Energy Conversion and Recycling

18 Energy conversion and recyclmg

17 ENERGY

Supplies, policy, economxs, forecasts

01/01365 Closed loop energy converslon process Mahna, M U S US 5,964,908 (cl 48-197R. COlB3/24), 12 Ott 1999, US Appl 582,913, 4 Jan 1996 10 A closed loop energy conver\lon system for convertmg a non-foscd fuel energy cource to a fossll fuel wlthout generatlng au pollutmg emlsslons when the fo\sll fuel 1s combusted to provtde energy to an external source The closed loop energy converyton appllcatlon employed m this process mcludes a dls<oclatlon unit for dlssoclatmg water mto Hz(g) and Oz(g) and separatmg Hz(g) from O*(g) An energy source provides energy to the dlssoclatton umt O*(g) and hydrocarbon gas react in a hydrocarbon combustion umt to form a combustion product comprlsmg CO? (g) and Hz0 (g) A first heat exchanger cools the combustion product and condenses H?O(g) from the combustion product A CO2 separator separates CO*(g) from water condensed III the first heat exchanger COz(g) reacts with HZ(g) m a hydrocarbon synthesis reactor to form a mixture comprlsmg hydrocarbon gas and HZ0 (g) A second heat exchanger cools the mixture and condenses Hz0 (g) from the mixture A hydrocarbon separator separates hydrocarbon gas from Hz0 condensed m the second heat exchanger A conduit Fyctem directs Oz (g) from the dlssoclatlon umt to the hydrocarbon combustton untt, CO: (g) from the hydrocarbon combus- tlon untt to the hydrocarbon synthe$ls reactor, water from the hydrocarbon combustion umt dnd the hydrocarbon synthesis reactor to the dlssoclatlon unit, H*(g) from the dts?oclation unit to the hydrocarbon synthesis reactor, and hydrocarbon gas from the hydrocarbon syntheqls reactor to the hydrocarbon combustion unit

01/01366 Mmeral and energy resources m Mongolia Sakamakt, Y EIIPIU~! Sltrpcn, 1999 20 (7). 281-288 (In Jdpdnese) Review wtth five references Mongoha IS m the mtddle of mobile belt bound between Slberld block and Smo-Korea block, comprlqec contmental sediments and accretton? and lslandlc arc5, and 15 divided by Ural\-Mongolia tectonic lme runnmg east-west mto an U-shaped structure m the north portlon and uplift belts m the \outh portlon Mongoha has Erdenet porphyry Cu and MO deposits (diameter 2 km, depth 100 m). one of the blggeqt Cu mme m Asia, operated by Russian-Mongolia Joint venture combmate There are some more Cu mmes under development Boruundoul fluorite deposits, located 250 km southeast of Ulanbdrtor and stretched m 400 km, are also operated by Rus=,tan-Mongoha Jomt venture combmate Other mmerals mmed m this country Include Pb-Zn, U, rare earth metals, and zeohte deposits, whtch are under development Foss11 fuel deposits are mostly not operational, such as coal, petroleum, and 011 shale

18 ENERGY CONVERSION AND RECYCLING

01101367 Apparatus and method for Industrial waste treatment Mlyoshl, F c’t t/l Jpn Kokdl Tokkyo Koho JP I I 270 823 [99 270.8231 (Cl F23G5/027) 5 Ott 1999 Appl 1998/76,110. 24 Mdr 1998 8 (In Jdpanese) The apphcatton comprtses means for compressmg the pulverized wastes through a rotary cyhnder to pellets, means for drymg the pellets through tunnel-type heatmg furnace, meant for pyrolysis and carbon- lzatlon of the dried pellets m a high-temperature reactor, means for drymg and purifmg gaseous effluents from the reactor to recover fuel gases contammg Hz and CO, and mean5 for recychng a portlon of the fuel ga5eq mto the burner tunnels of heatmg furnaces and the htgh- temperature reactor

01/01366 Apparatus for producmg oils from waste plastics Masul, T and Hamamoto, T Jpn Kokal Tokkyo Koho JP 11 217,572 [99 217,572] (Cl ClOGlIlO), 10 Aug 1999, Appl 1998135,376, 3 Feb 1998 6 (In Japanese) An apphcatlon for producmg 011s from waste plastics comprlseq a

thermal decomposltlon tank for the plastics being treated, a hot au generator for generatmg hot au for heatmg the thermal decomposltlon tank with orgamc catalyst supphed by an orgdmc catalyst tank, a downstream solid catalyst chamber for catdlyttcally crackmg the

pyroiysts vapors generdted from the thermal decompo\ltlon tdnk dnd a condenser for condensing the vapors to pyrolyws 011s The pyrolycts 011 IS stored m an 011 tdnk for proper discharge At least a part of the pyrolysis 011 can be stored in a fuel 011 tank and qupphed to the hot air generator as fuel

01101369 Deodorizer for cement kiln for recycling incmerator ash Abe, N Jpn Kokat Tokkyo Koho JP 11 292,581 [99 292,581] (Cl C04B7/44), 26 Ott 1999, Appl 1998/90,515, 3 Apr 1998 4 (In Japanese) The title article con%sts of d pulverized coal bm for deodorlzatlon, that for combustion, a feeder to feed pulverized coal air tightly from the bottom of the former to the top of the latter, and a ga\ cooler to cool exhaust gas from a preheater and feed tt to the lower part of the pulverized coal bm for deodorlzdtion Exhaust gas IS deodorized m

passmg through the pulverized cod1 layer formed m5lde the bm for deodorlzatlon and discharged from Its upper part to the atmosphere

01101370 Energy from sewage sludge - start of a new era Mahk, A and Crowe, N E11erg1 EII~IIO~I PI oc T~uh:on II?/ Ester 41 En131ron .711np Zntl, 1999 39-44 Edited by Dancer I , Ayhdn T Thl\ paper discusses the Importance of sewage sludge as a sustainable energy resource and how recent changes m leglslatton have forced European water companies to rethink theu approach to sludge In these times of rapidly escalatmg coSt\ for wd\te disposal and uncertamty about future legtslatlon. a self-contdlned Solution not relymg on external markets, appear\ to be a secure way fonvdrd Thl\ paper addresses how Entec have asslsted Northumbrlan Water Ltd for a decdde m the management of sewage sludge Together they have developed a sludge handlmg transfer and processing strategy based on drymg and gaslftcatlon to generate a gaseous fuel for u$e m a CHP plant This provide5 an envlronmentally self sustained and cost effective solution for the next 20 year and beyond Detads are given of the drying and gasification processes, together with an abrldged history of the proposal development

01101371 Fundamental research on combustron of cylindrical refuse-derived fuels LIU, G et trl PI m Irtt Cottf IN I:WI ~~r/ot~ Tlwrm TI ~(/f T<Y lrwl I997 515-519 Refuqe-derived fuels (RDF) have been developed ds energy resource\ RDF has slgmftcant advantages m storage, transportation dnd higher heating value when compared wtth conventional mumclpal sohd waste Although It IS known that corrosion problem on the Furface of heat exchanger tubes caused by HCI m flue gas from waste mcmerator hmlts the efflclency of the power generation, recent combuptlon tests of RDF have shown that calcmm addtttves m RDF appeared to mhlbtt HCI emlsslon More fundamental studies about the combustmn character- IStIcs of RDF wdl lead to a better understanding of the reduction mechanism of HCI emissron and a better control of It The combu?tton characterlsttcs of cylmdrlcal RDF pellets were studled by the thermogravlmetrtc method Weight lo5ses and the temperature profiles Inside a RDF pellet (2-4 cm m length, 2 cm tn diameter) were measured under varlouq operatmg condltlonq The results demon- strated that the concentration of oxygen m the purge gas and the heatmg rate of the RDF stgmflcantly affected the weight loss pattern as well a5 the temperature profiles m the RDF pellets

01101372 Mathematical description of basic byproduct coking processes Saranchuk, V I et cl/ KoX\ K/I/~ 1999 8 34-37 (In Russidn)

This paper deals with material and energy balances and mathematical modelhng of byproduct coking

01101373 Methanol and energy from waste Utilization of sewage sludge in Scharze Pumpe, Germany Gammelm, C WLE Wtrcscr Llrff Botkcrl 1999 41 (IO) 72-74 (In Germdny) The waFte recycling plant Schwarze Pumpe hes dt the border of the German federal states Saxony and Brandenburg, and ha? a capacity to process 450 000 t of waste annually The waste, 400 000 t sohd and 50 000 t hqutd, was gartfted by different techniques, and the produced gas was used to synthesize CHlOH As secondary products, gypsum, electrtclty, process steam and heat were obtamed Mixed briquettes from sewage sludge and hgmte or hard coal were gasified m a 5ohd bed pressure gaslftcatton plant The envlronmental compatlblhty of the sewage sludge gaslflcatton IF demonstrated, and especially no haloge- nated dloxms or furany were found m the produced gas From 1000 kg sewage sludge, 160 kg of CHlOH could be achieved. which could be used for chemical syntheses or fuel for cars or fuel cells

162 Fuel and Energy Abstracts March 2001

18 Energy conversion and recychng

01101374 Method and apparatus for measurmg unburned carbon m fly ash for recyclrng fly ash as aggregate and admrxture Yamazakt, M er trl Jpn Kok‘rt Tokkyo Koho JP II 258 155 [99 25X 1551 (Cl GOlN21,27) 24 Sep 1999 Appl 1998165 722 16 Mar 1998 6 (In JdpdneSe) Unburned carbon content m fly ash ts measured by usmg an apparatus for measurmg reflected bght quantity usmg a blue-emtttmg phosphor as a ltght source dnd calculatmg the unburned carbon content from the measured reflected hght quanttty based on a prevtously prepared cahbratton curve The apparatus comprises a sdmplmg apparatus branched from a trdnsportatlon route, a probe for medsurmg the reflected ltght quanttty, d blue-emtttmg phosphor-based ltght source, an dmpltfter for ampltfylng the output stgnal of the probe, and a computer for computmg the unburned carbon content based on the cahbratton curve The unburned carbon content I$ precisely medsured whtle the mstallatton cost being lowered, the mamtenance bemg made easy, and the operdtton rate of the apparatus bemg hetghtened

01/01375 Method and devrce for combustion treatment of dust collected from coal/oil gasifrcatron furnace Hart, T Jpn Kokat Tokkyo Koho JP 11 294,744 [99 294,744) (Cl F23G7/00), 29 Ott 1999, Appl 1998/102,445, 14 Apr 1998 5 (In Japanese) The dust IF treated tn a flutdtzed-bed combustion furnace, by combustton dt low temperature (650-750”) for control of melted depostt under low-oxygen dtmosphere for suppress of sulfur oxtdatlon The treatment I\ \uttable for use m gactftcatton of Ortmulslon and/or heavy oil to refmtng raw fuel gdy

01101376 Method treatment of waste plastic by coal carbonization in coke oven Ishlguro, H er trl Jpn Kokdt Tokkyo Koho JP I I 263 980 [99 263 9801 (Cl ClOB53/00), 28 Sep 1999 Appl 1998/88 321 I8 Mdr 1998 6 (In JdpdneSe)

The method of treatmg the waste plasttc mvolves chargmg the waste mto carbomzatton chamber of the oven for carbomzatton to obtam coke, coke-oven gas, and other products, separatmg the other products in a tar decanter for float sepdratton dnd forced separatmg the float- separatton matertals to recover ammoma water and organtc ltqutd

01/01377 Molded fuel and Its production from wastes Lury, V PCT Int Appl WO 99 51,709 (Cl ClOL5/02), 14 Ott 1999, RU Appl 98,111,426, 15 Jun 1998 32 (In Russlan) The mventton pertams to productton of molded soltd fuel obtamed from waste The molded fuel comprtses a drted mixture of ground sohd fuels and a bmder contammg waste from the crude-od processing Industry such as od sludge and/or recycled engme otl The fuel also mcludes components selected from the followmg group from lrgnosulfonate or molasses 2-7 and/or dehydrated acttvated sludge 3- 8 dndior clay 3-10 and/or from slack wax l-6 wt% The components are fed mto the mold m a proportlon of JO-32 wt% for the bmder, the balance conststmg of ground soltd fuels selected from the followmg group wood sawdust, peat, dehydrated manure, dehydrated bird Ittter, coke or coal hnes, cod1 sludge, and/or ltgnm The method for productng molded fuel Involves mlxmg the ground solid fuels wtth the bmder, moldmg the mtxture tn the shape of brtquetc under a pressure of l-30 MPa, dnd drying the brlquets at ~300” Optionally, the molded fuel comprises a drted mtxture of ground sohd fuel and concentrated sludge from wnstewdter proces\mg plants The concentrated sludge has a water content of 5-14% and represent\ 13-18 wt% of the molded fuel, the balance conststtng of a ground soltd fuel selected from the followtng group wood or vegetable waste, Itgnm, peat, coke or coal fmes, and/or texttle waste The method for producmg the molded fuel mvolves dosmg and mtxmg the concentrated acttvated sludge with the ground soltd fuel, moldmg the mtxture, and drymg the brtquets The concentrated acttvated sludge used m the mtxture has a water content ot 70-80 wt%, and the mtxture ts molded under d pressure of 0 l-25 MPa The brtquets are further dried at 50-180” for I 5-04 h or the brtquets dre drted at room temperature for 5-30 h

01/01376 New methodology for the application of a TGFFTIR to study low temperature treatment of waste oil DI Lalld, S and Kozlnskt, J A J AI, Wcrtrr Ma~trrqr Atroc 1999 49, (8) 925-933 A method was developed u\mg a thermo-gravtmetrtc furnace coupled to a FTIR Spectrometer (TGF-FTIR) to study the low temperature treatment of waste lubrtcatmg 011s The sample was heated from room temperature to a final temperature of 1000” at dn mtttal heatmg rate of 3”/mm, to slow down the oxldattve pyrolysts process allowmg for the events takmg place to be observable The maJortty of the process m terms of wetght loss and gas-phase evolutton was over by 650”. and thus, the remamder of the sample heatmg was accomplished at a rate of 5”/mm The sample was kept at 1000” for 60 mm m order to allow the rematnmg soled maternal to achteve a state of equthbrtum (necessary

for the sohd morphologtcal study) The dppflcdbtltty of TGF-FTIR usmg this methodology to re\edrch m the envtronmentdl fteld was proven to be successful stnce it allowed for prectse control over envnonmental condmons whtle stmultaneously allowing for ddtn gathermg on both sample weight dnd gas-phase evolution The developed methodology proved to be reltable, gtvmg repeatable results The mformatton was used to understand and explain the evolutton of the waste 011 from mtttal hqmd state to a final Sohd ash state It was accomphshed m four steps (1) release of molstureillght hydrocarbons, (2) bulk volatlllzatlon of hydrocarbons. (3) sohd material deposltlon, and (4) solIds oxidation

01101379 Recycling of byproducts from chemical shops of a byproduct coking plant Kaufman, S I cf cd KoXs Khrm I999 8 27-30 (In RusVdn) Polymers from benzene plant and acid tar ba\ed material\ from BTX plant were most promtsmg m terms of recyclmg dnd the po\tttve effect on baste cokmg products

01101380 Recycling of concentrated refinery tar residues using broremediation Elhs, B ef ol lrlt 1,~ Sltlr O#r-S/rc Bmr~n .S,,np 5/h 1999, 8 63-68 Edited by Allemdn B C dnd Leeson A Concentrated tar waste was treated by bloremedlatlon and converted to solI at a dlsused refmery m Scotland, UK Starttng concentrattons of contammants m the raw sludge were -300 000 mg/kg 011 hydrocarbons m the range and cIo-c4,, 600 mg/kg polycychcaromatlc hydrocarbons (PAHs) Risk-baqed clean-up crlterid were agreed for PAHs Including 6 mg/kg, dlbenz(d,h)anthracene, I7 mg/kg, benzo(a)pyrene, and 5000 mg/kg hydrocarbons (dkeqel range organic5 - DROs) Followmg d short laboratory dnd field feaslbdtty progrdmme, full-scale remedlatlon was mltlated m August 1997 and completed m three phdses durmg 1998 A total of 7000 m (-10 000 tons) of tar was successfully treated and met vahdatton requirements Key elements of the project comprised rapld on-site treatment with no off-site disposal, conversIon of tar mto sod cover for golf course constructlon, no measurable envlronmental Impact Durmg treatment the blopde5 and the underlymg groundwater aquifer were momtored Results of treatment over a period of 8-10 week Indicated typical flnal mean concentrattom for alkanes, total PAHs, benz(a)pyrene. and dtbenz(d,h)anthracene of 2385, 42 2, 4 7, and 22 mgikg

01101381 Recycling of plastics waste by coking in coal mixtures Polaczek, J er ol Pol~n? Ret ICI I998 3 (4) 295-302 A review with 30 references concernmg the recyclmg of plastics wastes by coking in coal mixtures a$ an alternattve to other recyclmg technologies m Poland IS gwen

01101382 Study on CO2 global recycling system Takeucht, M ef ui G~eecthocc\e Ga\ Corrtrol Techno/ PIOL fur Cortf 4th 1999 433-438 Edlted by Ehasson B (‘I trl In the ‘Project of chemical CO* flxatmn and utdlzatlon ucmg catalytic hydrogenation reaction’, a CO2 mittgatlon system haq been under development smce 1990 The concept of the system IS comprtred of the CO? separattonlrecovery vta membrane separdtton m large amount\ of CO1 emttted from stationary sources such ds power \tattons, Ironwork\, chemtcal plants and so on, tanker transport&on of the CO? to a coast close to d desert, hydrogen productton by water electrolysts generated by renewable energy, methanol synthesis from CO2 and hydrogen, dnd the transport&on of the methanol produced to energy consumption site and/or as d chemical product Analysis of conceptual designs and energy Input for bulldmg plant, energy Input for runnmg plant has been conducted bayed on a case using tht5 system for a 1,000 MW power plant, followed by an evaluation of the maternal balance and energy balance Results showed 467 tons/h of CO2 out of 778 tonF/h of the total CO2 emlsslons could be recovered and 323 tons/h (2-4 mtlllon tonrlyear) of methanol could be produced Energy efftclency, the CO2 reduction rate and the balance ratto of the energy of the system t-, 38%, 40% and 2, respectively, on the assumption that the primary energy wa5 photovoltatc power generation, the ytatlonary CO? emlsslon source was a coal flred power plant, dnd the generatlon efflclency of the methanol power plant was 60% It clearly revealed that thlr system would be effective to reduce CO* emlsslons and to utdtze renewable energy Furthermore, on comparison with a methane convert system and a llquld hydrogen trdnsportatton system, It was proved that the energy efflclency of this system was higher

01101383 Techno-economic feasibility and flowsheet synthesis of scrap tire/plastic waste hquefactron Shelley, M D and El-Halwagl, M M J Eltrcfomcr, Pltrrr 1999 31 (3) 232-254 A techno-economtc feastbthty study was undertaken to asses9 the vtabtltty of co-hquefymg scrap tyres dnd post-consumer plastm wastes mto hquld tranqportatlon fuels Ftrst, d generdtlzed process flowsheet

Fuel and Energy Abstracts March 2001 163

18 Energy conversion and recychng

was synthesized Next, material and energy balances as well as process slmulattons were developed Fmally, a profltablhty analyyls was completed for all process scenarios investigated Two different base case scenarios were consldered (1) the meltmg/depolymerlzatlon of waste plastics and the pyrolyslq of scrap tyres and (2) the pyrolysis of both waste plastics and scrap tyres For the techno-economic assessment, waste plactlc and scrap tyre feed rates of 200 and 100 tons per day respectively were assumed Costs for mdlvldual pieces of equipment were either rigorously calculated or scaled down from literature sources In addltlon to the two base case scenarloz two separate module5 were also consldered (1) the meltmg/depolymerlzd- tlon and upgradmg of waste plartcs alone and (2) the pyrolysis and upgradmg of scrap tyres alone The economies of scale for the?e two modules were also analyzed The results for both base case scenarloq mdlcate that a 15% rate of return on Investment (ROI) can be achieved If a waste plastic tlppmg fee of $35-$45 per ton can be secured Furthermore, the economic analysis of the two modules reveals that tyre pyrolysis has an ROI of 18% whde the ROI of plastic melting/ depolymerlzatlon I$ much lower Th15 result IS expected smce the potential tips and revenues from scrap tyres IS greater than those from waste plastics Due to economy of scale. the process economics for both modules IS conslderdbly Improved as capacity IS Increased Thus, these

results affirm that the co-hquefactlon of waste playtics and scrap tyres as well as the hquefactlon of ?crdp tyres alone 15 both technologically and economically feasible

01101384 Treatment of ash collected from coal combustion gas for recyclmg Tann, T ef trl Jpn Kokdl Tokkyo Koho JP I I 267 602 [99 267 6021 (Cl B09B7/00) 5 Ott 1999 Appl 1998176 X77 25 M,tr 1998 7 (In J‘ipdnese) Ash collected from d coal combu5tlon gd$ IS made usdble by mlxmg the ash with a reducing agent for reducing Cr(VI) and cnrrymg out a reactlon to make Cr(VI) msoluble The reducmg dgent may be FeCI,, FeSO+ Na2S03 NzH4, SnClz. hydroxylamme, and/or ascorbic dcid Alternatively, Se m the ash 15 made Insoluble by the addltlon of an agent to the ash before Cr(V1) 15 made msoluble The treatment IS especially sultable for combustion gaqes from coal-fuelled hollers m power plants to make Cr and Se msoluble and to detoxlcate the ash Elutlon of Cr(V1) and Se IS ?uppres\ed low enough to \atlsfy the environmental reguldtlon even when the resultant ash 15 dlscarded for landflllmg

164 Fuel and Energy Abstracts March 2001