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Grammar Notes Unit 3 Part 2 . Weeks 5 – 8 Sentences and Sentence Variety (lessons 34 – 39) . Grammar – Unit 3 Lessons 34 - 39. Parts of Speech Part 3 and Sentences. The 8 Parts of Speech. Nouns: Words that name a person, place, thing, or idea (sofa, democracy) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Weeks 5 – 8 Sentences and Sentence Variety
(lessons 34 – 39)
Grammar NotesUnit 3 Part 2
Grammar – Unit 3 Lessons 34 - 39
Parts of Speech Part 3
and Sentences
The 8 Parts of Speech1. Nouns: Words that name a person, place, thing, or idea (sofa,
democracy) Proper nouns — specific names of people and places, such as Peyton
Manning and Indianapolis — are capitalized.2. Pronouns: Words that take the place of a noun or another pronoun (I,
you, me, he, she, it, we, who, they) Possessive pronouns show ownership: my/mine, your/yours, their/theirs,
our/ours.3. Verbs: Words that name an action or describe a state of being (run,
seem)4. Adjectives: Words that describe nouns and pronouns (red, more,
second, several)5. Adverbs: Words that describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
(yesterday, below, happily, partly)6. Prepositions: Words that link a noun or pronoun to another word in
the sentence (by, about, behind, above, across, at, with)7. Conjunctions: Words that connect words or groups of words and
show how they are related (and, or, for, but, after, although, because)8. Interjections: Words that show strong emotion (Oh! Wow!)
Please take Notes using the Cornell Method
Grammar Bytes - Week 5A/An – Use a before consonant sounds; use an before vowel sounds.
Examples: She has an MBA. It’s a Utopian idea.
Grammar Bytes - Week 6Abbreviations (making them Plural): Add an s (without an apostrophe) to the end of an abbreviation to make it plural.
Example: Smith had two RBIs tonight.
Grammar Bytes - Week 7Affect/Effect: Most of the time affect is a verb and effect is a noun.
Example: The rain affected her hair. The effect mattered.
GRAMMARLesson 34
Please take out your notes for your studies in Grammar …
Essential Question: What are prepositions and how are they
used in sentences?
Prepositions
Prepositions often answer questions like Where? and When?
Keep that secret between you and me.
I’ll tell you the secret at dinnertime.
WhereWhen
above by over
Time
Space before after since
Prepositions show relationship between words; they deal with space and time.
Note: Prepositions are NOT usually followed by verbs.
Ending Sentences with Prepositions
Although most grammarians agree that it is OK to end sentences with prepositions, it is BETTER not to. LOL
What is ice cream made of? What are the ingredients in ice cream?
(acceptable)(better)
Where is she at? Where is she?
Before using a preposition, ask, “Is it necessary?”
Before using a preposition, ask, “Is it necessary?”
Squiggly jumped off of the dock. Squiggly jumped off the dock.
Ending Sentences with Prepositions Tip: If the sentence doesn’t work without the preposition, keep it in. And it’s usually OK to end with a preposition if the preposition is necessary and the sentence would sound awkward when rewritten.
Phrasal Verb: A set of words (a verb-plus-preposition combo) that acts as a single verb unit.
look up make up run awaysleep over
held uprun into show up throw upcheer up
Prepositional Phrases Prepositions do not act alone; they act as part of prepositional phrases.
She slid the note under the door.
They planned to meet at noon.
Where WhenSpace Time
1. Where is the mouse at?2. The mouse is in the
house.3. After five days, she
asked, “Who’s house?”4. I answered, “Sue’s
house which is over the hill.”
Mini Quiz – Copy the sentence, underline the preposition and tell if it is used correctly or incorrectly in the sentence.
ICC
C
Summary: In one sentence, please answer part one of your essential question:
What are prepositions?
Prepositions
Grammar Matters ------
GRAMMARLesson 35
Please take out your notes for your studies in Grammar …
Essential Question: What is the difference between
conjunctions and interjections?
ConjunctionsInterjections
A conjunction connects words, phrases, and parts of sentences.
Coordinating Conjunctions Correlative Conjunctions Subordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating Conjunctions are used to organize sentences by joining other words, phrases, or clauses that have the same construction: parallel construction. For
And Nor But Or Yet So
Parallel Construction Squiggly was often distracted by this or that. Squiggly went to the store and bought some
chocolate. Squiggly went to the store, and Aardvark
wondered when he would return.
Squiggly picked Grammar Girl and Aardvark and Anna and Charlie and Harry and Sally.
NOTE: Don’t overuse and or or. Instead, use commas
Parallel ConstructionPlease read and mark as “r” for right or “w” for wrong.
1. Aard bought a tie, shirt, and a hat for Squig.2. Aard bought a tie, a shirt, and a hat for Squig.3. Squig asks for a bicycle, the tent, and for a kite.4. Squig asks for a bicycle, for a tent, and for a kite. 5. Squig asks for a bicycle, a tent, and a kite.6. Squig asks for a bicycle, tent, and kite.
WRWRRR
Correlative Conjunctions – A conjunction pair.
both …either …neither …not only …
andor
norbut also
Both you and your brother are welcome.
Either be friends with Squiggly or I am not playing.
Neither Grammar Girl nor Aardvark have arrived.
Aardvark is not only a great player but also a great negotiator.
Subordinating Conjunctions are used to create subordinate clauses, clauses that can not stand alone as a sentence.
Aardvark left the room whenever Squiggly turned on polka music.
Squiggly warned Aardvark before he turned on the music.
BecauseBeforeIfSinceThough WhenWheneverWhile
Interjections, sometimes called exclamations, are short words or phrases that reveal emotions, offer reactions, insert pauses, and demand attention.
Aha!
Amazing!
Note: They can stand alone as a one-word sentence.
Um, not really.
Yo! Do you know what an interjection is?
Wow!
Yes, you have a problem with that?
Well, how can you say you don’t know what an interjection is?
Both you ___ Jan should attend.Either stay here ____ leave.Neither Anj ____ Bardo are here.Jill is not only a good athlete _______a great student.
Mini Quiz – Copy the sentences using the correct conjunctions.
andor
nor
but also
Summary: In one sentence, please answer your
essential question: What is the difference between conjunctions and interjections?
ConjunctionsInterjections
Grammar Matters ------
GRAMMARLesson 36
Please take out your notes for your studies in Grammar …
Essential Question: What is the subject of a sentence?
Sentences The Subject
The subject of a sentence is who or what a sentence is about.
The simplest subject is a simple noun: Compound subject – Two or more nouns
joined by and.
Alternative subject – Two or more nouns joined by or.
Subjects can have different forms.
EX: Squiggly and Aardvark ran.
EX: Squiggly ran.
EX: Squiggly or Aardvark called.
A sentence that doesn’t seem to have a subject usually has an implied subject.
Run!
Gerunds and Infinitives can work as subjects. Singing makes me happy! To laugh is to live.
Complete Subject – a noun phrase acting as a subject.
Simple Subject – a noun in the noun phrase operating as a subject.
The friendly yellow snail ran.
The friendly yellow snail ran.
Summary: In one sentence, please answer
your essential question: What is the subject of a sentence?
Sentences The Subject
Grammar Matters ------
GRAMMARLesson 37
Please take out your notes for your studies in Grammar …
Essential Question: What is the predicate of a sentence?
Sentences The Predicate
The predicate is the part of the sentence that isn’t the subject. A sentence must have a verb, and in a very simple sentence, the predicate is the verb.
Squiggly ran. The predicate can include things that modify the verb, such as objects and adverbs.
Squiggly ran quickly.
If your sentence has a linking verb, such as is, the elements that comes after it is called the predicate noun when it is a noun and a predicate adjective if it is an adjective.
The ring is a doozy.Silence is golden.
predicate noun
predicate adjective
Quiz – Underline the predicate in each sentence
Squiggly looked longingly at the chocolate.The boy with blue hair called.Sir Fragalot messed up his sentence again.
Summary: In one sentence, please answer
your essential question: What is the predicate of a sentence?
Sentences The Predicate
Grammar Matters ------
GRAMMARLesson 38
Please take out your notes for your studies in Grammar …
Essential Question: What is the difference between direct and
indirect objects?
Objects direct indirect
Sentences are made up of more than subjects and verbs.
If the verb is transitive—your sentence will also need an object.
There are two kinds of objects:A direct object – is the direct recipient of the verb’s action.An indirect object – is the person or thing that receives the direct object.
Quiz – is the underlined word a direct or an indirect object?1. Squiggly bought rocks2. Squiggly gave me rocks.3. Aardvark sent flowers.4. Aardvark sent Rosie flowers.5. She threw him a kiss.6. She threw him a kiss.
directindirectdirect
indirectindirectdirectNOTE– You can’t have an
indirect object without a direct object.
Summary: In one sentence, please answer your
essential question: What is the difference between direct and indirect objects?
Objects Direct Indirect
Grammar Matters ------
GRAMMARLesson 39
Please take out your notes for your studies in Grammar …
Essential Question: What is the difference between phrases
and clauses?
The PhraseThe Clause
Clause – subject and a time telling verbJoliee laughed.
Independent Clause: a clause that can stand alone as a sentence
Dependent Clause (Subordinate Clause): a clause that can NOT stand alone as a sentence.
After Joliee laughed.
Phrase – like a clause but is missing a subject or a time telling verb Laughing loudly. Because of the rain Since yesterday
Types of phrases:The house that Jack built stood on a hill.
noun phrase
We should have gone to the store. verb phrase
The student of the month claimed her reward. prepositional phrase
Trees grown without love will bear no fruit.. participial phrase
Swimming upstream, the fish will live.gerund phrase
To remember is to respect her request. infinitive phrase
Mini QuizIdentify the independent or main clause in each sentence.1. Because Joilee’s hair frizzed wildly on damp days,
she wore fifty barrettes.
2. After plugging in his MP3 player, Aardvark began practicing his routine for the auditions.
3. Squiggly curled up in his big chair although he knew he should get to work.
4. Santa makes good time because he rides a sleigh.
Summary: In one sentence, please answer your
essential question: What is the difference between phrases and clauses?
The Clause The Phrase
Grammar Matters ------