Esveld presentation Madrid intro HSL · 2011. 2. 24. · 3 ECS ECS Seminar Madrid 23-24 February...

ECS ECS

www.esveld.com www.esveld.com

Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011

HIGH SPEED RAILWAYS IN THE WORLD IN 2011

Coenraad Esveld Coenraad Esveld Emeritus Professor of Railway Engineering TU Delft

Director of Esveld Consulting Services BV Emeritus Professor of Railway Engineering TU Delft

Director of Esveld Consulting Services BV

ECS ECS

CONTENTS OF PRESENTATION CONTENTS OF PRESENTATION

History of High-Speed Rail; Essentials of HSL; Track structure solutions; Overview of HSL world wide; Short wave irregularities.

ECS ECS

HISTORY OF HIGH-SPEED TRACK HISTORY OF HIGH-SPEED TRACK

Japan opened first HSL in ballasted track in the 1960’s; Daily maintenance was enormous; In the late 1990’s, still some 5,000 men were employed each night to restore the tracks for the next day’s operation; To reduce the enormous amount of maintenance, the Japanese developed their prefabricated slab track system which was first applied on the second Shinkansen line in 1972; This J-Slab is still their standard slab track system and was recently applied on Taiwan High Speed Line.

ECS ECS

SHINKANSEN TRACK TAIWAN SHINKANSEN TRACK TAIWAN Route length 336 km Route length 336 km

Principal J-Slab dimensions: • Length: 4.20, 4.30, 4.40, 4.80 and 4.90 m • Width: 2.20 m • Thickness: 0.19 m

ECS ECS

CA Mortar CA Mortar

ECS ECS

The French followed Japan in the late 1960’s early 1970’s; It was Mr. Serge Montagné who worked as trainee in Japan, early 1970’s under Dr. Watenabe and Dr. Sato; The French designed their tracks entirely in traditional ballasted track; This design has been adopted by many others, amongst others Korean High Speed Line.

ECS ECS

KTX TRACK WITH MONOBLOCK SLEEPERS KTX TRACK WITH MONOBLOCK SLEEPERS

Seoul – Pusan 412 km double track Seoul – Pusan 412 km double track

ECS ECS

NABLA SNCF NABLA SNCF

ECS ECS

KTX ELEVATED TRACK KTX ELEVATED TRACK

Seoul – Pusan 412 km double track Seoul – Pusan 412 km double track

ECS ECS

In Germany the so-called Rheda system was developed, finally resulting in the Rheda 2000 system; More or less standard for Europe, but also applied outside Europe. This system was also applied in The Netherlands.

ECS ECS

RHEDA CLASSIC RHEDA CLASSIC

ECS ECS

RHEDA 2000 SLAB TRACK RHEDA 2000 SLAB TRACK

ECS ECS

TRANSRAPID SHANGHAI TRANSRAPID SHANGHAI

Operating speed 430 km/h, route length 30 km

ECS ECS

Characteristic TRANSRAPID ICE 3 TGV-A

Speed max. 500 km/h 330 km/h 300 km/h

Mass / seat 0.6 t 1.1 t 1.0 t

Acceleration time 0-200 km/h 82 s 150 s 170 s

0-300 km/h 120 s 335 s 345 s

0-400 km/h 165 s

0-500 km/h 225 s

Acceleration distance 0-200 km/h 2,200 m 5,000 m

0-300 km/h 4,900 m 18,900 m 18,500 m

0-400 km/h 9,300 m

0-500 km/h 17,000 m

Characteristic TRANSRAPID ICE 3 TGV-A

Speed max. 500 km/h 330 km/h 300 km/h

Mass / seat 0.6 t 1.1 t 1.0 t

Acceleration time 0-200 km/h 82 s 150 s 170 s

0-300 km/h 120 s 335 s 345 s

0-400 km/h 165 s

0-500 km/h 225 s

Acceleration distance 0-200 km/h 2,200 m 5,000 m

0-300 km/h 4,900 m 18,900 m 18,500 m

0-400 km/h 9,300 m

0-500 km/h 17,000 m

ECS ECS

Country In operation Under construction Total Country [km]

China 4,326 6,696 10,025

Spain 1,525 2,219 3,744

Japan 1,906 590 2,496

France 1,872 234 2,106

Germany 1,032 378 1,410

Italy 923 92 1,015

Turkey 235 510 745

South Korea 330 82 412

Taiwan 345 0 345

Belgium 209 0 209

The Netherlands 120 0 120

United Kingdom 113 0 113

Switzerland 35 72 107

HIGH-SPEED LINES V > 250 KM/H, BASED ON UIC FIGURES

ECS ECS

ESSENTIALS OF HIGH-SPEED SYSTEMS ESSENTIALS OF HIGH-SPEED SYSTEMS Vehicle track interaction to be considered as one dynamic system; Low unsprung mass; Strong limitations in geometrical deviation of wheel and rail; Low conicity; Critical train speed; Switch design with emphasis on dynamics, safety and availability; Pressure waves in tunnels; Furthermore: aerodynamics, noise and vibration, dynamics of the catenery, power supply, signalling; RAMS is a key factor!

Vehicle track interaction to be considered as one dynamic system; Low unsprung mass; Strong limitations in geometrical deviation of wheel and rail; Low conicity; Critical train speed; Switch design with emphasis on dynamics, safety and availability; Pressure waves in tunnels; Furthermore: aerodynamics, noise and vibration, dynamics of the catenery, power supply, signalling; RAMS is a key factor!

ECS ECS

UNSPRUNG MASS UNSPRUNG MASS

For the sum of the quasi-static and low frequency Q-force a standard of 170 kN is applied; For the sum of the quasi-static and low frequency Q-force a standard of 170 kN is applied;

ECS ECS

EQUIVALENT CONICITY EQUIVALENT CONICITY

For a stable running performance of high-speed trains the equivalent conicity is a prime factor; SNCF starts with a very low conicity of 0.025, increases till approximately 0.10, with exceptional values of 0.13; DB starts much higher in the order of 0.10, associated with the philosophy of worn wheel profiles. Maximum value 0.15.

ECS ECS

TRACK LOADSTRACK LOADS • Wavelength λ• Frequency f• Wavelength λ• Frequency f

λ =vf

λ[m]λ[m]Wav

Rollin

Hertzian spring

Hertzian springW

Wheels

BogieBogie

Sprung mass

1000-100 Hz

100-20 Hz

20-5 Hz

5-0.7 Hz

0.30.3 33 1010 120

ForcesForces Passenger comfortPassenger comfort

ECS ECS

SHORT-WAVE IRREGULARITIES SHORT-WAVE IRREGULARITIES Sort-wave irregularities most aggressive and essential to limit; Most important to limit to 1 : 1000 to reduce impact force; Sort-wave irregularities most aggressive and essential to limit; Most important to limit to 1 : 1000 to reduce impact force;

Inclination: High-Speed < 1.0 mrad

2dynF = C v Inclination* *

ECS ECS

ANALYSES FOR HIGH-SPEED TRACK ANALYSES FOR HIGH-SPEED TRACK Longitudinal forces, especially at long bridges; Static design; Dynamics:

Wave propagation in soft soils; Long wave vehicle track interaction; Short wave wheel rail interaction;

Longitudinal forces, especially at long bridges; Static design; Dynamics:

Wave propagation in soft soils; Long wave vehicle track interaction; Short wave wheel rail interaction;

ECS ECS

CRITICAL TRAIN SPEED CRITICAL TRAIN SPEED

On soft soils propagation of Rayleigh waves is a major issue On soft soils propagation of Rayleigh waves is a major issue

ρGCC TR =≈ρGCC TR =≈

ECS ECS

MEASUREMENTS IN ENGLAND ON SOFT SOILS MEASUREMENTS IN ENGLAND ON SOFT SOILS

-14 -14

-13 -13

-12 -12

-11 -11

-10 -10

120 120 150 150 180 180 210 210 240 240

Running speed [km/h] Running speed [km/h]

High speed train High speed train IC train IC train

Critical train speed Critical train speed

225 225

ECS ECS

TRACK TOLERANCES

ECS ECS

BALLASTLESS TRACK BALLASTLESS TRACK

Reduced height; No flying ballast particles; High lateral resistance; Low maintenance, hence higher availability; Increased service life.

Pro Pro

Contra Contra

Investment costs. Investment costs.

ECS ECS

Pad stiffness < 35 kN/mm Pad stiffness < 35 kN/mm

ECS ECS

BÖGEL PREFAB SLAB TRACK BÖGEL PREFAB SLAB TRACK

ECS ECS

SLAB TRACK DESIGN SLAB TRACK DESIGN GERMAN SCHOOL

Slab: reinforcement just in neutral axis for crack control Foundation: high quality Ev2= 120 N/mm2

GERMAN SCHOOL Slab: reinforcement just in neutral axis for crack control Foundation: high quality Ev2= 120 N/mm2

Rheda 2000: Optimal on engineering structures, not on subgrade Rheda 2000: Optimal on engineering structures, not on subgrade

ON SUBGRADE Slab: bending reinforcement (total ~ 1.5 % for B35) Foundation: medium quality Ev2= 40 - 60 N/mm2

Ph.D. study TU Delft Test track Best Ph.D. study TU Delft Test track Best

ECS ECS

SLAB WITH BENDING STIFFNESS SLAB WITH BENDING STIFFNESS

German Ev2 = 120 N/mm2 German Ev2 = 120 N/mm2

Reinforcement percentage: 1.5 %Reinforcement percentage: 1.5 %

Ev2 = 30 N/mm2Ev2 = 30 N/mm2

0.0480.048

0.050.05

0.0520.052

0.0540.054

2525 3535 4545 5555

H Slab [cm]H Slab [cm]

Poor qualityPoor quality

0.0480.048

0.050.05

0.0520.052

0.0540.054

2525 3535 4545 5555

H Slab [cm]H Slab [cm]

Poor qualityPoor quality

ECS ECS

EXISTING WELD GEOMETRY STANDARDS EXISTING WELD GEOMETRY STANDARDS

Normally Versine: 0 < p < 0.3 mm Normally Versine: 0 < p < 0.3 mm

p < 0.3 mm/1 m p < 0.3 mm/1 m

Grind off top Grind off top

ECS ECS

Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011 FO

ECS ECS

FORCE-RELATED WELD STANDARDS FORCE-RELATED WELD STANDARDS

Inclination: High-Speed < 1.0 mrad Conventional < 1.8 mrad

Dynamic contact force is function of inclination: Dynamic contact force is function of inclination: 2

dynF = Constant v Inclination* *

ECS ECS

QUALITY INDEX QUALITY INDEX

InclinationQI = 1 OKInclination

≤ ⇒

ECS ECS

FORCE-BASED WELD GEOMETRY STANDARDS FORCE-BASED WELD GEOMETRY STANDARDS Speed Inclination

40 km/h 3.2 mrad

60 km/h 2.8 mrad

80 km/h 2.4 mrad

100 km/h 2.2 mrad

120 km/h 2.0 mrad

140 km/h 1.8 mrad

160 km/h 1.6 mrad

180 km/h 1.4 mrad

200 km/h 1.3 mrad

250 km/h 1.1 mrad

300 km/h 1.0 mrad

QI=1 QI=1

Applied by ProRail The Netherlands

ECS ECS

NEW STANDARDS VERTICAL NEW STANDARDS VERTICAL

Advantages of new standards:

1. Also negative welds allowed;

2. Maximum versines at 140 km/h 2 times larger;

3. Speed dependent.

ECS ECS

DYNAMIC CONTACT FORCE DYNAMIC CONTACT FORCE

9 % correlation 91 % correlation

ECS ECS

PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION

ECS ECS

EXPECTED COST SAVINGS EXPECTED COST SAVINGS Due to impact load reduction at welds:

10 – 20 % of annual maintenance budget;

ProRail budget in The Netherlands: ~ € 250 mio for 4,500 single track;

Savings: € 25 – 50 mio total, or € 5 – 10,000 per km single track.

ECS ECS

WHEEL/RAIL CONTACT WHEEL/RAIL CONTACT

Headchecks and squats are major problems in Holland; Main remedy is early grinding; Special anti headcheck profiles.

ROLLING CONTACT FATIGUE

CONFORMITY OF PROFILES Equivalent conicity 0.025 - 0.15. Equivalent conicity 0.025 - 0.15.

ECS ECS

HEADCHECKS HEADCHECKS

ECS ECS

WHEEL/RAIL CONTACT AREA WHEEL/RAIL CONTACT AREA

Theoretical profiles

In service, headcheck free Source: Rolf Dollevoet, ProRail

ECS ECS

ANTI HEADCHECK PROFILE DOLLEVOET ANTI HEADCHECK PROFILE DOLLEVOET

ECS ECS

SQUATS SQUATS

ECS ECS

CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS Both ballasted and non-ballasted track structures are suitable for HST; Availability and minimum life cycle cost are increasingly important; therefore trend towards slab track; Slab tracks are still far from optimal; Dynamics plays a crucial role in track design: - tight standards for running surface and - sufficient resilience in the track components; Wheel – rail interface should be well designed and maintained; Quality is a key factor in both construction and maintenance.

Both ballasted and non-ballasted track structures are suitable for HST; Availability and minimum life cycle cost are increasingly important; therefore trend towards slab track; Slab tracks are still far from optimal; Dynamics plays a crucial role in track design: - tight standards for running surface and - sufficient resilience in the track components; Wheel – rail interface should be well designed and maintained; Quality is a key factor in both construction and maintenance.

Esveld presentation Madrid intro HSL · 2011. 2. 24. · 3 ECS ECS Seminar Madrid 23-24 February...

Documents

Desk Tracker HSL

HSI - HSL - HSV

Annual Report 2013 2014 1. Major activities ... - UW HSL...Created an HSL‐specific Electronic Reference File by transferring and re‐formatting all HSL Electronic Vendor/Publishing

HSL Actor Oriented Theory Libre

Timeline for HSL & Global Health 2005 2004 20072008 2009 2006 2014 Malawian librarian visits HSL HSL applies for Global Health Information Specialist (denied,

Monitoring of Diesel Exhaust Particulate (DEP) · HSL: HSE’s Health and Safety Laboratory © Crown Copyright, HSE 2016 HSL – HSE’s Health and Safety Laboratory HSL is the commercial

ECS University Feasibility Final Report - THAMESthames.me.uk/ECS/ECS University Feasibility Final Report.pdf · ECS University Feasibility Study 2 Report - October 2011 • Development

HSL Article Bulletin 2014-12

HSL LINEAR 28-10-15 HSL Linear - Gilberts (Blackpool SERIES HSL High Capacity Linear Slot Diffuser Selection Procedure 1 Establish a position within the conditioned space to achieve

HSE-HSL CRR 168-1998.pdf

HSL Basic VFD Theory

Hsl open data_ok_fest_2012

HSL and HSV - Wikipedia, Th

HSL-3 / HSL-3-R EXPANSION ANCHOR - Hilti · HSL-3 / HSL 3 R expansion anchor Ultimate-performance heavy-duty expansion anchor Anchor versions Benefits HSL-3 HSL-3-R Bolt version (M8-M24)

5760 - 248 HSL - Link-Belt Cranes · 1 5760 (supersedes 5691)-0117-R9 Link‐Belt Cranes 248 HSL Technical Data Specifications & Capacities HSL Crawler Crane 200 Ton (181.4 metric

HSL 6-7-2013

· PDF fileproduct models / (jrÜiv mode-ller/: gas fired hot water boilers / gaz yakitli sicak su kazanlari ecs 70, ecs 85, ecs 100, ecs 150, ecs 200, e-cs 250, ecs

HSL MC65 - Construct and manipulate matrices in · PDF fileHSL MC65 PACKAGE SPECIFICATION HSL 2013 1 SUMMARY HSL MC65 is a suite of Fortran 95 procedures for constructing and manipulating

Introduction To AWS ECS...Introduction To AWS ECS @tetranoodle Amazon ECS Amazon ECS Related Services AWS ECS @tetranoodle AWS ECS @tetranoodle Easily manage clusters of any scale

Dehydration review (HSL)