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Evolving demand for animal feed research for sustainable intensification of agriculture. Michael Peters and Michael Blummel . Topics . Global importance of livestock and its positive and negative effect Feed resourcing and feeding at he interface of positive and negative effects - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Evolving demand for animal feed research for sustainable intensification of agriculture
Michael Peters and Michael Blummel
Topics
• Global importance of livestock and its positive and negative effect
• Feed resourcing and feeding at he interface of positive and negative effects
• Key intervention and mitigation strategies
Global importance of (forage/roughage based) crop-livestock systems
• Nearly one-third of the global human appropriation of net primary production occurs on grazing lands
• Livestock account for 40% of global agricultural gross domestic product
• Livestock production supports livelihoods of more than 1 billon globally, including 600 million of the world’s poorest
• Livestock products supply one-third of humanity’s protein intake
Global land use
Land use class Land use (ice-free) in 2000
(Mkm2)%
Forests under use 35.0 26.8Agricultural land 62.1 47.6 - Permanent pastures 34.1 26.1 - Cropland 15.2 11.6 . Used as feedstuff 3.9 3.0 . Fodder crops 1.4 1.1Livestock feeding 52.2 40.0Total ice-free 130.5 100.0
Peters et al., 2013
Importance of livestock in developing countries: • Smallholders predominate• Livestock: smallholders…‐ produce 50% of beef, 41% of milk, 72% of mutton, 59% of
pork, and 53% of poultry‐ provide food for at least 830 million food insecure people
Livestock Production & Smallholders
Global meat consumption pattern
Adopted from: McMichael et al., 2007
Country/category Gram per day
Developed countries 224 Developing countries 47 Africa 31 Latin America 147
Livestock sector & GHG “hoofprint”
Soil Fertilization20%
Energy17%
Rice10%
Manure Ma-nagement
7%
Ruminant Enteric Fer-mentation
34%
Ruminant Wastes on Pastures
12%
Global greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural productionPercent100% = 6.5 GT CO2 e in 2010
Sources: WRI analysis based on EPA 2012 and FAO 2012 with adjustments
GHG emissions from livestock sector
By main animal species and commodities
Mton CO2 eq
Source: Gerber et al, 2012
Beef Catt
le
Dairy C
attle Pigs
Buffalo
Chickens
Small
Ruminants
Other Poultr
y0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
2495
2128
668 618 612474
72Beef Pork Eggs Milk Poultry
80
2540
3020
Kg CO2 e / Kg protein
Source: DeVries (2009)
Per unit of protein
Spatial distribution of GHG emission intensities by livestock
low animal productivity across large areas of arid lands where feed is
scarce and of low quality and animals have low productive potential
Moderate emission intensities occur throughout the
developing world, in places with important beef production
In most of the developed world, emission intensities are low, due to more intensive feeding practices, feed
conversion-efficient breeds of livestock, and temperate climates where feed quality is mostly higher
Source: Herrero et al. 2013. Global greenhouse gas efficiency per kilogram of animal protein produced
Liters of water needed to produce one kilogram of product
Liters of water per kilogram of product
Source: Waterfootprint.org, Gleick 2009
BeefPork
Chicken
Rice
Sorgh
um
Soyb
eanWheat
MilkMaiz
ePotat
o0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
27110
450600
1000
Native savannaDegraded pastureGrass/legume pasture with fertilizerImproved pasture with maizePasture after 3 years of maize-soybean rotation
Rincón, 2009
Crop-livestock integration to increase animal live weight gain (kg/ha/year) in the acid soil savannas of Colombia
Transition from extensive systems towards mixed more intensive crop-livestock systems could allow for mitigating GHG emissions without compromising food security
Reduced methane (CH4) production can result from land sparing
Almost landless, grain-fed livestock systems have economic advantages in terms of production rates and scale effects, but can lead to direct competition for food
Livestock convert low nutrient dense roughage into high-biological-value foods that are highly nutrient dense
Comparing the environmental footprint of systems requires not only analysis of their direct GHG emissions but the environmental costs of feed production
Need for sustainable intensification to improve eco-efficiency
Opportunities through forage-based systems to reduce GHG emissions
1) Increasing C stocks
2) Reducing CH4 emissions per unit of livestock product and net CH4 emissions by reducing animal numbers
3) Reducing nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions
Soil organic carbon (SOC) under pastures of Brachiaria humidicola alone (Bh) and with Arachis pintoi
(Bh/Ap) and native savanna (NS) on a clay loam Oxisol on the eastern plains
of Colombia(Fisher et al., 1996)
SOC in three predominant land-use systems in the eastern plains of
Colombia (Castro et al., 2012 unpublished)
Alm
acen
amie
nto
de C
(t h
a-1
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Pasto MejoradoPasto mejorado degradadoSabana Nativa
(a) Puerto López (b) Puerto Gaitán (c) PromedioAverage
Improved pastureImproved pasture (degraded)Native Savanna
C st
ock
(t h
a-1
)
% C (modified Walkley-Black)
Improved pastures & C accumulationD
epth
(cm
)
Benefits from BNI
Effects of BNI from Brachiaria humidicola
pasture on subsequent maize crop
(CIAT-JIRCAS-Corpoica, 2013)M
aize
gra
in y
ield
(kg
ha-1
)
N fertilization (kg N ha-1)
Preceding land use
Feed resourcing and feeding : the
interface
Water: where does it go?
10 15 20 25 30 350
2
4
6
8
10
12
Temperature (oC)
Wat
er in
take
(kg/
kgDM
feed
/day
)
Water for fodder and milk :Gujerat in India
Gujerat 3,400 l of water per kg of milk10,000 l of water for fodder/animal/day
Global 900 l of water per kg of milk
Source: Singh et al., 2004
Requirement for 1 MJ ME ranged from 12.9 liter H2O to 61.5 liter H2O
Source: Blϋmmel et al., 2009
OMTDR SCFA MBP GAS= + +
MBP
SCFA
GAS
Short chain fatty acids (C2, C3, C4)
supply energy to host animal
Microbial biomass supplies protein to host animal ( but also
CHO, lipids)
CH4 und CO2 ,losses to rumen Microbes and host animal alike
è
è
è
Principles Generalization of ruminal microbial feed degradation
Combined SCFA and EMP effects on methane production
100 150 200 250 300 350 40017.5
22.5
27.5
32.5
37.5
42.5
47.5
52.5
57.5
62.5
67.5
high concentrate (high propionate)high roughage (high acetate)
Microbial biomass produced per kg feed digested (g/kg)
CH4 (
l) pr
oduc
ed p
er k
g fe
ed d
iges
ted
Source: Blümmel and Krishna 2003
Actual average across herd milk yields (3.61 kg/d) and scenario-dependent
ME requirements for total milk production (81.8 million t/y)
ME required (MJ x 109)Milk (kg/d) Maintenance Production Total
3.61 (05/06) 1247.6 573.9 1821.56 (Scenario 1) 749.9 573.9 1323.89 (Scenario 2) 499.9 573.9 1073.8
12 (Scenario 3) 374.9 573.9 948.815 (Scenario 4) 299.9 573.9 873.9
Source: Blϋmmel et al., 2009
Effect of increasing average daily milk yields on overall methane emissions from dairy in India
* Calculated based on CAGR
Livestock revolution: Impact on energy and feed requirements
2005-06 2020 2020 fixed LP
Milk (million tons) 91.8 172 172yield/day (kg) 3.6 5.24 6.76Numbers (000) 69759 89920 * 69759
Metabolizable energy requirements (MJ x 109)Maintenance 1247.64 1608.22 1247.6Production 573.94 1075.00 1075.0Total 1821.58 2683.22 23266.6
Feed Requirements (m tons) 247.50 364.57 315.6
CR becoming more important
Kahsay Berhe (2004) study in Yarer Mountain area
Cultivated land has doubled at the expense of pasture in 30 years Switch in source of nutrition for livestock from grazing to CR
Area under different land use categories
Land cover types Area in 1971/72 (ha) % Area in
2000 (ha) %
Agriculture 7186 25.00 16204 56.38Forestry 2581 8.99 2696 9.37Water reservoirs 190 0.66 312 1.09Wetlands 0 0 132 0.46Pasture 18784 65.35 9397 32.70Total 28741 100.00 28741 100.00
Implications for feed resources and feed work
Feed demand is not a “constant” but dependent on the level of intensification besides amount of ASF production
Effect of intensification ie reduction in livestock numbers on water use and GHG emission more drastic and realistic than some proposed high end science intervention
Feed resourcing need to take shrinking arable land and water availability serious
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