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The Nation Breaking ApartGrowing Tensions Between
North and SouthPg. 441 - 445 Cartoons from Adventure Tales of America
Events Leading to the Civil War
Between 1803 (Louisiana Purchase) and 1850 (Mexican Cession) the U.S. gained an enormous amount of land. We needed to decide if the states made from that land would be slave or free. Up till then we had maintained a balance between slave and free states. The expansion of slavery into those territories was causing a lot of concern. How were we going to keep the balance between slave and free states?
What method would we use?
Controversy
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Two Major Issues That Divided the North and the South
South= For States’ Rights (States decide what they are going to do)
North= Against States’ Rights (National government decides what the Nation will
do)
a. States Rights
b. Spread of Slavery in the West
South=Let territories decide (hoping they’d choose to be
slave holding)North=Slavery can not spread
to the new territories!
2
Wage Labor
South=Plantation system developed because of mild climate and land that supported Cash Crops. This led to an Agricultural Economy that relied on Slave labor.The South developed into large Plantation farming. The invention of the Cotton Gin meant the South needed a
large, cheap labor supply. The Southern dependence on cotton meant that more slaves would be needed. In the West, they primarily had small farms that didn’t require a lot of slave labor.
North=Poor soil and short growing seasons made Cash Crops unproductive.
The North developed an Industrial Economy. The Northern economy relied on Wage Labor (Paid Workers). Slavery had
disappeared in the North because it didn’t fit their economy.
Economic Differences Between the North and the South
Slave Labor
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Which side was in a better shape to fight a
war?
South?
North?
North! Industrial!
Free Blacks in the North did have more advantages than slaves in the South. They could quit a job they didn’t like and find another. They worked for wages. And they could move
when and where they wanted. However, they also faced racism and discrimination. They weren’t paid as well as a white
worker doing the same job. The job they wanted might go to a white worker first. When traveling, they had to be careful
they weren’t picked up for being a runaway slave. They couldn’t vote or run for government office. They had more
rights than slaves but they didn’t have all the rights of American citizenship.
Even though the North didn’t have slavery…
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Wanted to ban slavery in the Mexican Cession territory out West, excluding
Texas. Texas already had slavery so they weren’t going to mess with Texas.
Congress refused to pass the Proviso.
Debate over the Proviso set up a four year battle over slavery.
Proviso didn’t pass, led to the creation of the Free-Soil Party. Was the first
political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery.
Wilmot Proviso - 1846
Compromise of 1850From 1846-1850 Congress argued about what to do with all the new territory we had gotten from Mexico. Among the things that were causing the conflict & making it necessary to make
another compromise were:a. Admission of CA as a free stateb. Slaves being sold in DC (Near our Capital representing Freedom!)c. Utah & New Mexico being admitted as slave statesd. Fugitive Slave Laws during this time
Men like John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun and Daniel Webster began looking for things the North and South would agree to compromise on so that we could keep Americans from
going to war for awhile longer.
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Compromise of 1850( ^^^ this is #16 ^^^ )
The only way to keep the peace, as they saw it, was to keep the balance between slave and free states in Congress. This meant we had to have a free and a slave state become part of America at the same time. We needed help.
Henry Clay was asked to perform another miracle.
Remember: He had come up with the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which kept the peace for almost 30 years.
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Terms of the Compromise of 1850
NS
N
S
Popular Sovereignty
Fugitive Slave Law was really bad. Slave catchers could come into
Northern states and take AA’s back as runaway slaves! Northerners tried to warn blacks to hide when catchers
were in town.
=Side that liked this provision
17a
17b
17a
17b
The Fugitive Slave Act-1850 ( ^^^ add this name in the margin beside #18 ^^^ )
Law passed in 1850 to help slaveholders recapture runaway slaves.
People accused of being a fugitive could be held without an arrest warrant.
No right to trial by jury
Instead a federal commissioner ruled on each case.
Received 5 dollars for releasing the defendant.
Received 10 dollars for returning the slave.
“Run, Forrest, run!”
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Result?The Compromise of 1850 failed to hold the Union together and angered
Northerners. However, the compromises were important because they managed to keep both sides satisfied & prevented a permanent split
before the Civil War.
That’s why I spent so much time writing
those Compromises!
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The Crisis Deepens Pg. 446 - 449
NullificationPeople in the North were so outraged at being forced to act as
slave catchers that they began to talk again about Nullification. This is where a state can refuse to follow a law of Congress within their state boundaries. In 1851, 26
people in Syracuse, New York were arrested, charged and tried for freeing a runaway slave named Jerry who had been arrested under the Fugitive Slave Act. Among the 26 people tried was a U.S. Senator and the former Governor of New
York! “Jerry” was hidden in Syracuse for several days until he could safely escape into Canada. The government of Wisconsin went even further and in 1854 officially declared the Fugitive
Slave Act to be unconstitutional.
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Joshua Glover was a slave in Missouri who managed to escape from his master. In 1854, with the help of the Underground Railroad, he made his way north, all the way to Wisconsin.
There he found work at a mill in Racine, a community in which anti-slavery sentiment ran high. His former master eventually
managed to find out where Glover had taken up residence.Accompanied by two US Marshals, the three of them took
Glover by surprise. Thrown into a wagon, he was transported to Milwaukee, where he was thrown in jail. Glover’s abduction
was discovered and in no time one hundred or so men landed by boat in Milwaukee.
The men marched towards the courthouse and crowds of people began to join their ranks or follow along as spectators.
They broke down the doors of the jail and freed Joshua Glover.
One Freedman’s Story
The Racine County Sheriff arrested Glover’s former slave master and the two US Marshals who had kidnapped him. They were charged with assault and put jail. In the meantime, the Underground Railroad assisted Joshua Glover as he crossed
the border into Canada.The United States Supreme court eventually reversed the action of the Wisconsin’s courts. Booth and one other man accused of helping to liberate Joshua Glover were found
guilty. Both spent months in jail in addition to having to pay stiff fines. This was the price that was paid for Joshua
Glover’s freedom.Rather than being deterred, however, Wisconsin, along with
several other states, such as Connecticut (1854), Rhode Island (1854), Massachusetts (1855), Michigan (1855), Maine (1855 and 1857), and Kansas (1858) all went on to pass even more personal liberty legislation designed to neutralize federal
enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850.The Untold Story of Nullification: Resisting Slavery by Derek Sheriff
Uncle Tom’s Cabin - 1852
Harriet Beecher Stowe–Story calling for an end to slavery. North decided: Slavery is horrible, cruel and unacceptable. South felt
like it was: Yankee Abolitionist Propaganda=North was lying about slavery
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Law passed to try to solve the problem of slavery in the Western territory. Political result of K-N Act was that
people in the territories could decide for themselves(popular sovereignty) whether their state would allow slavery.
Pro-slavery and Anti-slavery people began flooding into Kansas and Nebraska so they could force the state to become
what they wanted it to be.
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 185423
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Allowing Popular Sovereignty (the right to vote) in Kansas & Nebraska led to people rushing into those areas to get the vote to go their way. This caused a small scale civil war in Kansaswhich lasted for 4 months and
caused 200 deaths.“Bleeding Kansas” became the
rallying cry for the anti-slavery Northerners and the new political party called the
Republicans.
Bleeding Kansas”-1854-1857
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Violence in CongressSenator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts delivered a speech attacking the proslavery forces in Kansas.
In his speech he picked on A.P. Butler.Preston Brooks, a relative of Butler, heard about Sumner’s speech and attacked him at his desk.
He hit Sumner 30 times or more, breaking his cane in the assault.
This act became known as “Bleeding Sumner”“Bleeding Sumner” became another rallying cry for the anti-slavery Northerners and the new political
party.
Tensions in Congress over slavery sometimes turned violent.
Free and Slave States/Territories, 1820–1854
Slavery Dominates
Politics Pg. 450 - 454
Formed in 1856
Created by Northerners committed
to stop expansion of slavery into the
territories.
Birth of the Republican Party
In 1856, Abraham Lincoln joined the Republican party.
Abraham Lincoln
Dred Scott was a slavethat sued for his freedomafter briefly living with his
owner on free soil in the North. Supreme Court said:
African Americans were not citizens and could not
sue. Slaves were property.
This judgment increased the tension between the Northern and Southern
states.
The Case of Dred Scott-185728
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An Historic Match-Up
Stephen Arnold Douglas
Vs.
Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglasswere running for Senator of Illinois in 1858. They met for a series of debates in 1858
called the Lincoln-Douglass Debates in seven cities, in front of crowds of 12,000. Lincoln’s position was antislavery. He said Slavery
was wrong but still legal and it should not be expanded. Protected by the Constitution.
Slavery could not be abolished were it existed. Douglass won the election, but Lincoln
became nationally famous.
Lincoln - Douglas Debates-1858
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Why would Lincoln say that?
Abolitionist John Brown and his followers seized the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry,
Virginia. Killed 4 people in the action. Plan=stir up a slave revolt in Virginia
and end slavery. It didn’t work, the slaves did not revolt.
John Brown was captured, tried, found guilty of murder and executed along with 10
other menBrown became a martyr (hero) in the cause
against slavery
Raid on Harper’s Ferry-185936
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Old John Brown’s body lies moldering in the grave,While weep the sons of bondage whom he ventured all to save;
But tho he lost his life while struggling for the slave,His soul is marching on
John Brown was John the Baptist of the Christ we are to see,Christ who of the bondmen shall the Liberator be,
And soon thruout the Sunny South the slaves shall all be free,For his soul is marching on.
Ye soldiers of Freedom, then strike, while strike ye may,The death blow of oppression in a better time and way,For the dawn of old John Brown has brightened into day,
And his soul is marching on
Pop Quiz….Which song replaced the “John Brown’s Body” lyrics and became the new most popular song for Union troops?
John Brown’s Body-Popular song sung by Northern Troops
LincoLn’s ELEction and Southern
Secession Pg. 455 - 459
The Democratic Party Splits!!!
The Election of 1860Electoral Breakdown
The voters in 1860 voted mostly based on which section of the country they lived in. Lincoln repeatedly said he didn’t think the National Government could abolish slavery. He just promised to keep slavery from spreading into the
new territories. Those in the North voted for Lincoln, the South voted for Breckinridge and the middle states split
between Bell and Douglas. Due to the size of the population in the North and this split, Lincoln won the election.
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Result?Many Southerners had warned that if Lincoln won, the Southern states would secede, (withdraw
from the Union)They argued that the states had voluntarily joined
the Union. Consequently, they claimed that the states also had the right to leave the Union.
They claimed these reasons for leaving the Union:a) Disagreements over states’ rights issuesb) Breakdown of compromisesc) Increasing Sectionalism and finally…d) The Election of 1860
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Sectionalism 1840-1860
1. ________________
________________
2. ________________
________________
3.________________
4. ________________
5. ________________
SOUTH1.____________________
2. ___________________
____________________
3.____________________
4.____________________
5.____________________
WEST1.___________________
2.___________________
3.___________________
4.___________________
NORTH
Sectionalism 1840-18601. Free Labor( Paid workers)
2. Poor Soil (short growing season)
3.IndustrialEconomy
4. Strong Federal Government
5. High Tariffs
1. Slavery & Free labor
2. Fertile soil (Long growing season)
3. Agricultural economy
4. States Rights
5. Low Tariffs
1.Influenced migration
2. Fertile soil
3. Gold Rush of 1849
4. Unsettled territories
Wilmot Proviso (1846)
Bill to outlaw slavery in
territories taken from Mexico;
caused conflict in Congress
between Northerners and
Southerners
Kansas–Nebraska Act (1854)
Law to organize Kansas and
Nebraska territories;
overturned Missouri
Compromise; caused
violence in Kansas
Compromise of 1850
Laws meant to settle problem of
slavery; California became free
state, new fugitive slave law
passed; caused conflict by
failing to resolve slavery issue
Election of 1860
Lincoln elected with support
only in free states; caused
states in Deep South to decide
to secede
Efforts to avoid
Secession
Southern States Secede
South Carolina leads the way.
Confederate States of America
The states that seceded met in Montgomery, Alabama. They formed the Confederate States of America.
The Convention named Jefferson Davis president of the Confederacy.
They also drew up a Confederate Constitution that:- Was modeled after the U.S. Constitution- Had a few important differences- Supported States Rights and protected slavery in the Confederacy and any land it would acquire.
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Another Historic Match-Up
Vs.
War is on the horizon
The American Civil War1861-1865
Fort Sumter- April 12, 1861Lincoln notified Jefferson Davis (President of the
Confederate States of America) that he was sending supplies to the fort. South opened fire on April 12, 1861 and the
Union forces, being under-supplied, had to surrender. Result? War had begun!
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Choosing SidesBorder States were very important
Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri (why didn’t we mention West Virginia?)
These were all slave states bordering free states
Keeping Maryland was very important or D.C. would be cut off
24 States in the Union
11 States in the Confederacy
50Virginia split into two states when the southern half (Virginia) decided to secede. Those in the northern part (West Virginia)
wanted to remain with the Union.
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