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Thursday LectureMedicinal Plants
Reading: Textbook, Chapter 11
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Margarinemade from fats
- originally from animal fats- white in color, so yellow dye added to create appearance of
butter
Advantage: Stores better than butter
Dairy Industryfought against use of margarine
- Taxes
- Regulations against sale; against use of dyes
Wisconsinprohibited sale of colored margarineRepealed
1967; + heavy tax on uncolored (white) margarine (people
would buy and mix their own coloring agent)
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Quiz
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Quiz
1. Name two of the four major vegetable oil crops.
2. Name a medicinal plant, and tell what medicine isobtained from it and a disease it is used to treat
3. What does soap have to do with vegetable oil?
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History - Highlights2500 BCSumerian use of opium poppy Fig. 11.2, p. 263
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History - Highlights2500 BCSumerian use of opium poppy
1770 BCCode of Hammurabi in Babylonmentions plants
Fig. 11.2, p. 263
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History - Highlights2500 BCSumerian use of opium poppy
1770 BCCode of Hammurabi in Babylonmentions plants
1550 BCEbers papyrus in Egypt700+ medicinal formulas
Fig. 11.2, p. 263
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History - Highlights2500 BCSumerian use of opium poppy
1770 BCCode of Hammurabi in Babylonmentions plants
1550 BCEbers papyrus in Egypt700+ medicinal formulas
400 BCHippocrates (Greece)Father of Medicine
300 BCTheophrastus, Botanical Gardens in Athens
Fig. 11.2, p. 263
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History - Highlights2500 BCSumerian use of opium poppy
1770 BCCode of Hammurabi in Babylonmentions plants
1550 BCEbers papyrus in Egypt700+ medicinal formulas
400 BCHippocrates (Greece)Father of Medicine
300 BCTheophrastus, Botanical Gardens in Athens
77 ADDioscorides, De Materia Medica
Fig. 11.2, p. 263
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History - Highlights2500 BCSumerian use of opium poppy
1770 BCCode of Hammurabi in Babylonmentions plants
1550 BCEbers papyrus in Egypt700+ medicinal formulas
400 BCHippocrates (Greece)Father of Medicine
300 BCTheophrastus, Botanical Gardens in Athens
77 ADDioscorides, De Materia Medica
Fig. 11.2, p. 263
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HistoryHighlights II
1500 ADAge of herbalism, ParacelsusDoctrine of Signatures
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HistoryHighlights II
1500 ADAge of herbalism, ParacelsusDoctrine of Signatures
1775 ADDr. William WitheringFoxglove extracts
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HistoryHighlights II
1500 ADAge of herbalism, ParacelsusDoctrine of Signatures
1775 ADDr. William WitheringFoxglove extracts
1900 ADHalf of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia still derived
directly from plants
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HistoryHighlights II
1500 ADAge of herbalism, ParacelsusDoctrine of Signatures
1775 ADDr. William WitheringFoxglove extracts
1900 ADHalf of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia still derived
directly from plants
1900sadvent of scientific medicine
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HistoryHighlights II
1500 ADAge of herbalism, ParacelsusDoctrine of Signatures
1775 ADDr. William WitheringFoxglove extracts
1900 ADHalf of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia still derived
directly from plants
1900sadvent of scientific medicine
2000Alternative medicine; concern for biodiversity
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Plant-Derived Medicines
Major Classes of Compounds:
1. Steroids
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Plant-Derived Medicines
Major Classes of Compounds:
1. Steroids
2. Alkaloids
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Plant-Derived Medicines
Major Classes of Compounds:
1. Steroids
2. Alkaloids
Useful terms:
Secondary Compound
Glycoside
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Steroids - ChemistryFig. 11.5, p. 271
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Steroids - ChemistryFig. 11.5, p. 271
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Steroids - Chemistry
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Alkaloids - Chemistry
1. Organic compound, with N, usually in ring structure
Fig. 11.7, p. 272
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Alkaloids - Chemistry
1. Organic compound, with N, usually in ring structure2. Physiologically active on vertebrate nervous systems
Fig. 11.7, p. 272
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Alkaloids - Chemistry
1. Organic compound, with N, usually in ring structure2. Physiologically active on vertebrate nervous systems
Diverse class of compounds Fig. 11.7, p. 272
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Alkaloids - Chemistry
1. Organic compound, with N, usually in ring structure2. Physiologically active on vertebrate nervous systems
Diverse class of compounds Fig. 11.7, p. 272
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Examples of Plant Medicines
Fig. 11.12, p. 276
1900over half of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia from plants
2001about 25% of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia from plants,but many synthetic compounds are based on plant-produced
structures, or start with plant materials
Anasthetics, analgesics, heart medicines, laxatives, muscle
relaxants etc.
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Chaulmoogra Oil -Hydnocarpus
Leprosybacterial disease, affects sensitive individuals
Chaulmoogra oilfirst effective treatment
Active
ingredient
seed oil
Now replaced
with antibiotics
Fig. 11.8, p. 273
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Malaria - Cinchona Fig. 11.9, p. 274
Malariacaused by protozoan
Cinchona = Jesuits Bark
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Cinchona - bark of Peru; yellow bark
About 40 species - Andean area of South America
Native Grown
Stolen by British, Dutch
S li A i i
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Salix - AspirinHippocrates (Greece)used willow bark to treat pain
S li A i i
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Salix - AspirinHippocrates (Greece)used willow bark to treat pain
1897Bayer Co. (Germany) Chemistsynthesizes, names aspirin
S li A i i
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Salix - AspirinHippocrates (Greece)used willow bark to treat pain
1897Bayer Co. (Germany) Chemistsynthesizes, names aspirin
Di t id
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Dioscorea steroids
Wild Yamconvenient source for
steroidal saponins which can be
converted into synthetic hormones
for use in contraceptives
Fig. 11.13, p. 277
P Alk l id
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PapaverAlkaloids Fig. 11.6, p. 279
Catharanthus poster child for
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Catharanthusposter child for
plant-derived medicines
Effective drugs vs. lymphomas
(Hodgkins disease)
Fig. 11.22, p. 282
N D D l t
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New Drug Development
average to develop a new drug in U.S. - $231 million/12 years
-> many not developed, if patent protection not available, or if market not assured
Comparison:
Germany - "reasonable certainty" of safety and effectivenessU.S. - "absolute proof"
-> some modern herbal preparations coming from Europe, sold asdietary supplements in U.S.
Examples: St. John's Wort, Echinacea, Gingko
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Looking for new drugs - General parameters:
1 in 10,000 chemicals screened -> new drug product
Development of new drug in U.S. - 12 years/$231 million(average)
Many drugs/diseases - not pursued because of lack of
profitability
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Development of Phy 906Phytoceutica
Herbal medicine
Based on Chinese Traditional Medicine
Mixture of herbs: scutellaria (skullcap), glycyrrhiza (licorice),ziziphus (jujube), Paeonia (peony)
Application: treat nausea and pain associated with cancer
chemotherapy regimes
Initial results: not only effective against side effects, but also
appears to increase efficacy of chemotherapy for certain cancers
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Problems in Development of Rain Forest Drugs
International Agreements
(1) Discovery
- by pharmaceutical companies
- preceded by traditional healers
Who discovered/Who should benefit financially?
(2) Ownership - seeds, genes, chemicals
cycle:
Gene poor country, has scientific expertise
-> Gene rich country, has genetic diversity but lacks science
-> development of chemical by gene poor country
-> now sell back to gene rich/economically poor country
Tuesday Lecture Psychoactive and
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Tuesday LecturePsychoactive and
Poisonous Plants
Reading: Textbook, Chapter 12
Recommended