Money Ethic Scale Part 4. Structural Equation Modeling F Propose a Model -- Strong Theory F Indirect Path, Direct Path Examine all variables and paths

Money Ethic Scale Part 4

Structural Equation Modeling

Propose a Model -- Strong Theory Indirect Path, Direct Path

Examine all variables and paths in the Model simultaneously

Two-Step Procedure

Step 1: Confirmatory Measurement Model, Psychometric equivalence (CFA)

Step 2: Sequential chi-square difference tests (SCDTs) (Anderson & Gerbing, 1988)

EFA vs. CFA

Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA): Data Driven

Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA): Theory DrivenFit between the model and the data

Measurement Invariance

Step 1: Configural Invariance: A simultaneous test of invariance between the two samples in the number of factors underlying the factor structures

Step 2: Metric Invariance: A simultaneous test of invariance in factor loadings between the two samples in that the chi-square parameters are constrained to be equal between the two samples.

Measurement Error

The path from any construct to its measured variable (i.e., factor loading) equals the square root of the reliability of the measured variableThe amount of random error variable is the quantity one minus the reliability (Kenny, 1979; Williams & Hazer, 1986). Step 2

Sequential chi-square difference tests

1. A saturated structural model (Confirmatory Measurement Model)(Model 1): All parameters are estimated2. A structural Model (Model 2): Researcher’s theoretical model of interest3. The Null structural model : All parameters are fixed at 0

Squared Multiple Correlation

Endogenous variables are those that have single-headed arrows pointing to them in the path diagram, and depend on other variables. A variable’s squared multiple correlation is the proportion of its variance that is accounted for by its predictors.

MGCFA

Two or more groups can be analyzed simultaneously in the model.US vs. SpainMale vs. Female

Fit Index

NFI, the Bentler-Bonett’s normed fit indexRFI, Bollen’s relative fit indexIFI, Bollen’s incremental fit indexTLI, Tucker-Lewis index*CFI, Bentler’s comparative fit index*RMSEA,

*Assess the improvement in the fit of a model relative to the baseline model0 –1, .90 or higher, adequate fit of model to data

Thank You

Danke Dankeshen Grazie Merci Muchas Gracias

OCB

Organizational Citizenship Behavior:Bateman & Organ, 1983; Organ, 1988;

Organ & Ryan, 1995; Smith, Organ, & Near, 1983;

OCB: Altruism Generalized Compliance (Conscientiousness)

OCB

Altruism: a class of helping behaviors aimed directly at specific persons

Generalized Compliance (Conscientiousness): a good soldier or good citizen syndrome of doing things that are right and proper, for the sake of the system

OCB Motives

1. A single undifferentiated helping motive (Cnaan & Goldberg-Glen, 1991)

2. A two-dimensional structure:

3. Altruistic, Instrumental (Allen & Rush, 1998; Eastman, 1994)

OCB Motives

4. Altruistic, Egoistic (Frisch & Gerranrd, 1981)

5. Other-serving, Self-serving (Batson & Shaw, 1991)

6. Personal Value, Egoistic (Puckett & Wagner, 1996)

OCB Motives

Public Self vs. Private Self (Baumeister, 1986)

Private Self-Serving Motives

Public Other-Serving Motives

Private Motives

Impression Management

Self-handicapping

Social Exchange

Receiver Characteristics

Public Motives

Concern for Organization

Organizational Culture

Concern for People

Situational Variable

OBSE

Organizational members believe that they can satisfy their needs by participating in roles within the context of an organization (Pierce, Gardner, Cummings, & Dunham, 1989)

OBSE

As such, it is the self-perceived value that employees have of themselves within their employing organization.

OBSE

OBSE predicts both the Altruism and Conscientiousness dimensions of OCB in American and Mid-eastern cultures (Tang & Ibrahim, 1998)

Money and OCB

The lowest levels of helping behavior have been documented among participants assigned difficult goals and paid on the basis of goal attainment (Wright, George, Farnsworth, & McMahan, 1993)

MES, Motives, OBSE, & OCB

Whole

MESSuccess

PrivateMotives

Public Motives

OBSE

Altruism.46*

.07

-.18*

.59*Conscientiousness

.65*

.61*

.21

.00

.38

.42

.38


The US

MESSuccess

PrivateMotives

Public Motives

OBSE

Altruism.46*

.06

-.17*


.65*

.61*

.21

.00

.37

.43

.37


Non-US

MESSuccess

PrivateMotives

Public Motives

OBSE

Altruism.43*

-.13*

-.15*


.83*

.38*

.19

.02

.64

.69

.15


The US

MESSuccess

PrivateMotives

Public Motives

OBSE

Altruism.46*

.06

-.17*


.65*

.61*

.21

.00

.37

.43

.37


Taiwan

MESSuccess

PrivateMotives

Public Motives

OBSE

Altruism.49*

.40*

-.02


.76*

.56*

.24

.16

.43

.58

.31


Poland

MESSuccess

PrivateMotives

Public Motives

OBSE

Altruism.59*

.13

.02


.59*

.27*

.35

.02

.29

.34

.07


Egypt

MESSuccess

PrivateMotives

Public Motives

OBSE

Altruism.39*

-.11

-.26*


.96*

.89*

.16

.01

.50

.93

.80

Culture Free (etic) Paths

1. MES Private Motives

2. Public Motives OBSE Altruism


etic

MESSuccess

PrivateMotives

Public Motives

OBSE

Altruism*

*Conscientiousness

*

Materialism and Money Ethic

In popular usage, materialism more often refers to a “devotion to material needs and desires (Oxford English Dictionary, 1989)

The importance a consumer attaches to worldly possessions (Belk, 1985; p. 265)


The worship of things (Bredemeier & Toby, 1960, p. 77)

3 elements:

1. Acquisition Centrality

2. Acquisition as the pursuit of Happiness

3. Possession-defined Success

(Richins & Dawson, 1990, 1992)


Materialism Money Ethic

Money Ethic Materialism

MES Materialism

Age

Sex

Education

Materialism

MES

-.14*

-.02

-.17*

.74*

.03

.54*

Materialism MES

Age

Sex

Education

Materialism

MES

.57*

.32

.01-.09*

-.04

-.07

Discussion

Money is important for people in the USA and around the world.

Income has a significant impact on the American people’s Money Ethic endorsement.

Money can be used to attract, retain, and motivate employees.

Discussion

American people who value money have high voluntary turnover regardless of their intrinsic job satisfaction. Money attitude (Money Ethic) has a significant impact on work-related attitudes and behavior.

Money Ethic Scale will be a useful tool for researchers and practitioners in HRM and OB fields.

Thank YouDanke

Dankeshen

Grazie

Merci

Muchas Gracias

Money and the Agency Theory

Agency theory can be meaningfully used to analyze internal control relationships between allocators (principals) and those receiving allocations (agents).

It provides a theoretical framework to predict the basis of pay for “nonprogrammable” jobs, or jobs consisting of tasks that are difficult to structure and where incumbents enjoy extensive discretion (Gomez-Mejia & Balkin, 1992)

Pay-Performance Linkage:190 Private Universities

Research Institutions Doctorate-Granting I Institutions Liberal-Arts Institutions Expenditures Type of Institution Academic Reputation Ranking Mid-point SAT Scores Tang, Tang, & Tang

University CEO Pay

Expenditures*** Research/Doctoral** Law, Business, Medical Schools* Region Reputation** SAT, Year Founded Faculty, Student Tuition

CEO Benefits

Expenditures*** Research/Doctoral*** Law, Business, Medical Schools Region Reputation** SAT, Year Founded Faculty, Student Tuition*

CEO Total Compensation

Expenditures*** Research/Doctoral** Law, Business, Medical Schools Region Reputation* SAT, Year Founded Faculty, Student Tuition**

Derek Bok (1993):The Cost of Talent

Do we compensate highly educated people in the United States in ways that serve the best interests of the nation?

Are some people paid too much and others too little? What effect do differences in earnings have on the

career choices of the talented? Do we pay executives and professionals in ways that

motivate them to work hard at the right things?

Documents

Money Ethic Scale Part 4. Structural Equation Modeling F Propose a Model -- Strong Theory F Indirect Path, Direct Path Examine all variables and paths