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Ergonomics: “Train the Trainer”. Daniel Cohen Greater Valley Safety Consulting. Definition. Webster: er·go·nom·ics (ûr'gə-nŏm ' ĭks): an applied science concerned with designing and arranging things people use so that the people and things interact most efficiently and safely. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Ergonomics:Ergonomics:
“Train the Trainer”“Train the Trainer”
Daniel CohenGreater Valley Safety Consulting
Definition
Webster: er·go·nom·ics (ûr'gə-nŏm'ĭks): an applied
science concerned with designing and arranging things people use so that the people and things interact most efficiently and safely.
Literal definition: Ergon = work Nomos = rules “The rules of work”
Ergonomics
Ergonomics : the engineering science concerned with the physical and psychological relationship between machines and the people who use them.
The practice of adapting products and processes to human characteristics and capabilities in order to improve people’s well-being and optimize productivity.
“Fitting the job to the worker”
We must understand: What tasks are being performed Who is performing the tasks What is being used to perform the tasks
Environmentlighting
air qualitytemperature
spacenoise
Peoplephysical sizework habits
physical conditionindividual attributes
Tasks
tools and equipmentwork pace
job requirements
Psychosocialadministration philosophyemployee responsibility
job satisfactionstress
incentive payquotas
Furniturework surfaces
technology/equipmentchairs
adjustability
Components of a Work Station Fitting all the pieces together!
Chair Work surface Keyboard/Mouse Monitor Telephone Environment Accessories
Chair
Seat Height Able to reach the floor comfortable with both feet flat on the
floor Seat Angle
Slightly forward tilt Seat Depth
Allow a width of three fingers between calf and seat pan Backrest Height
Back support hits the lumbar region Backrest Angle
Allows for 90° - 120° hip flexion Armrests
Must be used correctly or should not be used at all
Adjusting Your Chair - Video
Watch Video
Let’s give it a try!
Work Surface
What can be adjusted?
Height Should be adjusted to the proper chair position. Allows for ergonomic positioning.
Arrangement Primary, secondary, reference zone
Workstation Set-up Primary Work Zone
The distance from elbow to hand Able to reach these items without
reaching for them.
Secondary Work Zone Within arm’s reach
Reference Zone Outside of arm’s reach
Keyboard/Mouse
For most employees these should be situated in the primary work space.
Arrange directly in front of monitor. Demonstrate how to correctly use the
mouse and keyboard.
Monitor
Distance Good rule of thumb is approx.
an arms length away (18-30 in.). Height
Eye level should be at the top 1/3 of monitor.
Bifocals – need to have monitor as low as you can.
Location Directly in front of the
keyboard. Angle
Approx. 10°-20° Font
Size Clarity/Resolution Color Schemes
Light colored font on dark background.
Telephone
Depending on employee, the phone will normally be placed either in the primary or secondary work space.
Headsets: More than 2 hrs of use per day = Mandatory? Built-up hand set attachments do not do
enough.
Environment – Every day nuisances
Lighting Air Quality Temperature Space Noise
Neighbors Fax, Copier, Telephone, etc.
Accessories
Document Holders Footrests Glare Screens
Assessment Process
1. Gather information. 2. Evaluate how the existing set-up looks.3. Adjust what is already there.4. Make your
adjustments/recommendations.5. Follow up/Re-evaluate (2 weeks).6. If still deficient…try new adjustments and
consider introducing equipment.7. TRAIN how to use!8. Follow up as needed.
Gather Information
Interview the employee: What are your job tasks? How often do you do these tasks each day? How long have you noticed this pain? When does it hurt most…end of day, busier days, towards the
end of the week, etc.? Do you take regular breaks? What irritates it the most? What specifically hurts? What do you think the issue is? What do you think will help?
Observe the employee: Watch them work for awhile. Encourage them to work as they “normally” would. How do they interact with their environment?
Assessment Process…
Evaluate the existing set-up Use checklists if available (initial assessments) What is already present and what can we adjust?
The workstation components The process The worker
– Look for postural issues and bad habits Adjust what is adjustable
Who will be responsible for making adjustments? Make your recommendations Document
Stick only to the facts. What was said, what was observed, measurements.
Name, date, specific report of discomfort, observations, recommendations, plan of action, and follow up needs.
Sample documentation
____ contacted me yesterday after seeing ____., a hand therapist at _________ . ____ has been having difficulty bilaterally with tendonitis in her wrists every since being pregnant. In looking at her workstation, I noted that her mouse is positioned in a way that causes her to reach forward with her shoulder and she is also anchoring her wrist down causing her to remain in a static wrist extension for prolonged periods of time. I moved her mouse so it is at the edged of her desk, reducing/eliminating shoulder flexion and I placed a piece of dycem underneath her mouse pad to eliminate any sliding. I also demonstrated the proper way to hold and use the mouse so that it involves the entire arm movement and keeps her wrist in a neutral position vs. anchoring at the wrist. I replaced her split keyboard with a regular one because her keyboard seemed too large for her. She still needs to reach laterally a good distance to get to her mouse so I ordered a keyboard with the number pad on the left side which will allow her to keep her mouse much closer to her side, reducing her lateral reach. I will follow up with ____ in one week and install the keyboard as soon as it arrives. rw
Assessment Process…
Follow up When? Varies depending on the situation. Has there been any improvement? Have conditions worsened?
Re-evaluate Do you still note some areas of concerns? If so…is there anything else already present that can
be adjusted? May need to look at introducing some type of
ergonomic equipment. Explain why…train how to use…use it yourself
“Ergonomic” EquipmentGadgets, Gizmos, and Other Stuff
Wrist Rests Pros
Maintain neutral wrist positioning Reduce weight throughout shoulders Softens the surface under the wrists
Cons Promotes anchoring at the wrist Contact point on the wrist
Keyboard Trays Pros
May adjust the keyboard height and angle to custom fit the users needs
Allows for more posture changes
Cons May decrease knee clearance May force longer reaches for other things If adjusted incorrectly, may exaggerate problems
Alternative “ergo” Mice/Keyboards Pros
Allows you to use different muscle groups Reduce/Eliminate awkward postures of the arms or
wrists Reduce/Eliminate movement at the wrist
Cons Difficulty adapting, leading to reduced production May be using more/different/smaller muscle groups No evidence that trackballs help/hinder
Do we need an ergo intervention?
Trouble ShootingWhy do we hurt???
Poor posture Lack of movement
Frequent “micro” breaks Prolonged poor posture can decrease
productivity by as much as 50% Stand to sit ratio of 70:30
60 second break every hour
Troubleshooting
Headaches Muscle tension Stress
Irritated/Dry Eyes Monitor glare Distance of monitor Prolonged computer use/Lack of breaks Font selection Poor vision
Neck Pain Poor head postures Monitor height Monitor location Document viewing Arms extended Cradling the phone Armrests Lack of breaks
Troubleshooting
Shoulder Pain Poor conditioning Forward head posture Mouse/keyboard too high or off to the side Arms extended Overhead reaching/lifting Overuse/Lack of breaks
Elbow Pain Keyboard too high Leaning on elbows Repetitive squeezing/pinching Striking keys too hard Reaching for mouse Overuse/Lack of breaks
Troubleshooting
Wrist/Forearm Pain Keyboard/mouse positioning Contact forces Striking keys too hard Wrist alignment Wrist deviation Resting on elbows Gripping too tight Type of mouse Overuse/Lack of breaks
Troubleshooting
Hand/Finger Pain Excessive force on mouse/keyboard Holding static positions Contact points at wrists Type of mouse Wrist alignment Gripping pen too tightly Keyboard/mouse positioning Overuse/Lack of breaks
Troubleshooting
Upper Back Pain Poor conditioning Elevated shoulders (armrests) Extended arms Forward head Muscle tension Mouse/keyboard is too high/low Seating Lack of breaks
Troubleshooting
Low Back Pain Poor posture
One foot under buttocks Arms extended Twisting Seating
Feet do not touch floor Lack of breaks
Leg/Feet Pain Seating
Feet dangling Seat pan depth Posture
Lack of breaks
Common Themes??
Poor Posture
Failure to take breaks
We need to continuously stress the importance of each employee taking a personal responsibility for themselves.
Upper Extremity Musculoskeletal Disorders
What are they? Soft tissue ailments to the upper extremities,
most commonly caused by overuse. Soft tissue: refers to any tissue that connects,
supports, or surrounds other structures (bones, joints) and organs.
Examples: muscles, tendons, cartilage, ligaments, nerves, fat cells, blood vessels
Also referred to as: CTD (Cumulative Trauma Disorder) RSI (Repetitive Stress Injury) Overuse Syndrome Musculoskeletal Injuries
Common repetitive-type injuries found in the office setting
Lateral Epicondylitis Medial Epicondylitis Tendonitis Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Ulnar Nerve Impingement DeQuervain’s Tendonitis Shoulder Tendonitis, Bursitis, Impingement Rotator Cuff Tear Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Tendonitis
Literally means inflammation of the tendon. Tendons connect your muscles to your bone. Common cause is overuse, when muscles are
being asked to do higher levels of activity they are not accustomed to doing.
Treatments: Icing the affected area Rest Brace – protects the tendon Anti-inflammatory medication
Lateral Epicondylitis
More commonly known as “Tennis Elbow”
Pain in the lateral aspect of the elbow where the muscles connect to the bone.
Treatment: Stop or limit activity Anti-inflammatory
medication Brace may be worn Stretching and
strengthening.
Medial Epicondylitis
Also known as “Golfer’s Elbow”
Similar condition as Lat. Epi., only the pain in on the inside of the elbow around the boney prominence.
Treatment is the same as with Lat. Epicondylitis.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
A disorder in which the median nerve is compressed at the wrist
Causes numbness and tingling. Usually on the thumb side fingers.
Treatment: Wear brace at night or
during activities Limit activities that
aggravate condition Surgical intervention
Ulnar Nerve Impingement
Occurs when the Ulnar Nerve becomes compressed and cannot function properly
Numbness and tingling in the ring finger and little finger.
Causes: Overuse with the elbow
in a bent position Direct blow to the elbow Sleep habits
DeQuervain’s Tendonitis
A condition caused by irritation or swelling of the tendons found along the thumb side of the wrist.
Pain over the thumb side of the wrist is the main symptom. Usually described as sharp, stabbing pain.
Shoulder Tendonitis, Bursitis, Impingement
Tendons of the rotator cuff make contact with the acromion and they become swollen.
The swollen tendon can get trapped and pinched under the acromion. This is known as an impingement.
Bursitis: fluid-filled sacs called “bursa” become inflamed.
Rotator Cuff Tear
A tear in the tendon Chronic: over time, RC
tenditis eventually wears a hole through the tendon.
Acute: a sudden motion or lift causing a “pop” in the shoulder. Usually experience an immediate onset of pain.
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Your thoracic outlet is the small space between your collarbone (clavicle) and your first rib.
Caused by pressure on the nerves and/or blood vessels that pass through the thoracic outlet.
Symptoms can include: pain, numbness, tingling, weakness, or coldness in the upper extremity.
Personal factors/habits
Posture Attitude Sleep Postures Hobbies/Sports Age Gender Driving Psychological Impact Obesity/Exercise & Fitness Smoking Personal Habits
Posture and neutral position gets the first look
Not so innocent victims
And so on….
And so on….
Modified from Chaffin & Anderson
What was always Mother’s Advice???
Sit up straight!!! Guess what…she was absolutely right!
Decreases the load on your spine Helps the organs of your body function more
efficiently It promotes movement efficiency and
endurance and contributes to an overall feeling of well-being
Helps you look confident
Lifelong misuse of our bodies
We trick our bodies into thinking we are comfortable.
No longer using our core muscle groups. Results in muscles weakening (atrophy)
May lead to: Fatigue Muscle strain Pain
Dr. Wilfred Barlow, a well known physician, has found that misuse is usually a major factor in both causing and perpetuating rheumatism, backache, arthritis, breathing disorders, hypertension, fatigue, gastro-intestinal conditions, headaches and certain sexual problems.
What is Proper Posture?
Head, trunk, arms and legs are aligned with one another
Look around, how many people demonstrate good posture?
At what age do you think kids start to
develop poor posture?
Try breathing with head down and hunched shoulders compared to head up in proper alignment. Which gives you better breathing capacity?
Attitude of employees
Interactions with co-workers Job Satisfaction
Unhappy attitude causes discomfort Work Culture Time Pressures (Stress)
No time for stretching, breaks, lunch Performance Measures
What are other factors?
√ Posture√ Attitude Sleep Postures Hobbies/Sports Age Gender Driving Psychological Impact Obesity/Exercise & Fitness Smoking Personal Habits
Things to consider
Longer work hours (is it really 40 hour work weeks?)
Smaller workstations Productivity Technology - faxing from desks, emailing, etc. Aging Workforce (people working later in life) Disabilities Obesity (excuse of no time to exercise) Sedentary lifestyles (workstations too
efficient?)
Other things you can do…
Watch your weight Try to maintain an adequate body weight
Excess weight exaggerates poor postures Stop Smoking
Constricted Blood Vessels Reduced Oxygen Coughing (mechanical strain) Harder to recover from injury and illness
Key Components to a successful injury prevention program:
Buy-in from the top down Define a purpose/Set goals Employee involvement Track statistics Training Have
expectations/consequences/accountability Be clear and consistent
Buy-in from the top down
If your CEO, Director, etc. does not believe in establishing a program…IT WILL FAIL!
Need to allocate resources
Delineate authority
Define a purpose and set goals
Ask yourself… Why are we establishing a program? What is it you are trying to achieve? Are the employees ready to change?
Employee involvement
Involve them in all aspects of the program Recognize employees for positive behavior
Recognize and analyze problem area
Survey the employees to find “hot spots” Follow through after analyzing the surveys
Track injury statistics
This is a good starting point Look at your loss runs, claims filed, near
miss reports Are there trends with injuries types,
location where injuries occur, jobs with most instances?
Training
Train all employees on ergonomics, as well as your policies for managing injuries.
Employees must be informed of the expectations you have for them.
Employees must be informed of consequences.
Expectations/Requirements
What do you expect/require from your employees?
1. Attend training, learn the basic principles of ergonomics and apply them to your daily tasks.
2. Learn what you can do to decrease your chances of being hurt at work.
3. Immediately report any signs of discomfort to your supervisor.
4. Follow through with ergonomic recommendations.
Employee Responsibilities
Report any signs of discomfort immediately Take breaks Be willing to try recommendations Do your part to stay healthy
Muscles that are well toned are less likely to be injured & recover faster from injury.
Develop a personal lifelong fitness plan to include:
stretching strengthening endurance
Expectations/Requirements
What do you expect/require from your upper level management? (Supervisors, managers, directors, etc.)
1. Conduct initial work station assessments within the first week of a new employee’s start date.
2. Document all ergo visits. Include date, symptoms, observations and any recommendations given.
3. Address your employees ergo needs in a timely manner.
4. Discuss safety/ergonomics regularly at your dept. meetings
Supervisor Responsibilities
COMMUNICATION!! Address employee
concerns in a timely manner
Encourage functional and effective work environments
Learn and use adjustment features
Organize workflow Rotate job tasks
Promote positive employee, supervisor relations
Demonstrate self responsibility and healthy lifestyles
Perform a self evaluation and modify workstation, job or habits
Clear and consistent
Does your work environment reflect what you are telling your employees?
Do you follow the policies when corrective actions need to be taken?
Does everyone fully understand their role and responsibilities?
Other things that can be done
Know the basic principles and use them throughout the day.
Apply intervention methods at work and at home
Set the example: adjust chair, stretch, take breaks, etc.
Talk ergonomics and safety with employees often
Before & After Look at Ergonomics
Hands-on
We’ll head upstairs at this point to conduct assessments of actual workstations.
Conclusion
Don’t be afraid to try something. Communication is key!
It is no longer acceptable to be hurting while at work
Talk about safety often…bring your ideas to the table
Ergonomics is not rocket science, once you learn the basic principles most of this is common sense.
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