Keystone Review Day 4. Basic Principles Characteristics of Life 1. Organization- all organisms are...

Keystone Review Day 4

Basic Principles

Characteristics of Life 1. Organization- all organisms are organized into cells, compartments, organelles 2. Response to stimuli - respond to touch, excess heat, internal or external factors 3. Homeostasis- maintain stable internal conditions (heat, O2 levels, pH) 4. Metabolism- all chemical reactions that take place (mainly making or breaking down food)

Levels of Organization Cells- Smallest unit of life that can perform all functions Tissues – group of cells with similar function (muscle tissue, nervous tissue, epithelial) Organs- Groups of tissues with specialized jobs (Liver, brain, heart) Organ systems- Groups of organs with a specific function (Cardiovascular, nervous, digestive) Organism (multicellular)- Many structures working together to maintain homeostasis

Characteristics of Life 5. Growth & development- all organisms grow (cell division = increase in # of cells) and develop (become an adult through differentiation) 6. Reproduction (either sexual or asexual) 7. Change over time (evolve for survival)

Viruses are NOT considered living!!!

Cannot reproduce or respond to stimuli No metabolismNo growth

Cell theory states that

A. All living things are composed of cells.B. New cells are produced by existing cellsC. Cells are the basic unit of structure and

function in living thingsD. All of these answers are correct

There are many criteria that are used to define living things. Living things reproduce, grow, and develop. They respond to stimuli, use materials and energy, and evolve and adapt over time to their environment. What is another criteria used to define living things?

A. All living things are intelligentB. All living things are able to moveC. All living things are made of cellsD. All living things are complex

This virus consists of a single strand of DNA enclosed in a protein capsule. Is this virus considered a living organism?A.No; living organisms must have two characteristics of

life, and the T4 bacteriophage only has one.B.Yes; since the virus contains DNA, it is a living

organism.C.No; viruses are not considered to be living organisms.D.Yes; since the virus contains protein, it is a living

organism.

DNA RNA (copy of DNA)

Both

2 strands Sugar= deoxyriboseBase = Thymine (T)Instructions to make proteinsStays in nucleus

1 strand Sugar = riboseBase = Uracil (U)Helps to create proteinsCan leave nucleus

- Made of nucleotides (monomer) Sugar, phosphate, Nitrogenous base

-Phosphate group- Bases = Adenine, Guanine and Cytosine

Base Pairing Rules for DNA – DNA

Base Pairing Rules for DNA – RNA

A – T C – G

DNA: TAG – CAA – TTC – GAADNA:

A – U C – G T – A

DNA: TAG – CAA – TTC – GAAmRNA:

DNA Replication (copy DNA) Final Product: 2 identical copies of DNA with 1 new and 1 old strand (semi-conservative) Why? Need to double DNA for Cell Division When? During S-Phase of Interphase Where: In Nucleus Enzymes Used: 1. Helicase- unzips DNA 2. DNA Polymerase- lays down nucleotides to create new DNA strand

A parent DNA molecule replicates, resulting in two daughter DNA molecules. Which of the following is true?A. Each daughter molecule contains two new strands of DNA.B. Each daughter molecule contains two DNA strands from the parent molecule.C. Each daughter molecule contains four total strands of DNA.D. Each daughter molecule contains one DNA strand from the parent molecule.

The DNA sequences that make up the genetic code of an organism determine which traits the organism will exhibit.How are the instructions coded by DNA translated into an organism's physical traits?

A. Instructions coded by DNA sequences are translated into proteins which express an organism's physical traits.

B. Instructions coded by DNA sequences are translated into nucleotides which express an organism's physical traits.

C. DNA sequences both code genetic instructions within an organism and express an organism's physical traits.

D. DNA sequences that code for genetic instructions attach to phosphate groups that express an organism's physical traits.

3 TYPES OF RNA 1. mRNA = copy of DNA made during transcription 2. tRNA = Carries amino acids to ribosome during translation to make a protein 3. rRNA = Makes up ribosomes

Protein Synthesis (making of proteins)

** ALL ORGANISMS UNDERGO PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND USE INSTRUCTIONS FROM THE BASE PAIRING CODE IN DNA 2 Steps: Transcription & Translation Central Dogma: DNA RNA Protein

1. Transcription Location: Nucleus (cytoplasm in prokaryotes) Purpose: DNA mRNAMake a mRNA copy of DNA instructions to allow the instructions to leave the nucleusHow?: RNA Polymerase attaches to DNA, reads DNA and creates matching mRNA strand sent to ribosome

1. Given DNA Sequence: DNA: ATG ACC TAA

2. Given mRNA Sequence:ACU UAA GUU

Terms: Codon = every 3 bases on the mRNA Each codon codes for 1 amino acid Anti- codon = every 3 bases on the tRNA Complimentary (matches) the mRNA codon

2. Translation Location: RibosomePurpose: mRNA ProteinMake a protein from mRNA instructionsHow?: Ribosome reads mRNA (codon) Calls for matching tRNA (anti-codon)Amino is brought to ribosome and attached to other amino acids to create a protein

Amino Acid Chart

DNA: ACT GAC mRNA: Amino Acid:

Amino Acid Chart

DNA: TTA CAT mRNA: Amino Acid:

Amino Acid Chart

DNA: GGC ATA mRNA: Amino Acid:

Amino Acid Chart

DNA: GCT ACC mRNA: Amino Acid:

What kind of mutation will result from the mistake made during DNA replication in the nucleotide sequence above? A. nonsense mutation C. chromosomal mutation B. silent mutation D. frame shift mutation

How is the nucleus involved in the production of enzymes?

A. The nucleus transcribes and releases messenger RNA signaling for the enzymes to be synthesized.

B. The nucleus receives the messenger RNA and is the site where enzymes are synthesized.

C. The nucleus is involved in the packaging and transportation of enzymes outside of the cell

D. The nucleus translates the ribosomal RNA for the enzymes to be synthesized in mitochondria.

During a stage of protein synthesis, codons in mRNA molecules are used to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains. What is this process called?

A. TranscriptionB. TranslationC. CodificationD. Gene Expression

What is a major difference between DNA replication and DNA transcription?

A. RNA molecules produced by transcription are much shorter in length than DNA molecules produced by replication.

B. DNA replication involves the nitrogenous base uracil, while DNA transcription involves the nitrogenous base thymine.

C. DNA transcription only occurs in multicellular organisms, while DNA replication occurs in all organisms.

D. DNA replication takes place in the nucleus, while DNA transcription takes place in the cytoplasm.

Translation involves the assembling of proteins. Which of the following forms of RNA is responsible for carrying a formed amino acid to the protein assembly site during translation?

A. rRNAB. RNA polymeraseC. tRNAD. mRNA

DNA contains instructions for making the different molecules that a cell needs to grow and function. For example, _______ is made by _______.

A. a protein; translating mRNAB. mRNA; translating DNAC. mRNA; transcribing proteinsD. a protein; transcribing mRNA

Which of the following is true about DNA transcription and protein translation?

A.Transcription only occurs in animal cells, whereas translation only occurs in plant cells.

B.The processes of transcription and translation do not occur in prokaryotes.

C.The processes of transcription and translation are similar in all living organisms.

D.Transcription only occurs in plant cells, whereas translation only occurs in animal cells.

Mitosis Meiosis

# of Divisions 1 2

Purpose: Asexual reproduction for growth & replacing dead cells

Sexual reproduction to create gametes & genetic variation

Type of Cell It Occurs In: Somatic cells Reproductive cells

# of Cells Produced: 2 4

Daughter cells haploid or diploid:

Diploid Haploid

Relationship of Daughter Cells to Parent Cells:

Parents identical to daughter Daughter cells a mix of each parent

Relationship of Daughter Cells to Each Other:

Daughter cells identical to each other

Unique

Diploid = 2 sets of chromosomes Haploid = 1 set of chromsomes Mitosis = division of the cell’s nucleus Cytokinesis = division of the cells’ cytoplasm Homologous chromosomes: 4 chromatids; Same size/gene pattern/shape but not identical (1 from each parent) Found only in Meiosis I

Sister chromatids: 2 chromatids; Identical copies of a chromosome Found in Meiosis II & Mitosis

Nondisjunction: When chromosomes fail to separate properly during meiosis

Terms:

Cell CycleA. Interphase = cell growth

G1 = GrowthS = DNA replicatingG2 = Prepare for division

B. M phase = cell division1. Mitosis – division of nucleus

a) Prophase – DNA condenses into chromosomes; nuclear membrane disappears; spindle fibers appear

b) Metaphase – Sister chromatids line up on metaphase platec) Anaphase – Sister chromatids separate to opposite ends of celld) Telophase – DNA unravels into chromatin; nuclear membrane begins to

reform; spindle disappears2. Cytokinesis – division of cytoplasm

Interphase DNA replicates ** = genetic variation

Meiosis I Prophase I – DNA condenses into chromosomes; nuclear membrane disappears; spindle forms

** Synapsis occurs (homologous chromosomes line up to form tetrads)

** Crossing Over occurs (homologous chromosomes exchange DNA)

Metaphase I – **Independent assortment occurs (homologous chromosomes line up randomly on metaphase plate)

Anaphase I – Tetrads separate to opposite ends of cell

Telophase I – Each sister chromatid unravels backs into chromatin; nuclear membrane reforms

End Result: 2 diploid cells

Meiosis II Prophase II – DNA condenses into chromosomes; nuclear membrane disappears; spindle forms

Metaphase II – Sister chromatids line up at metaphase plate

Anaphase II – Sister chromatids separate to opposite ends of cell

Telophase II – Each chromatid unravels backs into chromatin; nuclear membrane reforms

End Result: 4 haploid cells (gametes- sex cells)

The cell cycle involves the growth, replication, and division of a eukaryotic cell. Mitosis most directly plays a role in:

A. the transport of nutrients within a cell.B. the division of a cell's nucleus.C. the growth of a cell after cell division.D. the metabolic processes of a cell.

What is the name of the process that appears in the diagram below?

A.DifferentiationB.MeiosisC.MitosisD.Fertilization

Which of the following statements describes Meiosis?I. Produces sex cells with a half set of genetic informationII. Produces somatic cells for growth & repairIII.Produces 4 genetically unique cellsIV.Produces 2 identical diploid cells

A. I and III onlyB.II and III onlyC. I, II, III, and IV

D.II, III and IV only

Kangaroos have 12 chromosomes in their body cells. A kangaroo sex cell divides by meiosis. The daughter cells produced each have _______ chromosomes.

A. 18B. 12C. 6D. 3

Gametes in humans are haploid. This means that they have half the number of chromosomes as normal body cells. Sometimes, the gamete of a male and the gamete of a female combine to form a zygote that will eventually turn into a fetus.

Phenotypic changes in a fetus may result

A. only if a mutation occurs in both the mother's and father's cells.

B. if a mutation occurs in the father's heart cells.C. if a mutation occurs in the mother's brain cells. D. if a mutation occurs in the gametes.

Which part of the apple flower produces cells by meiosis?A. styleB. antherC. stigmaD. filament

2.Patau syndrome can be a lethal genetic disorder in mammals, resulting from chromosomes failing to separate during meiosis.

A. Identify the step during the process of meiosis when chromosomes would most likely fail to separate.

B. Describe how chromosome separation in meiosis is different from chromosome separation in mitosis

C. Compare the effects of a disorder caused by chromosomes failing to separate during meiosis, such as Patau syndrome, to the effects of chromosomes failing to separate during mitosis.

A. Anaphase (when chromosomes separate) B. In Meiosis – Chromosomes separate twice (homologous chromosomes separate in Anaphase I and sister chromatids separate in Anaphase II) to result in 4 unique half sets of chromosomes In Mitosis- Sister chromatids separate once to result in 2 identical sets of chromosomes C. When chromosomes fail to separate during Meiosis (nondisjunction), these chromosomes changes will be passed on the offspring.When chromosomes fail to separate during Mitosis, these changes will not be passed off to offspring.

A Trichoplax is a simple multicellular animal that lives in water. This animal can reproduce asexually by simply dividing into two organisms. Describe a cellular division process that could be used by Trichoplax when it reproduces asexually. Binary fission Replicates itself and DNA, then divides into 2 identical organisms.

B. Describe one benefit and one limitation of how the Trichoplax can reproduce by simply dividing. Benefit = It can reproduce by itself and increase the population rapidly. A limitation = no genetic variation to possibly gain traits better suited for the environment

Mutation- changes in DNA which cause changes in protein shape or function = changes in traits

1. Silent = Change in DNA does not affect the codon or the protein

2. Nonsense = Change in DNA causes the codon to change from coding for an amino acid to coding for STOP

3. Frameshift = Inserting or deleting a base which changes the reading frame of view; changes multiple codons

Ex: Original DNA: GAT ATA Mutated DNA: GAC TAT A◦ Original mRNA: CUA UAU Mutated mRNA: CUG AUA U

Inheritance Patterns 1. Complete Dominance- one allele is completely dominant over the other allele; Heterozygote displays the phenotype of the dominant allele 2. Incomplete Dominance – neither allele is dominant enough to overtake the other; Heterozygote displays a blended phenotype 3. Codominance – Both alleles are equally dominant; Heterozygote displays both alleles equally (usually spotted) 4. Sex-linked – Found on the sex chromosomes; Sex-linked recessive more common in males (have only 1 X) (Colorblindness) 5. Multiple Alleles – More than 2 alleles (Blood type)

R = Red flower r = white flower

Heterozygote Phenotype (Rr)

Complete Dominance Red

Incomplete Dominance Pink

Codominance Red & white spotted

Which statement best describes the relationship between an allele and a gene?A. An allele is a variation of a gene that can be expressed as a phenotype.B. An allele is the part of a gene that attaches to messenger RNA molecules.C. An allele is a segment of a DNA molecule that controls replication of a gene.D. An allele is the primary protein made by a gene found in a developing embryo.

A genetic mutation that causes a codon that should code for a specific amino acid to be changed into a stop codon results in a shortened protein product and is known as

A. A Frame shift MutationB. A Nonsense MutationC. A Silent MutationD. A chromosomal Mutation

A trait in cows is determined by two alleles of a single gene: allele R is dominant, andallele r is recessive. What is the probability of the dominant trait being expressed in theoffspring of one RR parent and one rr parent?

A. 25%B. 50%C. 75%D. 100%

Overuse of antibiotics has caused antibiotic resistance in some bacteria in a population. Which statement describes the most likely impact of natural selection on the bacterial population?

A. Beneficial mutations have decreased, resulting in a larger population than normal.B. Only the genes for antibiotic resistance are now expressed, eliminating other genes.C. More antibiotic-resistant bacteria have survived, resulting in more offspring with this trait.D. The bacteria have become genetically isolated, resulting in decreased reproductive rates.