ethic
The worship of things (Bredemeier & Toby, 1960, p. 77)
3 elements:
1. Acquisition Centrality
2. Acquisition as the pursuit of Happiness
3. Possession-defined Success
(Richins & Dawson, 1990, 1992)
Materialism and Money Ethic
Materialism Money Ethic
Money Ethic Materialism
MES Materialism
Age
Sex
Education
Materialism
MES
-.14*
-.02
-.17*
.74*
.03
.54*
Materialism MES
Age
Sex
Education
Materialism
MES
.57*
.32
.01-.09*
-.04
-.07
Discussion
Money is important for people in the USA and around the world.
Income has a significant impact on the American people’s Money Ethic endorsement.
Money can be used to attract, retain, and motivate employees.
Discussion
American people who value money have high voluntary turnover regardless of their intrinsic job satisfaction. Money attitude (Money Ethic) has a significant impact on work-related attitudes and behavior.
Money Ethic Scale will be a useful tool for researchers and practitioners in HRM and OB fields.
Thank YouDanke
Dankeshen
Grazie
Merci
Muchas Gracias
Money and the Agency Theory
Agency theory can be meaningfully used to analyze internal control relationships between allocators (principals) and those receiving allocations (agents).
It provides a theoretical framework to predict the basis of pay for “nonprogrammable” jobs, or jobs consisting of tasks that are difficult to structure and where incumbents enjoy extensive discretion (Gomez-Mejia & Balkin, 1992)
Pay-Performance Linkage:190 Private Universities
Research Institutions Doctorate-Granting I Institutions Liberal-Arts Institutions Expenditures Type of Institution Academic Reputation Ranking Mid-point SAT Scores Tang, Tang, & Tang
University CEO Pay
Expenditures*** Research/Doctoral** Law, Business, Medical Schools* Region Reputation** SAT, Year Founded Faculty, Student Tuition
CEO Benefits
Expenditures*** Research/Doctoral*** Law, Business, Medical Schools Region Reputation** SAT, Year Founded Faculty, Student Tuition*
CEO Total Compensation
Expenditures*** Research/Doctoral** Law, Business, Medical Schools Region Reputation* SAT, Year Founded Faculty, Student Tuition**
Derek Bok (1993):The Cost of Talent
Do we compensate highly educated people in the United States in ways that serve the best interests of the nation?
Are some people paid too much and others too little? What effect do differences in earnings have on the
career choices of the talented? Do we pay executives and professionals in ways that
motivate them to work hard at the right things?
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