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ICT and the goods transport and logistics system
STELLA workshopICT, Innovation and the Transport System
Arlington, VA. 15 –17 January 2002
Michel Savy
professor University Paris-Val de Marneand Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées
director Observatory of Transport Policiesand Strategies in Europe
STELLA workshop 2
Presentation plan
1. Introduction: goods transport as a STELLA issue
2. IT, goods transport and logistics process
3. IT, organisation and market of goods transport and logistics industry
4. Conclusions (very short)
STELLA workshop 3
1. Introduction: goods transport as a STELLA issue goods transport is a substantial part of transport
system goods transport and passenger transport interfere,
notably for the use of infrastructure, particularly in metropolitan areas
goods transport is a massive consumer and provider of IT
IT plays a major role in present restructuring of this industry
structures and practices are not the same on both sides of Atlantic, whereas all large firms try to develop global intercontinental networks
STELLA workshop 4
2. IT, Goods transport and logistics process IT is a transverse technology
2.1. Goods transport network: a cross-section multi-layer "vertical" approach
2.2. Goods transport network: a "horizontal" approach
2.3. From transport to logistics
STELLA workshop 5
2.1. Goods transport network: a cross-section multi-layer "vertical" approach
Networks and IT: a generic approach
infrastructure
"infostructure"
service
IT as a new, additional layer: "infostructure"
STELLA workshop 6
2.1. Goods transport network: a cross-section multi-layer "vertical" approach (2) IT is not an intermediate layer, but a
transverse link between all layers, necessary to all interfaces
transport
infrastructure
vehicle
cargo
economicsrelationships
traffic
logistics
information system
STELLA workshop 7
2.2. Goods transport network: a "horizontal" approach Double network: physical and
informational flows
Pick up
Delivery
Haulage
Data base
physical flow
information flow
STELLA workshop 8
2.3. From transport to logistics
transport handling warehousing packaging physical distribution plus, possibly: inventory management quality control post manufacturing maintenance purchasing etc.
STELLA workshop 9
2.3. Logistics: Fields of Responsibility
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90 warehousing
transport (external)
materials and stock
management
shipment processing
distribution
transport (between works)
order processing
transport (in works)
packaging
production planning
STELLA workshop 10
2.3. Logistics Cost Split
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
su
pp
ly
tra
nsp
ort
up
str
ea
m
inve
nto
ry
up
str
ea
m
fin
an
cia
l co
st
pro
du
ctio
n
dis
trib
utio
n
tra
nsp
ort
do
wn
str
ea
m
inve
nto
ry
do
wn
str
ea
m
fin
an
cia
l co
st
sa
les
ma
na
ge
me
nt
STELLA workshop 11
2.3. Flows:- information and data transmission (upstream)- goods transport (downstream)
supplyers
manufacturing
industrial warehouse
retail warehouse
distribution depots
customers
production orders
commercial orders
sales
delivery orders
supply orders
STELLA workshop 12
2.3. Logistics expense and outsourcing in Europe
Logistics expense (G $) Outsourcing (%)Germany 40,6 26France 29,0 29United Kingdom 25,5 38Italy 16,1 14Benelyx 11,6 26Scandinavia 8,9 22Spain 7,9 20Austria 3,8 21Ireland 1,0 26Portugal 0,9 18Greece 0,8 12Total Europe 128,4 26
STELLA workshop 13
2.3. Fields and Degree of Outsourcing in Logistics
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70tr
an
sp
ort
wa
reh
ou
sin
g
pa
cka
gin
g
ha
nd
ling
pro
du
ctio
n
pu
rch
ase
-
su
pp
ly
STELLA workshop 14
3. IT, organisation and market of goods transport and logistics industry
3.1. IT in organisation of transport
groups
3.2. IT and e-logistics
3.3. IT and the limits of the firm
STELLA workshop 15
3.1. IT as an additional department or
branch
parce
l serv
ice
full
load
road
haula
ge
freigh
t for
wardi
ng
logist
ics IT
mail,
couri
er
STELLA workshop 16
3.1. IT as a transverse function
parc
el s
ervi
ce
full
load
ro
ad
haul
age
freig
ht
forw
ardi
ng
logi
stic
s
ITm
ail,
cour
ier
STELLA workshop 17
3.2. IT and e-logistics
Segmentation of market
Virtual transactions are not the problem, real
issue is physical distribution cost
lead-time
reliability
B2C (delivery at home, at precise times, problems of no consignee, mistakes, payment, etc.)
STELLA workshop 18
3.2. E-logistics network
Outsourcing or integrated distribution ? dedicated e-logistics network
additional use of existing network
competition between newcomers and existing distributors
Vertical integration
STELLA workshop 19
3.3. Subcontracting in the transport industry
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
45,0
50,0
0-5 6-9 10-19 20-49 50-99 100-199 200 & +
Size of the firm
Ra
te o
f s
ub
co
ntr
acti
ng
STELLA workshop 20
3.3. IT and the limits of the firm Notion of mega, extended firm
extension of networks diversification spatial coverage, up to continental and global
including regular subcontractors joint ventures alliances
Integration or "bi-polarisation" ? coherent single structure division of labour:
organisation, marketing firm, controlling IT system, non asset (4PL)
operating firms, subcontractors
STELLA workshop 21
Industry and market structures are not the same in Europe and America
4. Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
UPS Fedex DP TPG La Poste The Post Office
Reste du monde
Europe
STELLA workshop 22
4. Conclusions
Freight transport and logistics are involved in a sharp and massive change, where IT is a central element
Those emerging issues have still to be confirmed
Euro-American comparison research programs would be desirable...
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