Grammar Notes Unit 3 Part 2

Weeks 5 – 8 Sentences and Sentence Variety

(lessons 34 – 39)

Grammar NotesUnit 3 Part 2

Grammar – Unit 3 Lessons 34 - 39

Parts of Speech Part 3

and Sentences

The 8 Parts of Speech1. Nouns: Words that name a person, place, thing, or idea (sofa,

democracy) Proper nouns — specific names of people and places, such as Peyton

Manning and Indianapolis — are capitalized.2. Pronouns: Words that take the place of a noun or another pronoun (I,

you, me, he, she, it, we, who, they) Possessive pronouns show ownership: my/mine, your/yours, their/theirs,

our/ours.3. Verbs: Words that name an action or describe a state of being (run,

seem)4. Adjectives: Words that describe nouns and pronouns (red, more,

second, several)5. Adverbs: Words that describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs

(yesterday, below, happily, partly)6. Prepositions: Words that link a noun or pronoun to another word in

the sentence (by, about, behind, above, across, at, with)7. Conjunctions: Words that connect words or groups of words and

show how they are related (and, or, for, but, after, although, because)8. Interjections: Words that show strong emotion (Oh! Wow!)

Please take Notes using the Cornell Method

Grammar Bytes - Week 5A/An – Use a before consonant sounds; use an before vowel sounds.

Examples: She has an MBA. It’s a Utopian idea.

Grammar Bytes - Week 6Abbreviations (making them Plural): Add an s (without an apostrophe) to the end of an abbreviation to make it plural.

Example: Smith had two RBIs tonight.

Grammar Bytes - Week 7Affect/Effect: Most of the time affect is a verb and effect is a noun.

Example: The rain affected her hair. The effect mattered.

GRAMMARLesson 34

Please take out your notes for your studies in Grammar …

Essential Question: What are prepositions and how are they

used in sentences?

Prepositions

Prepositions often answer questions like Where? and When?

Keep that secret between you and me.

I’ll tell you the secret at dinnertime.

WhereWhen

above by over

Time

Space before after since

Prepositions show relationship between words; they deal with space and time.

Note: Prepositions are NOT usually followed by verbs.

Ending Sentences with Prepositions

Although most grammarians agree that it is OK to end sentences with prepositions, it is BETTER not to. LOL

What is ice cream made of? What are the ingredients in ice cream?

(acceptable)(better)

Where is she at? Where is she?

Before using a preposition, ask, “Is it necessary?”

Before using a preposition, ask, “Is it necessary?”

Squiggly jumped off of the dock. Squiggly jumped off the dock.

Ending Sentences with Prepositions Tip: If the sentence doesn’t work without the preposition, keep it in. And it’s usually OK to end with a preposition if the preposition is necessary and the sentence would sound awkward when rewritten.

Phrasal Verb: A set of words (a verb-plus-preposition combo) that acts as a single verb unit.

look up make up run awaysleep over

held uprun into show up throw upcheer up

Prepositional Phrases Prepositions do not act alone; they act as part of prepositional phrases.

She slid the note under the door.

They planned to meet at noon.

Where WhenSpace Time

1. Where is the mouse at?2. The mouse is in the

house.3. After five days, she

asked, “Who’s house?”4. I answered, “Sue’s

house which is over the hill.”

Mini Quiz – Copy the sentence, underline the preposition and tell if it is used correctly or incorrectly in the sentence.

ICC

C

Summary: In one sentence, please answer part one of your essential question:

What are prepositions?

Prepositions

Grammar Matters ------

GRAMMARLesson 35

Please take out your notes for your studies in Grammar …

Essential Question: What is the difference between

conjunctions and interjections?

ConjunctionsInterjections

A conjunction connects words, phrases, and parts of sentences.

Coordinating Conjunctions Correlative Conjunctions Subordinating Conjunctions

Coordinating Conjunctions are used to organize sentences by joining other words, phrases, or clauses that have the same construction: parallel construction. For

And Nor But Or Yet So

Parallel Construction Squiggly was often distracted by this or that. Squiggly went to the store and bought some

chocolate. Squiggly went to the store, and Aardvark

wondered when he would return.

Squiggly picked Grammar Girl and Aardvark and Anna and Charlie and Harry and Sally.

NOTE: Don’t overuse and or or. Instead, use commas

Parallel ConstructionPlease read and mark as “r” for right or “w” for wrong.

1. Aard bought a tie, shirt, and a hat for Squig.2. Aard bought a tie, a shirt, and a hat for Squig.3. Squig asks for a bicycle, the tent, and for a kite.4. Squig asks for a bicycle, for a tent, and for a kite. 5. Squig asks for a bicycle, a tent, and a kite.6. Squig asks for a bicycle, tent, and kite.

WRWRRR

Correlative Conjunctions – A conjunction pair.

both …either …neither …not only …

andor

norbut also

Both you and your brother are welcome.

Either be friends with Squiggly or I am not playing.

Neither Grammar Girl nor Aardvark have arrived.

Aardvark is not only a great player but also a great negotiator.

Subordinating Conjunctions are used to create subordinate clauses, clauses that can not stand alone as a sentence.

Aardvark left the room whenever Squiggly turned on polka music.

Squiggly warned Aardvark before he turned on the music.

BecauseBeforeIfSinceThough WhenWheneverWhile

Interjections, sometimes called exclamations, are short words or phrases that reveal emotions, offer reactions, insert pauses, and demand attention.

Aha!

Amazing!

Note: They can stand alone as a one-word sentence.

Um, not really.

Yo! Do you know what an interjection is?

Wow!

Yes, you have a problem with that?

Well, how can you say you don’t know what an interjection is?

Both you ___ Jan should attend.Either stay here ____ leave.Neither Anj ____ Bardo are here.Jill is not only a good athlete _______a great student.

Mini Quiz – Copy the sentences using the correct conjunctions.

andor

nor

but also

Summary: In one sentence, please answer your

essential question: What is the difference between conjunctions and interjections?

ConjunctionsInterjections

Grammar Matters ------

GRAMMARLesson 36

Please take out your notes for your studies in Grammar …

Essential Question: What is the subject of a sentence?

Sentences The Subject

The subject of a sentence is who or what a sentence is about.

The simplest subject is a simple noun: Compound subject – Two or more nouns

joined by and.

Alternative subject – Two or more nouns joined by or.

Subjects can have different forms.

EX: Squiggly and Aardvark ran.

EX: Squiggly ran.

EX: Squiggly or Aardvark called.

A sentence that doesn’t seem to have a subject usually has an implied subject.

Run!

Gerunds and Infinitives can work as subjects. Singing makes me happy! To laugh is to live.

Complete Subject – a noun phrase acting as a subject.

Simple Subject – a noun in the noun phrase operating as a subject.

The friendly yellow snail ran.

The friendly yellow snail ran.

Summary: In one sentence, please answer

your essential question: What is the subject of a sentence?

Sentences The Subject

Grammar Matters ------

GRAMMARLesson 37

Please take out your notes for your studies in Grammar …

Essential Question: What is the predicate of a sentence?

Sentences The Predicate

The predicate is the part of the sentence that isn’t the subject. A sentence must have a verb, and in a very simple sentence, the predicate is the verb.

Squiggly ran. The predicate can include things that modify the verb, such as objects and adverbs.

Squiggly ran quickly.

If your sentence has a linking verb, such as is, the elements that comes after it is called the predicate noun when it is a noun and a predicate adjective if it is an adjective.

The ring is a doozy.Silence is golden.

predicate noun

predicate adjective

Quiz – Underline the predicate in each sentence

Squiggly looked longingly at the chocolate.The boy with blue hair called.Sir Fragalot messed up his sentence again.

Summary: In one sentence, please answer

your essential question: What is the predicate of a sentence?

Sentences The Predicate

Grammar Matters ------

GRAMMARLesson 38

Please take out your notes for your studies in Grammar …

Essential Question: What is the difference between direct and

indirect objects?

Objects direct indirect

Sentences are made up of more than subjects and verbs.

If the verb is transitive—your sentence will also need an object.

There are two kinds of objects:A direct object – is the direct recipient of the verb’s action.An indirect object – is the person or thing that receives the direct object.

Quiz – is the underlined word a direct or an indirect object?1. Squiggly bought rocks2. Squiggly gave me rocks.3. Aardvark sent flowers.4. Aardvark sent Rosie flowers.5. She threw him a kiss.6. She threw him a kiss.

directindirectdirect

indirectindirectdirectNOTE– You can’t have an

indirect object without a direct object.

Summary: In one sentence, please answer your

essential question: What is the difference between direct and indirect objects?

Objects Direct Indirect

Grammar Matters ------

GRAMMARLesson 39

Please take out your notes for your studies in Grammar …

Essential Question: What is the difference between phrases

and clauses?

The PhraseThe Clause

Clause – subject and a time telling verbJoliee laughed.

Independent Clause: a clause that can stand alone as a sentence

Dependent Clause (Subordinate Clause): a clause that can NOT stand alone as a sentence.

After Joliee laughed.

Phrase – like a clause but is missing a subject or a time telling verb Laughing loudly. Because of the rain Since yesterday

Types of phrases:The house that Jack built stood on a hill.

noun phrase

We should have gone to the store. verb phrase

The student of the month claimed her reward. prepositional phrase

Trees grown without love will bear no fruit.. participial phrase

Swimming upstream, the fish will live.gerund phrase

To remember is to respect her request. infinitive phrase

Mini QuizIdentify the independent or main clause in each sentence.1. Because Joilee’s hair frizzed wildly on damp days,

she wore fifty barrettes.

2. After plugging in his MP3 player, Aardvark began practicing his routine for the auditions.

3. Squiggly curled up in his big chair although he knew he should get to work.

4. Santa makes good time because he rides a sleigh.

Summary: In one sentence, please answer your

essential question: What is the difference between phrases and clauses?

The Clause The Phrase

Grammar Matters ------